OMIS 352 Quiz 8

c. metric

A _____ is a standard of measurement in quality management. a. merge b. matrix c. metric d. milestone

c. user acceptance testing

____ is an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system. a. System testing b. Integration testing c. User acceptance testing d. Unit testing

b. deming

____ is known for his work on quality control in japan, and he developed the 14 points for management in his text out of the crisis a. juran b. deming c. crosby d. ishikawa

c. process adjustments

_____ correct(s) or prevent(s) further quality problems based on quality control measurements. a. Rework b. Acceptance decisions c. Process adjustments d. Decomposition

b. reliability

_____ is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions. a. Maintainability b. Reliability c. Performance d. Functionality

maturity models

frameworks for helping organizations improve their processes and systems

flowcharts

graphic displays of the logic and flow of processes that help you analyze how problems occur and how processes can be improved

-selecting proper materials -training and indoctrinating people in quality -planning a process that ensures the appropriate outcome

important to prevent defects by (3)

-establish leadership that promotes quality -understand the cost of quality -focus on org influences and workplace factors that affect quality -follow maturity models

improving quality for IT projects (4)

quality assurance

includes all the activities related to satisfying the relevant quality standards for a project

statistical sampling

involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection

seven run rule

states that if seven data points in a row are all below the mean, above the mean, or are all increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for non-random problems

system testing

tests the entire system as one entity

benchmarking

generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization

Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award

originated in 1987 to recognize companies that have achieved a level of world-class competition through quality management

unit testing

tests each individual component (often a program) to ensure it is as defect-free as possible

features

the system's special characteristics that appeal to users

d. improvement

what does the term kaizen mean a. minimize waste b. maximize value c. do it right the first time d. improvement

pareto analysis

-80/20 rule -80 percent of problems are often due to 20 percent of the causes

control chart

-A graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time -main use is to prevent defects, rather than to detect or reject them

modern quality management

-requires customer satisfaction -prefers prevention to inspection -recognizes management responsibility for quality

internal failure cost

A cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product

user acceptance testing

An independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system

software defect

Anything that must be changed before delivery of the program

-incomplete -performed -managed -defined -quantitatively managed -optimizing

CMMI levels (6)

external failure cost

Cost that relates to all errors not detected and corrected before delivery to the customer

planning quality management

Includes identifying which quality requirements and standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them

kaizen

Japanese term for continuous improvement

performing quality control

Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards

d. an org should build awareness of the need and opportunity for improvement

One of Juran's ten steps to quality improvement states that: a. an organization should entrust improvement to individual employees rather than appointing teams or facilitators. b. an organization should minimize top management involvement in the achievement of individual employee goals. c. an organization should avoid "keeping score" in order to achieve an overall atmosphere of quality improvement. d. an organization should build awareness of the need and opportunity for improvement.

performing quality assurance

Periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards

b. 3.4

Six Sigma's target for perfection is the achievement of no more than _____ defects, errors, or mistakes per million opportunities. a. 34 b. 3.4 c. 13.4 d. 1.34

cost of quality

The cost of conformance plus the cost of nonconformance

appraisal cost

The cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure quality

prevention cost

The cost of planning and executing a project so that it is error-free or within an acceptable error range

conformance to requirements

The project's processes and products meet written specifications

system outputs

The screens and reports the system generates

False

True/false DeMarco and Lister's study on organizations and productivity found direct correlations between productivity and programming language, years of experience, and salary.

performance

addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use

maintainability

addresses the ease of performing maintenance on a product

defect

any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements

histogram

bar graph of a distribution of variables

measurement and test equipment costs

capital costs of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities

run chart

displays the history and pattern of variation of a process over time

project quality management

ensures that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken

scatter diagram

helps to show if there is a relationship between two variables

lean

involves evaluating processes to maximize customer value while minimizing waste

-visual workflow -limit work in process -measure and manage flow -make process policies explicit -use models to recognize improvement opportunities

kanban uses 5 core properties

-acceptance decisions -rework -process adjustments

main outputs of quality control (3)

standard deviation

measures how much variation exists in a distribution of data

integration testing

occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components

fitness for use

product can be used as it was intended

yield

represents the number of units handled correctly through the process steps

c. 3.4

six sigma target for perfection is the achievement of no more than ___ defects, errors, or mistakes per million opportunities a. 6 b. 9 c. 3.4 d. 1

quality

the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements

b. a control chart

what tool can you use to determine whether a process is in control or out of control? a. cause and effect diagram b. control chart c. run chart d. control panel diagram

ISO 9000

-three part, continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality in an org -provides min requirements needed for an org to meet its quality certification standards -helps orgs around the world reduce costs and improve customer satisfaction

cause and effect diagrams

-trace complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations -5 whys

pareto chart

A histogram that helps identify and prioritize problem areas

Software Quality Function Deployment (SQFD) model

A maturity model that focuses on defining user requirements and planning software projects

six 9s of quality

A measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities

Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)

A process improvement approach that provides organizations with the essential elements of effective processes

DMAIC

A systematic, closed-loop process for continued improvement that is scientific and fact based

c. defect

A(n) _____ is any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements. a. yield b. deliverable c. defect d. variance

c. define

Important tools used in the _____ phase of the DMAIC process include a project charter, a description of customer requirements, process maps, and Voice of the Customer (VOC) data. a. improve b. analyze c. define d. measure

c. maturity

PMI's OPM3 is an example of a ____ model or framework for helping organizations improve their processes and systems a. benchmakring b. six sigma c. maturity d. quality

functionality

The degree to which a system performs its intended function

False

True/false Frameworks for helping organizations improve their processes and system are called Six Sigma charts.​

False

True/false Gantt charts cannot be used to aid project quality management.

True

True/false Products that are accepted by project stakeholders are considered to be validated deliverables.

True

True/false Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects.

False

True/false Reliability is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under deviant conditions.

True

True/false The Six Sigma approach works best for a project where a quality problem is identified between the current and desired performance.

False

True/false Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the quality assurance process.

d. benchmakring

____ generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characterisitcs to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organizaiton a. quality audits b. design of experiments c. six sigma d. benchmarking

six sigma

a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success by minimizing defects and variability in processes

quality audit

a structured review of specific quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects

reliability

ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions

a. pareto charts

_____ help users to identify the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system. a. Pareto charts b. Tracking Gantt charts c. Gantt charts d. Control charts

c. statistical sampling

_____ involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection. a. Fitness for use b. Conformance c. Statistical sampling d. System testing

a. quality

_____ is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements a. quality b. conformance to requirements c. fitness for use d. reliability

b. nonrandom

the seven run rule states that if seven data points in a row on a control chart are all below the mean, above the mean, or all increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for ___ problems a. random b. nonrandom c. six sigma d. quality

a. Unit testing, Integration testing, system testing, user acceptance testing

what is the preferred order for performing testing on IT projects -integration testing -systems testing -unit testing -user acceptance testing

c. to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken

what is the purpose of project quality management? a. to produce the highest quality products and services possible b. to ensure that appropriate quality standards are met c. to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken d. all of the above