Oceanology Chapter 4

The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits?

Microscopic Organisms

Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment ________.

Microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris

How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study?

More than 2000

Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?

They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.

Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called ________.

lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous Sediment

Abyssal clay is an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous sediment

Sediments found on continental margins are called ________.

neritic

The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is ________.

neritic; lithogenous sediment deposits

Which of the following is a biogenous sediment?

stromatolites

Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?

the Deep-Ocean floor

Manganese nodules are an example of ________.

Hydrogenous Sediment

Marine phosphate is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Hydrogenous Sediment

Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Hydrogenous Sediment

Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Hydrogenous sediments

High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following?

Large Particles such as gravel

Glacial deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous Sediment

Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous Sediment

Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following?

Lithogenous Sediment

Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure.

Colder; Higher

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called ________.

Cosmogenous

Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Cosmogenous Sediments

Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Cosmogenous Sedminets

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by ________.

A Glacier

Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements?

Deep-sea hotsprings

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Chalk Diatoms Limestone Stromatolites Coccolithophores

Diatoms

Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples?

Dredge

The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called ________.

Paleoceanography

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?

Petroleum

The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called ________.

Productivity

Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)?

Radiolarians

China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?

Rare-Earth elements

Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years?

Rare-Earth elements

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can't provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate.

The Assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the ________.

The abyssal Plain far from a continent

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Thick sediment accumulations occur on the continental shelves and rises, especially near the mouths of major rivers BECAUSE these locations are close to major sources of lithogenous sediment.

The assertion and Reason are BOTH correct and the reason in valid

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic biogenous ooze is common on the deep-ocean floor BECAUSE there is so little lithogenous sediment deposited at great distances from the continents that could dilute the biogenous material.

The assertion and reason are BOTH correct, and the reason is valid

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called ________.

hydrogenous

Chondrites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Cosmogenous Sediments

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics?

Lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures

Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?

Methane

What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments?

More than 50%

Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called ________.

Biogenous

Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediment

Stromatolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediment

Calcareous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediments

Siliceous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediments

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous sediment

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth.

Both the assertion and reason are incorrect

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Cosmogenous Biogenous Lithogenous Calcareous Hydrogenous

Calcareous

The dissolution of the thick tests of foraminifers below the CCD is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.

Destruction

Which of the following is a biogenous sediment?

Diatom ooze

The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.

Dilution

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?

Earthquake-generated heat from friction

Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock?

Evaporative Salts

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via ________.

Fecal pellets

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?

Foraminiferans

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________.

Gas Hydrates

Which of the following contains the most organic carbon on Earth? Group of answer choices

Gas Hydrates

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________.

Gravel then in tropical waters

Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples?

Gravity Corer

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are ________.

Less than 30% biogenous material

Sediments derived from preexisting rocks on land are called ________.

Lithogenous

Shale is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous Sedmient

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Oolites Radiolarians Diatoms Coccolithophores Foraminiferans

Oolites

Phosphate-rich nodules form in ________.

Regions of upwelling

Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane from the sea floor to the atmosphere?

Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate.

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?

Rotary__Correr

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Clay Siliceous ooze Volcanic Ash Quartz and sand Rock Fragments

Siliceous ooze

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Volcanic Ash Siliceous ooze Turbidity currents Glaciers Rivers

Siliceous ooze

Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes?

Suspension Settling

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Halite and other salts Tektites Manganese nodules metal Sulfides Phosphates

Tektites

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are ________.

Tektites

The term referring to the size and shape of sediment particles is ________.

Texture

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic.

The assertion and reason are both correct and the reason is valid

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The majority of lithogenous deposits are composed primarily of quartz BECAUSE quartz is resistant to abrasion and can be transported long distances and deposited far from its source area. Group of answer choices

The assertion and reason are both correct and the reason is valid

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles.

The assertion and reason are both correct but the reason is invalid

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Ancient marine phosphate deposits that have been uplifted onto land are extensively mined BECAUSE they are valuable as fertilizers.

The assertion and reason are incorrect

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediment accumulations are interesting to oceanographers BECAUSE they often contain microscopic fossils that provide clues to the past geographic distributions of marine organisms.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Future offshore petroleum exploration will continue in the deeper waters of the continental margins BECAUSE offshore petroleum exploration has inevitable oil spills caused by inadvertent leaks or blowouts during the drilling process.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum.

The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Diatoms need strong sunlight and are found only within the upper, sunlit surface waters of the ocean BECAUSE they provide most of the silica in biogenous ooze.

The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct