OD Bio Exam 3

Male spores of a pine tree are called ______ and develop into a____________.

Microspores, male gametophytes(pollen grains)

Draw and label the life cycle of a Chlamydomonas.

the carry out both sexual and asexual reproduction

What are the parts of a carpel?

Carpel Consists of an Ovary at base and a style leading up to a stigma, where pollen is received Ovary, style, stigma

What are red algae used for (by people)?

Carrageenan: thickener from red algae that is edible

What's a chlorophyte?

Compromises green algae

Angion is greek for________

Container

What's a cuticle?

Cuticle: polyester and was polymers - seals in freshness, prevents water loss

What is pollination?

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

Why do ferns do best in wet habitats?

They don't have seeds so they have flagellated sperm and need water to disperse sperm for fertilization

What does Chlamydomonas teach us about the benefits of sexual reproduction?

They help explain why sexual reproduction happens. New combinations of genetic material, so it introduces variation.

Why are nonvascular plants so small?

They lack a vascular system so no body fluids can be transferred through the body.

Vascular tissue is necessary to ______________.

Transport nutrients and water from ground in order to grow and reproduce.

T or F - most rhizaria have some type of pseudopod?

true

What's a seed?

an embryo and nutrients (food supply) surrounded by a protective coat

What's a peristome? Foot? Seta? Sporangia/capsule? (moss stuff)

- peristome: an anatomical feature that surrounds an opening to an organ or structure, allowing spores to disperse after it is hit with a dry breeze. - seta: stalk - sporangia/capsule: discharges spores through a peristome - foot: functions in transfer of nutrients from maternal, leafy gametophyte to the sporophyte

About how many species of angiosperms?

250,000

It can take nearly ___________ years to go from cone to seed.

3 years

Early fossil spores were not singular but in clumps of _________ (number?).

4

Why are these dates important: 4.5 billion years ago (bya), 3.8 bya, 1.2 bya, 0.5 bya

4.5ish billion earth and friends 3.8 billion prokaryotes in water 1.2 billion years cyanos on land (biofilm) 0.5 billion land plants

What are the big 4 unique traits of land plants?

Alternation of generation - multicellular dependent embryos Walled spores produced in sporangia Multicellular gametangia Apical meristems

What are the three simple lineages of angiosperms?

Amborella trichopoda Water lily - symmetrical, simple petals, stamen, Star anise

Why does a strawberry turn red?

Anthocyanin

What is so special about an apical meristem?

Any part of the plant can grow from meristems, responsible for the growth within the stem.

How are archaeplastida different from plants?

Archaeplastida contains red algae, green algae, and land plants. therefore there is no difference.

Compare and contrast archegonia and antheridia. How are they alike? How are they different?

Archegonia is female and produces the egg and is the site for fertilization. Antheridia is male and is the site of sperm production and release. Both are haploid structures and both are responsible for the production of gametes.

When did land plants make it to land? A. About a billion years ago B. About 500 million years ago C. About 100,000 years ago

B. About 500 million years ago

What are the four phyla of gymnosperms. Give an example of a plant from each.

Cycadophyta (cycads) Ginkgophyta (one living species: ginkgo biloba) Gnetophyta (three genera: gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia) Coniferophyta (conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood)

What is a pollen grain?

Developed from microspores, single cell and contain 2 male gametophytes

Gametes fuse to eventually give rise to a_______________.

Diploid zygote

What are three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle?

Dominance of the sporophyte generation Development of seeds from fertilized ovules The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen

What is double fertilization, what group of plants does this, and what does it result in?

Double fertilization: occurs when pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into female gametophyte within an ovule 1 sperm combines with egg (zygote) Another sperm combines with the 2 haploid nuclei (triploid)

What 3 things make up a seed?

Embryo Food storage Seed coat

What is corn silk?

Female part of the corn which catches the pollen grains, pollen tube grows down to the ovary.

Where do they (chlorophyte) live? 3 places.

Freshwater, soil/snow, marine

Why are gametes made via mitosis and spore via meiosis?

Gametes are already haploid and need the sperm and egg in order to reproduce. Whereas the spore is diploid in adult and has to undergo meiosis to become a haploid spore.

What is a our best explanation for the existence of sexual reproduction? (think Chlamydomonus - that green algae)

Genetic variation

Janzen would say that hedge apples and/or Guanacaste fruits are becoming more rare because_____________ are missing.

Gomphotheres/Megalonyx jeffersonii ate these hedge apples, they are extinct now so they do not poop them out to cause the cycle of life.

A spore develops into a____________.

Haploid gametophytes which eventually lead to gametes.

What does "vascular" refer to?

Having vessels throughout the body to transfer bodily fluids

What does homosporous and heterosporous mean?

Homosporous: one spore Heterosporous: seed plants and some seedless vascular plants Produced megaspore which gives ride to female gametophytes (eggs) Produce microspore which gives ride to male gametophytes (sperm)

What's an anthocerophyta?

Hornworts, phylum Anthocerophyta

What are the three groups of nonvascular land plants? Common names are fine.

Liverworts, Hornworts, mosses

What 3 groups are the nonvascular land plants?

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

What's a hepatophyta?

Liverworts, phylum Hepatophyta

What 2 groups form the seedless vascular plants?

Lycophytes and Pterophytes

What's a fruit?

Mature fruits can be fleshy or dry Fruits protect the seeds and aid in dispersal

What are the 3 parts of an unfertilized ovule?

Megasporangium Megaspore Integuments

Female spores are called ___________ and develop into a____________.

Megaspore, female gametophyte

What's the difference between monocots and eudicots?

Monocts: One cotyledon, veins usually parallel, vascular tissue is scattered, no main root, pollen root has one opening, 3 organs floral arrangement. Eudicots: Two cotyledons, veins usually netlike, vascular tissue arranged in ring, one main root, pollen grain has 3 openings, 4 or 5 organs of floral arrangement.

4 reasons to move to shallow water from deep.

More sunlight (brighter) More CO2 in air than water Soil rich in nutrients Few herbivores and pathogens

Why do moss need wet environments?

Moss need moist environments in order to grow due to the fact they have no vascular tissue.

Most land plants rely on ___________ fungi to aid in the uptake of nutrients from the soil and these plants can even share using this network.

Mycorrhizal

What is a sporangium?

Organ that produces spores through meiosis.

Many conifer forests depend on _______________ for survival.

Photosynthesis to take place year round.

Why are red algae red?

Phycoerythrin: pigment in which it makes it appear red, it also makes green algae appear green

How did the ancestor of all of the Archaeplastida get its chloroplasts?

Primary endosymbiosis: engulfs cyano bacteria

Why is vascular tissue important?

Provide passageways for nutrients and water to disperse throughout the plant.

Draw and label the entire clade for Plantae.

Red algae, Chlorophytes, Charophytes, and Embryophytes

What are the 5 key adaptations of seed plants?

Reduced gametophytes: the gametophytes of seed plants develop within the wall of spores that are retained with tissues of the parents sporophyte male gametophytes live in pollen and produce sperm protects female gametophytes from UV and desiccation Heterospory: different gametophyte sexes evolved to help seed plants reproduce Ovules: this is where fertilization happens and the embryo grows Pollen: helps protect the sperm so it can travel for fertilization also eliminates the need for a water film for reproduction Seeds: advances of spores: can lay dormant for days or years until conditions are favorable for germination and they can be transported long distances by wind or animals

Forams and radiolarians are examples of __________.

Rhizarians

What 4 morphological traits, and two genetic datasets support the sister-taxa relationship of charophytes and land plants (embryophytes)?

Rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis Peroxisome enzymes Structure of flagellated sperm Formation of phragmoplast Nuclear and chloroplast genes point to them being closely related (charophytes and land plants) Share common ancestor, sister taxa

2 challenges of land for plants.

Scarcity of water- drying out Gravity causes standing up to be an issue when getting out of water

What's a secondary plant compound?

Secondary compounds: often as land herbivore deterrents or UV protection Adds a bitter taste to keep predators away Used for medicinal purposes Sean Connery

What are the three stages in the growth of a long-leaf pine tree?

Seed - falls to ground and germinates (or dies) Grass Stage - builds root system, Meristem protected by needles Bottlebrush - shoots up fast - vulnerable but bark is thickening rapidly

What are the four major parts of a flower that are derived from specialized leaves?

Sepas - enclose the flower Petals - brightly colored and attract pollinators Stamens - produce pollen on their terminal anthers Carpels - produce ovules

What are the 2 generations that alternate in land plants?

Sexual phase - gameophyte Asexual phase - sporophyte

What's the generation that is obvious to us in nonvascular plants?

Sexual phase - gameophyte (haploid)

What is a major ecological problem with the message in the Smokey the Bear ad depicted below?

Smokey the bear explains that forest fires are bad the natural fires can be benefical by creating new carbon matter when the forests burn up, this will cause new growth and reproduction

What are the differences between a spore and a gamete?

Spores germinate and develop all on their own, gamete has to fuse with another gamete for fertilization.

What is heterospory?

Sporophyte makes 2 different spores (M & F)

The male part of a flower is the___________ and has an_________ on top of a ________.

Stamens. anthers , filaments

What's a mycorrhizal fungus?

Symbiotic association between a green plant and fungus.

What's an anachronistic fruit!?

Use to be useful and now nothing eats it because the species extinct

The two types of vascular tissues are_____________ and _______________.

Xylem conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids Phloem consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

What does a bryologist study?

bryophytes

Genus Ephedra (Mormon tea) produces the secondary plant compounds:

caffeine and ephedrine

20% of all limestone is made of the tests of_____________.

forams

The ____________ is dominant in the nonvascular life-cycle.

gametophyte

What 2 groups form the seed plants?

gymnosperms and angiosperms

In seed plants, where is the male gametophyte?

pollen wall/ pollen grain

What is a test (forams)?

porous, generally multi chambered shells, called tests Some are mixotrophs with autotrophic symbionts (diatoms) rigid exokeleton with openings Can distinguish between food and symbiont as it draws it in with pseudopods

Why are these adaptations KEY for terrestrial life?

the alternation of generations, a sporangium in which the spores are formed, a gametangium that produces haploid cells, and apical meristem tissue in roots and shoots. The evolution of a waxy cuticle and a cell wall with lignin also contributed to the success of land plants. The gametophytes develop within the walls of spores and are retained in the tissues of the parent sporophyte--which protects the female gametophyte from desiccation and UV radiation.