oceanic art - quiz 3 terms

These cultures started developing early on the world scale, but they started making textiles VERY early, and they took textiles to a pinnacle of development.

Andean culture

What are the cultures of South America along the Andes mountains range called?

Andean Cultures

Late Intermediate Period

1000-1460 CE

Early Horizon

1200-200 BCE

Late Horizon

1460 - 1533 CE

Early Intermediate Period

200 BCE - 500 CE

Middle Horizon

500-1000 CE

What three types of animals polymorphs are composed from?

Avians, Reptilians, and Felines

What was the capitol of the Sicán? What do these words mean?

Batan Grande

The Paracas had developed a new kind of vessel, but the Nazca adopted it and improved it. What kind of vessel did these two cultures develop? What innovation did the new culture make to this type of vessel (an improvement over stirrup-spout vessels)?

Bridge-Spout Vessels. The Nazca added a rounded bottom so that it doesnt tip over.

What other motif was very popular in Paracas textiles?

Cat Textiles

What was the capitol of the Moche?

Cerro Blanco

What is the capitol of the Chimú?

Chan Chan

If this new site does not indicate an empire, we at least know for certain that the early achievements in art, architecture, and agriculture of these peoples were consolidated into an empire during the Early Horizon. What culture was the unifying force behind this horizon?

Chavin

What culture was the unifying force behind the Early Horizon?

Chavin

What else did this culture develop?

Chavin Textile fragment and metal work plague

Raimondi Stone

Chavin culture - low relief sculpture that can be flipped either way to make a creature. holding staffs.

old temple

Chavin culture - plaze in the center of the old temple. combines two cultural structures to make everyone feel included.

El Lanzon

Chavin culture - relief image that wraps around a stone in the old temple. polymorph with pendant eyes. supernatural message.

The Chavin are named after what site?

Chavin de Huantar

The Sicán were absorbed by what culture?

Chimu

What kind of textiles are they famous for making? Explain the designs on them.

Complex woven bowls

What is the capitol of the Inca?

Cuzco

Recently a new city site was found in this region, and it may indicate that there was a horizon even earlier than the Early Horizon. What is this site called, and how old is it?

El Caral - 2000BCE

For what form of art are the Sicán famous?

Forging metal

This culture was also famous for the Nazca Lines. What is the proper, technical term for these?

Geoglyph

Which are time periods of cultural unification?

Horizons

The five time periods of Andean cultures alternate between ______ and _______.

Horizons and Intermediate Periods

What were the PROPER names of their two largest structures (pyramids)? What were these structures used for?

Huaca Del Sol and Huaca De La Luna. Used as temples and pyramids for the dead.

Which are time periods of regional variation?

Intermediate Periods

Is El Lanzon (polymorph) more likely a religious image or a political image? Why?

It's overlapping and confusing because it's supernatural/religious. clear images are political messages.

What is an Andean cup called?

Kero

One way Andeans used textiles was for a special kind of robe that was like a blanket worn around the shoulders. What is this called?

Mantle

deck figure vessels

Moche - box like vessels with figures on top.

huaca de la luna

Moche - temple of the moon. Was a palace that was brightly painted and stuccoed.

huaca del sol

Moche - temple of the sun. 16 stories high with the dead buried below. spanish heavily looted and destroyed it.

parts-portraits

Moche - vessels made to look like body parts.

fineline painting vessels

Moche - vessels painted in black with very small lines

portrait vessels

Moche- lively portraits of high status individuals made for burials.naturalistic. show great characterization of the people.

The Paracas were absorbed by what other culture around 1 BCE?

Nazca

The Paracas developed the Staff God motif into many different elaborate creatures with large eyes; these creatures are collectively called _________________.

Oculate beings

The Nazca made boldly colored designs on their textiles and ceramics, often with black outlines. What are these kinds of designs called?

Polychrome Designs

What is the time period after European contact with the americas called?

Post-Contact

What are the native cultures of the americas before European contact called?

Pre-Columbian

What did they use for record-keeping? What did they use as a system of writing?

Quipu

Another way Andeans used textiles was a record-keeping device. What is this called?

Quipus

One specific type of this creature holds a big, scepter-like object in one or both hands; what is this specific version of the creature called? What does the female version most likely represent? What does the male version most likely represent?

Raimondi Stone - Female goddess is earth/agriculture god. Male god is sky/creator god.

The Chavin also developed a technologically advanced ceramic vessel. What is this vessel called? Why does it have this name?

Stirrup Spout Vessel. air bubbles trap the water from spilling. the shape of the spout prevents evaporation. sturdy spout and easy to attach to llama.

What kinds of architectural decoration did they make?

Sun Gates

What does the figure in the center of the Sun Gate represent? What do the figures in the friezes on each side of the central figure represent?

The 'gateway god' represents a political message of a political figure. The friezes have birds and human.

What is the major building of Chavin de Huantar called?

The Old Temple

What is the most likely function of the Nazca Lines? What are they associated with?

The locals do ritual processions through the path of the geoglyphs.

Why was the largest of these two pyramids destroyed by the Spanish?

The spanish found out that the Mochi buried many things with their dead, and they diverted the river to wash away the building and loot the goods.

The Moche culture built platform mounds and palaces of sun-dried mudbrick (adobe). Why did they use mudbrick?

There was no stone or wood in the area.

What is an Andean sacrificial knife called?

Tumi

The Andeans also developed sophisticated agricultural systems, developing crops that would later be adopted by cultures around the world. What kinds of crops did they grow in the coastal communities?

Used terraces to grow potatoes, cotton, corn, beans, peanuts, and gourds.

What was the capitol of this culture called?

Wari and Tiwanaku

Under what culture were the Andean cultures unified during the Middle Horizon?

Wari-Tiwanaku

'gateway god'

Wari-Tiwanaku - the figure in the center of the sun gate holding two staffs. is a political figure.

sun gate

Wari-Tiwanaku - used as entrances to large gardens. made out of one solid block of stone.

While these creatures have many variations, they appear to have a certain theme in common; what theme?

a streamer coming out of the back of the head / hold staffs in their hands. They all seem to hold a head as well.

what very important crop did the Andeans also grow in the mountains? How did they cultivate the land in the mountains?

grew potatoes in terraces

What are the identifying features a polymorph?

grinning or grimacing u shaped mouth and the fangs, multiple animals combined into human from, pendant eyes.

Staff God

in the raimondi stone. female goddesses are earth and agriculture. male gods are sky/creator.

kero

andean cup

What two kinds of stonework architecture did the Inca produce?

ashler and boulder masonry

Early textiles were twined, but later textiles were woven on an ingeniously simple but versatile device that Andeans developed. What is it?

backstrap loom

mantle

blankets that were like capes.

Besides clothing, blankets, and record-keeping, mane at least five other, relatively unusual ways the Andeans used textiles.

boats, bridges, portable houses, fishing nets, soft sculptures

cerro blanco

capital city of Moche

chan chan

capital of Chimu

batan grande

capital of Sican

cusco

capital of the Inca

stirrup-spout

chavin - specially designed to ensure water while traveling by using air bubbles to trap leaks when vessel is turned upside down.

chavin de huantar

chavin culture - 99 acres of architecture built into the earth with a stone faced. tunnels were dug throughout and ceremonies and high status people lived there.

The Old Temple consisted of a U-shaped temple platform and a sunken circular plaza. Why is this significant?

combines mountain culture architecture with desert culture architecture - trying to unify everyone.

polymorph

creature made from many forms - usually reptillians, avians, and felines.

Other textiles had designs that were sewn on to a finished piece of cloth; what is this kind of cloth called?

embroidery

What kinds of textiles are the Paracas most famous for making?

embroidery

In the mountains, the andeans also domesticated the only domesticable beast-of-burden native to the Americas; what animal is this? What are the four major species of this animal? How were these animals used?

llamas, guañacos, vicuñas, alpacas = Camelids

What other forms of art did they produce?

metalwork and mosaic mirrors

Chimú are famous for what kind of architecture? What kind of decoration appeared on it?

monumental adobe brick buildings. decorated on the inside with bold relief designs, typically repeated geometric shapes, animals, and sea life, especially fish

polychrome

nazca - bold and bright colors within a design

geoglyph

nazca - earth writing. gigantic low relief sculptures in the desert floor of animals and geometric designs.

bridge-spout

nazca -same as stirrup-spout but rounded on the bottom.

oculate being

paracas - flying phantoms with large eyes. streamers come out of the back of the head and they hold staffs and sacrificial heads.

El Lanzon (polymorph) can be viewed right-side-up or upside-down; how do you know which view is the primary (right-side-up) view?

pendant eyes - pupils roll to the top. you know if the figure is right-side-up if the pupils are rolled to the top.

The Paracas culture also developed a design of human figures that used to be called "dancing figures." What do we now know these figures are doing?

performing self sacrifices

The Chavin developed a tradition of very low-relief stone sculpture, and a very common image in this sculpture was a creature composed with parts from several different animals. What is this kind of creature called?

polymorph

boulder masonry

round stones places together so perfectly that they make a solid structure

tumi

sacrificial knife

ashlar Masonry

stone that has been worked until squared and finely placed together to make a structure

Some of the textiles had designs that were made while the cloth was being woven; what is this kind of cloth called?

tapestry

Another important design developed by the Paracas from the Staff God motif called the Bird Impersonator. How do we know that these motifs had to do with religion and sacrifice?

they are each holding sacrificial heads.

On the backstrap loom, what are the stationary (vertical) threads called? What are the threads woven through the stationary threads called?

warp is the stationary threads and weft is the threads woven through the warp.

What is Machu Picchu?

was built as an estate for the Inca emperor