Oceans 320 Midterm

In the documentary 'Shifting Baselines", how do we prevent shifting baselines?

By Developing Awareness of change

During the tracer release experiment, which two of the six main garbage patches attracted the most tracer over the additional 2 year period?

South Pacific to North Pacific

According to the National Oceanography Centre, how can you tell if the current surface of the ocean is smooth or rough at a given time?

By sending an incident radiation down at the surface and analyzing the back and forward scatter.

According to the Great Acceleration article, if fossil-fuel combustion plays a part in the "domino effect" known to lead to climate change, which of the following choices is true concerning that relationship?

Fossil-fuel combustion produces oxidising gases that have notable effects on eutrophication.

In this contour Image of ocean temperatures, what is the temperature in degrees C of the bright yellow spot in the lower right portion? Remember to read all the lines, take your time.

17 degrees

When did NASA's "MIssion to PLanet Earth" get off the ground?

1960's and 70's

Which one of the following options best describes the shifting baseline syndrome?

A gradual generation-to-generation acceptance of a degrading ecosystem as the baseline for inadequate analytical comparison.

When referring to a water molecule, what does "polarity" mean?

A water molecule has opposite charges on either side

Of the 3 major types of chemical pollutants, which has the longest lasting impact on the ocean and why?

A. POPs because they disseminate easily and tend to bioaccumulate in increasing amounts at higher trophic levels.

What type of creature did scienctist capture in the deep ocean trench to find that it had aborbed relatively high levels of POP chemicals?

Amphipod

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

At the time of Arlington Man, the Channel Islands were not islands because they were connected to the mainland.

What is true about the wave energy in iceland?

Based on our observations the wave energy is higher in Iceland in the winter

What is true about toxicity and the ocean environment in the Puget Sound? (select all that apply)

Bioaccumulation (toxic magnitication) is a key contributor to death in the Puget Sound, The deteriorated state of the Puget Sound ecosystem has been recognized but recovery is a long way off if at all possible, Recognition of the toxic problems in Puget Sound has led to a reversal of the deterioration which occurred in the 1990's, The root cause of toxicity in the Puget Sound is that people are part of the ocean ecosystem

Which of the following statements about Blue Fin Tuna is true? (select more than one)

Blue Fin Tuna are actually warm blooded, Blue Fin Tuna can swim as fast as a battleship (40mph), Blue Fin Tuna can grow to 10 feet and 1000 pounds, The Blue Fin sushi trade began in the 1960' and 1970's, Blue Fin Tuna is a threatened species that is still being caught.

Which method did Walter Munk discover to measure the change in ocean temperature associated with global warming?

By tracking the travel times of sound signals sent from underwater speakers to underwater receivers over time.

How does marine biomagnification take place?

C. Harmful chemicals are transferred from organisms on the bottom of the food chain into the fatty tissues of those on the higher levels of the food chain as they are consumed.

Satellites as a weather platform began to be used about the same time that man landed on the moon. What was the name of the record hurricane captured in 1969?

Camille

Calvert Island in British Colombia has been found to be a special anthropological location that offers more evidence of early Americans likely around 13,500 years ago. What can be inferred by evidence uncovered at that location? (Select all that apply)

Footprints indicate repeated occupation of the site over a period of time, boats are implied as providing the only accesst to the island, the island must have been uplifted to keep it at sea level

What will fishing down the food web lead to?

Increasing the biological degradation of the oceans, Decreasing demersal stocks, and Higher catches at first, followed by large reductions

Frans Timmermans, vice president of the European Commission has said about plastic....... It's in ????........ (select all that apply)

It's in our ocean, its in our food, It's in the air, it's in our bodies

What is the difference between a drogued buoy and a non-drogued buoy?

Non-drogued buoy are more sensitive to direct wind forcing and wind drift.

What are the three general categories of chemical that are a particular concern in the marine environment:

Oil, Toxic Metals, Persisent Organic Pollutants

Since plastic is seen as a major pollutant of the ocean, why are the Ocean Cleanup Project's plastic removal plans a threat to ocean ecosystems?

The barrier and net proposed will harm the important neuston species

What is the important factor that allows satellites to map the ocean floor from space?

The gravitational pull of the ocean floor creates variations in sea surface elevation depending on the depth.

What invention is regarded as the driver of modern industrialized fishing?

The refrigerator

What is the reason Half Moon Bay creates such a massive wave specifically like the surf spot "Mavericks"?

The shape of the sea floor creates convergence of the wave energy and waves are refracted to pull the energy together.

A big-wave surfer from Northern California is planning on taking time off work to surf for a whole year. She is planning on surfing and traveling from January 2019-December 2019. Where should this surfer begin and end her trip so that she has the best chances for scoring large waves year round?

The surfer should start surfing from home in Northern California until about March. She should then travel to the Southern Hemisphere (such as on the West coast of Australia) and stay surfing there until about August. She should then return back to Northern California to surf for the remainder of the year.

According to the "Marine Chemical Pollution" article, all of the following are reasons why dolphins, whales and porpoises have a particularly hard time with PCBs, except:

Their fatty tissue (also known as blubber) absorbs PCBs directly from the water. This is why the levels of PCBs will build up in their bodies over time.

How are microplastics harmful to the ocean environment?

They are so small that many sea creatures mistake them for food and choke/starve.

What is true about formation of the largest wind-waves on the ocean......the biggest surf?

They're formed around a strong mid-latitude low pressure system

Considering the "Four-trophic level" model, if the feeder fish are overfished, What other tropic level(s) should see a decline as well? (select all that apply)

Top-Predators, phytoplankton

What is true about our understanding of ocean ecosystems?

We do not understand all the details of the current ocean ecosystem (including species interactions) and thus can only speculate about the ecossystems of the past

Why is it important to study whales as one of the main focus points, specifically when researching the implications of PCB's in ocean environments?

Whales are the top predator of the food chain, accumulating all of the contaminants, including PCB.

Which of the following would be considered an inference?

a map of the subsurface features of the Earth based on remote sensing tools

Petrochemicals make it in to the ocean environment in many ways. Industrial applications throughout the late 20th Century had a big impact. Cetaceans have been impacted for many reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of the Cetaceans physiological problems.

accumulation of PCB in the brain

One safeguard against undetected _______ in an area of study is to have many different investigators or groups of investigators working in it.

bias

Which of the following are included in determining an ocean's Index Score (or Global Goal Score)?

biodiversity, carbon storage, and fishing opportunities

A study paper for this unit, "The Functioning of Marine Ecosystems", describes how impacts to the ecosystem at various trophic levels can effeec the rest of the system. What type of control cause population declines to all levels in the system?

bottom-up control

DDT would be characterized as a......

chlorinated hydrocarbon

We know in the tropics that the ITCZ Inter-tropical Convergence Zone is where the trade winds are headed..... on their journey, the trade winds would likely never blow in this direction?

east

Fishing down the food web means.....

fishermen catch higher tropic levels first using a net to catch fish

Which of the following is NOT a reported issue related to PCB in Beluga Whales in the St Lawrence seaway?

heart disease

Science is a blend of logic and _____________.

imagination

A report by scientists at Scripps who studied marine fossil assemblages in layers deposited over the last 85 million years says ...........

intense warming did little to alter the long-term structure of the marine vertebrate community during this geological time frame.

Ocean satellite science really began with the TOPXEX/Poseidon program which had remarkable success. The satellite, and facilitating scientists, discovered much more than they anticipated including........ (select all of the TOPEX/Poseidon accomplishments)

mapping the global tides, detailing seasonal changes in ocean currents, mapping migration patterns of tuna, measuring the temperature variations across the ocean, understanding global sea level variations , mapping of the sea floor, mapping ocean currents helping track and forecast El Ninos

What concentration level of PCB's is allowed in cows milk?

milligrams per kilogram

Arguably, the most important scientific discovery revealed by 20th century mapping of the ocean floor was.....

plate tectonics

What is an important regulation process that connects various parts of a system?

toxic metals, POP's, Petroleum