Oceanography (Test 1)

Which of the following are examples of pelagic sediments? pebbles, volcanic dust, abyssal clay, evaporites, biogenic ooze

volcanic dust, abyssal clay, biogenic ooze

Oceanic crust is primarily made up of

Basalt

Chemical formula for sugar

C6H12O6

Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of

Calcium carbonate

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?

Cambrian

In general, what are the Himalayan mountains composed of? Hint: _________ and ________ rock

Folded and faulted rock

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and

Gas hydrates

Who left Spain in 1519 and became the first person to successfully circumnavigate the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?

Juan Sebastian del Cano

Abyssal clay is an example of which of the sediment types?

Lithogenous

Glacial deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous

Sandstone is an example of which of the sediment types?

Lithogenous

Shale is an example of which of the sediment types?

Lithogenous

Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following?

Lithogenous

Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous

Name two elements that are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust

Magnesium and iron

What two features are associated with convergent plate boundaries?

Ocean trenches and volcanoes

Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the planet's formation, its _________ must have changed

chemical composition

The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean, and likely the world, in the form of

clathrates

Of these, which plates are oceanic? Nazca, Eurasian, North American, Pacific, African

Pacific and Nazca

What three types of organisms utilize photosynthesis?

Primary producers, phytoplankton, autotrophs

When was the Precambrian eon?

Prior to 600 million years ago

The method of determining latitude in the northern hemisphere by measuring the angle between the North Star and the Northern horizon was developed by

Pytheas

Term for parent isotopes turning into daughter isotopes

Radioactive decay

Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental divergent plate boundary?

Red Sea

Which is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?

Rotary corer

Volcanic arc

Row of volcanoes formed on a plate above a subduction zone

Which of the following sediments would you expect to find in a lagoon? Manganese nodules, salt, turbidites, siliceous ooze, bits of coral

Salt and coral

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic transform plate boundary?

San Andreas Fault

Name two elements that are found in high concentrations in continental crust

Silica, aluminum

Which organisms thrive in cold surface waters?

Siliceous material, diatoms, radiolarians

Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes?

Suspension settling

Name two mountain ranges that are continental arcs

The Andes and Cascades

The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by...

The Phoenicians

Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific ocean?

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Earth's early atmosphere most likely included (4)

Water vapor, Carbon Dioxide, ammonia, methane

What does asthenosphere mean literally?

Weak sphere

To find the largest area of the ocean with the oldest ocean crust, you should go to the ________.

Western Pacific

Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about ________ years ago

2.45 billion

The oldest ocean crust is about ________ years old and is located near an _______.

200 million, ocean trench

What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean?

3 miles (4.5 km)

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

Earliest known life forms lived in sea-floor rocks about _________ years ago

3.5 billion

When did Pangea form?

300 million years ago

Earth is about _________ years old

4.6 billion

Archaeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed _______ years ago

40,000

When did the Appalachian Mountains of North America begin to form?

450 million years ago

On average, at what ocean depth does calcite readily dissolve into seawater?

4500 meters

The sun and planets were probably formed about ________ years ago

5 billion years ago

When did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form?

50 millions years ago

Tectonic plates move about as fast as

A fingernail grows

Evidence shows periodic reversal of Earth's magnetic field results in

A symmetrical pattern of normal and reverse magnetization in ocean crust

On average, how long do periods of reverse and normal polarity last?

About 500,000 years

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary?

Aleutian Islands

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary?

Andes Mountains

World's shallowest ocean (more similar to a sea)

Arctic ocean

If ocean floor was created (at divergent boundaries) faster than it was was destroyed (at convergent boundaries) what would happen?

Earth would increase in volume

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary?

East Pacific Rise

Which of the following parts of Polynesia was settled last? Hawaii, New Zealand, Easter Island, Fiji

Easter Island

The first person to determine the circumference of Earth with trigonometry and the angle of sunlight in Alexandria, Egypt was...

Eratosthenes

Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental convergent plate boundary?

Himalayan Mountains

A cometary model of the formation of Earth's oceans must account for a difference in _______ in comet ice and that of Earth's water

Hydrogen- basically comet ice has more hydrogen than Earth's water so our water didn't likely come from comets

Manganese modules are an example of which of the sediment types?

Hydrogenous

Oolites are an example of which of the sediment types?

Hydrogenous

Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the sediment types?

Hydrogenous

One reason why oxygen is important in Earth's atmosphere for sustaining life is that...

It can form ozone and block UV radiation

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements

James Cook

Which of the following natural gases is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?

Methane

What two features are associated with divergent plate boundaries?

Mid ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments?

More than 50 percent

Definition of half life:

The amount of time in which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half

Where did the energy of the sun come from originally?

Thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse

Which plate boundary is NOT associated with volcanic eruptions?

Transform

Did any subduction occur during the collision of India and Asia?

Yes, ocean subjected under Asia

Which of the following are examples of neritic sediments? Abyssal clay, manganese modules, sand, evaporite deposits, siliceous ooze

sand, evaporite deposits

Seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as _________ and __________ in relation to mid ocean ridges

symmetrical and parallel

Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that

the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"

Based on paleogeographic records,

the North Atlantic opened before India separated from Antartica