Oceanography (Test 1)
Which of the following are examples of pelagic sediments? pebbles, volcanic dust, abyssal clay, evaporites, biogenic ooze
volcanic dust, abyssal clay, biogenic ooze
Oceanic crust is primarily made up of
Basalt
Chemical formula for sugar
C6H12O6
Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of
Calcium carbonate
Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?
Cambrian
In general, what are the Himalayan mountains composed of? Hint: _________ and ________ rock
Folded and faulted rock
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and
Gas hydrates
Who left Spain in 1519 and became the first person to successfully circumnavigate the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?
Juan Sebastian del Cano
Abyssal clay is an example of which of the sediment types?
Lithogenous
Glacial deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous
Sandstone is an example of which of the sediment types?
Lithogenous
Shale is an example of which of the sediment types?
Lithogenous
Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following?
Lithogenous
Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous
Name two elements that are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust
Magnesium and iron
What two features are associated with convergent plate boundaries?
Ocean trenches and volcanoes
Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the planet's formation, its _________ must have changed
chemical composition
The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean, and likely the world, in the form of
clathrates
Of these, which plates are oceanic? Nazca, Eurasian, North American, Pacific, African
Pacific and Nazca
What three types of organisms utilize photosynthesis?
Primary producers, phytoplankton, autotrophs
When was the Precambrian eon?
Prior to 600 million years ago
The method of determining latitude in the northern hemisphere by measuring the angle between the North Star and the Northern horizon was developed by
Pytheas
Term for parent isotopes turning into daughter isotopes
Radioactive decay
Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental divergent plate boundary?
Red Sea
Which is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?
Rotary corer
Volcanic arc
Row of volcanoes formed on a plate above a subduction zone
Which of the following sediments would you expect to find in a lagoon? Manganese nodules, salt, turbidites, siliceous ooze, bits of coral
Salt and coral
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic transform plate boundary?
San Andreas Fault
Name two elements that are found in high concentrations in continental crust
Silica, aluminum
Which organisms thrive in cold surface waters?
Siliceous material, diatoms, radiolarians
Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes?
Suspension settling
Name two mountain ranges that are continental arcs
The Andes and Cascades
The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by...
The Phoenicians
Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific ocean?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Earth's early atmosphere most likely included (4)
Water vapor, Carbon Dioxide, ammonia, methane
What does asthenosphere mean literally?
Weak sphere
To find the largest area of the ocean with the oldest ocean crust, you should go to the ________.
Western Pacific
Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about ________ years ago
2.45 billion
The oldest ocean crust is about ________ years old and is located near an _______.
200 million, ocean trench
What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean?
3 miles (4.5 km)
The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately
3,682 meters (12,080 feet)
Earliest known life forms lived in sea-floor rocks about _________ years ago
3.5 billion
When did Pangea form?
300 million years ago
Earth is about _________ years old
4.6 billion
Archaeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed _______ years ago
40,000
When did the Appalachian Mountains of North America begin to form?
450 million years ago
On average, at what ocean depth does calcite readily dissolve into seawater?
4500 meters
The sun and planets were probably formed about ________ years ago
5 billion years ago
When did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form?
50 millions years ago
Tectonic plates move about as fast as
A fingernail grows
Evidence shows periodic reversal of Earth's magnetic field results in
A symmetrical pattern of normal and reverse magnetization in ocean crust
On average, how long do periods of reverse and normal polarity last?
About 500,000 years
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary?
Aleutian Islands
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary?
Andes Mountains
World's shallowest ocean (more similar to a sea)
Arctic ocean
If ocean floor was created (at divergent boundaries) faster than it was was destroyed (at convergent boundaries) what would happen?
Earth would increase in volume
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary?
East Pacific Rise
Which of the following parts of Polynesia was settled last? Hawaii, New Zealand, Easter Island, Fiji
Easter Island
The first person to determine the circumference of Earth with trigonometry and the angle of sunlight in Alexandria, Egypt was...
Eratosthenes
Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental convergent plate boundary?
Himalayan Mountains
A cometary model of the formation of Earth's oceans must account for a difference in _______ in comet ice and that of Earth's water
Hydrogen- basically comet ice has more hydrogen than Earth's water so our water didn't likely come from comets
Manganese modules are an example of which of the sediment types?
Hydrogenous
Oolites are an example of which of the sediment types?
Hydrogenous
Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the sediment types?
Hydrogenous
One reason why oxygen is important in Earth's atmosphere for sustaining life is that...
It can form ozone and block UV radiation
The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements
James Cook
Which of the following natural gases is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?
Methane
What two features are associated with divergent plate boundaries?
Mid ocean ridges and continental rift valleys
What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments?
More than 50 percent
Definition of half life:
The amount of time in which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half
Where did the energy of the sun come from originally?
Thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse
Which plate boundary is NOT associated with volcanic eruptions?
Transform
Did any subduction occur during the collision of India and Asia?
Yes, ocean subjected under Asia
Which of the following are examples of neritic sediments? Abyssal clay, manganese modules, sand, evaporite deposits, siliceous ooze
sand, evaporite deposits
Seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as _________ and __________ in relation to mid ocean ridges
symmetrical and parallel
Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that
the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"
Based on paleogeographic records,
the North Atlantic opened before India separated from Antartica
