OPOTA Corrections SPO's 2021 Update

5.1 SPO #9 General Indicators of Depressant Influence

"Drunken" behavior and appearance Uncoordinated Drowsy Sluggish Disoriented Think, slurred speech Unsteady or staggering (Gait Ataxia)

2.1 SPO #4 General Rules for Effective Testimony

Be prepared Project a positive image Dress in professional attire Sit, stand, and walk with good posture Project your voice Give direct answers to questions from attorneys or the judge If permitted to take reports and notes to the witness stand, ask for a moment to review them ( do not read directly from report unless told to do so) Be HONEST

2.2 SPO #5 Explain deliberate indifference to medical needs

*Estelle v. Gamble (1976) Unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain through refusal of medical care by correctional or medical staff, or intentionally delaying or interfering with treatment

2.2 SPO #4 Explain how to reach the standard of deliberate indifference

-...correctional officials must know of and disregard a substantial risk of serious harm to the inmate's health and safety

1.3 SPO #2 Requirements for a Well Written Report

1. Complete a. The report must include the answers to the essential questions...who, what, when, how, where, and why b. It must be understandable by a third party c. When completed... (1) Sign your full name (2) Rank/Title (3) Date the report 2. Factual a. Records the facts b. Statements that can be proven c. It does not contain opinions 3. Accurate a. Specific b. Fact check c. Use descriptive words, names, numbers d. Do not over extend your vocabulary e. Use correct language. Do not use slang or "street talk" unless you are quoting someone f. Double check spelling and word usage g. Use proper grammar h. Read it. Have someone else review it 4. Objective a. Objective means non-opinionated, fair, and impartial b. Stick to the facts 5. Concise a. Make the important points in as few words as possible b. Leave out unnecessary information c. Do not confuse brevity with being concise 6. Clear a. Only one conclusion should be drawn b. Anyone should be able to read it and come to the same interpretation 7. Use correct... a. Spelling b. Paragraph Structure c. Verb tense (past, present, future)

2.7 SPO #1 Characterisitcs of Inmates vulnerable to Sexual Assault

1. Mental Illness/Disability 2. Physical Size (underweight or morbidly obese) 3. First time and/or younger inmates 4. Perceived as homosexual by other inmates 5. Prior sexual abuse victim

2.7 SPO #3 Potential Characteristics of an Abuser

1. Requests for cellmates 2. History of cellmates asking for transfers 3. Change in behavior of vulnerable inmates when a specific inmate leaves the area 4. History of testing boundaries 5. History of refusing searches 6. Has other inmates as look-outs 7. Verbally harasses other inmates 8. Prior history of sexual assault 9. Previously victimized 10. Poor anger management 11. Lack of coping skills 12. Voyeuristic/Exhibitionist behavior 13. Serving a lengthy sentence 14. Accustomed to incarceration 15. Significant social status with other inmates 16. Con artist- might entice victims into con-games designed to indebt the victim

2.7 SPO #4 Duties of First Responder to a sexual assault incident

1. Separate the victim and the abuser 2. Preserve and protect and crime scene until appropriate steps can be taken to collect any evidence 3. If the abuse occurs within a time period that allows for physical evidence, request the alleged victim and alleged abuser to not take any actions that could destroy physical evidence (washing, brushing teeth, changing clothes, urinating, defecating, drinking, eating)

1.3 SPO #1 Essential Questions Answered in a Report

1. Who... a. Who discovered the incident? b. Who reported the incident? c. Who were the witnesses? d Identify all persons involved by full name, rank, demographics, etc. 2. What... a. What happened? b. What was damaged? c. What injuries? d. Identify tools or weapons used e. State events in chronological order 3. When... a. When did the incident occur? b. When was the incident discovered? c. When were you/we notified? d. When did you/deputies arrive? 4.How... a. How did the situation start? b. How did the situation progress? c. How did the situation end? d. Explain how a weapon or tool was used e. Explain how you did or said something 5. Where... a. Where did the incident take place? b. Be as specific as possible, Witness location, objects, distances, indoors, outdoors, etc. 6. Why... a. Revenge/Opportunity? b. Drugs/Alcohol? c. Accidental/Intentional? d. Argument/Passion?

4.2 SPO #3 Avoiding Manipulation by Inmates

1. You can guard against inmate manipulation, but you cannot prevent it entirely a. Not all inmates are out to manipulate, some genuinely feel that they can learn to stay out of trouble b. However, con artists, gameplayers, and schemers are so widespread in the correctional population that it is difficult, if not impossible, to determine which inmates are trying to be manipulative and which are not c. Staff must use universal precautions, treating all inmates as if they are manipulators 2. By using the CHUMPS (Controlling, Helping, Understanding, Maintaining, Practicing, Stopping) approach, you can help keep your guard up and avoid being a chump to an inmate a. Controlling yourself and not becoming complacent 1. Controlling yourself means that you set the tone 2. Complacency happens when the facility and an officer think that everything is "okay", all is quiet and routine 3. An inmate who sees an officer seldom making rounds, not varying his/her routine, or talking on the telephone for much of his/her shift can guess, with some accuracy, that security is lax 4. Inmates observe staff and they get to know work habits very well; inmates know from which end of block an officer starts his/her rounds, how long it takes, when he/she gets coffee, with whom he/she likes to talk 5. One of the best tools in keeping control of inmates is to simply so no in a strong, confident way, not in a nasty or abrasive way 6. Control means not tolerating rule infractions, even minor ones b. Helping inmates to help themselves 1. Corrections is about problem solving, whether it is an inmate's substance abuse problem, educational problem, or their critical thinking 2. It is also about making inmates realize that they, perhaps for the first time, must follow the rules and go through channels like everybody else 3. You can assist the inmates by helping them to see the tools at their disposal which let them deal with their own situations c. Understanding the inmate subculture and understanding yourself 1. Always remind yourself that inmates do not live by the same rules as you do 2. Inmates will look for shortcuts 3. The criminal lifestyle is one of using shortcuts, circumventing the rules or laws, and attaining what they all want by the shortest, most comfortable way 4. Inmates use their family and friends to help them manipulate officers d. Maintaining a safe distance 1. Inmates who manipulate want officers to see them as innocent victims and objects of both desire and sympathy 2. Many officers who resist manipulation set professional boundaries that inmates continually attempt to cross 3. One good example of this is the healthcare area of corrections a. Inmates know that many healthcare personnel, especially the new ones, treat them differently than correctional officers b. Be aware of inmates using sick call and describing symptoms that cannot be verified 4. Inmates will use all types of ploys to lessen the professional distance a. Calling staff by their first name or nickname; to help avoid this ploy, always use a formal approach with inmates and use your title b. Swaying staff by compliments, flattery, or friendliness; hidden agenda is in hoping the staff member will be flattered which inflates his/her ego, in turn, making the staff emotionally dependent on the inmates' approval c. A simple thank you from an inmate may be nice and sometimes sincere, but remember his/her potential agenda, especially if the inmate uses phrases such as, "You are the best one here" or "You are not like the others" d. Socializing i. It may be ok to occasionally talk to inmates about neutral topics such as movies, television, or sports ii. If these conversations go on for a long time and you are distracted from your job, inmates will see that you are easily distracted and this may cause you to become a target iii. Also, over-socializing may result in you talking about rumors, gossip, details about personal lives, or problems e. Favors i. This is a common ploy among inmates ii. If you accept favors, you shorten the professional distance and send the signal that you like shortcuts iii. Resist favors, don't let inmates do favors for you, and don't break the rules e. Practicing professionalism in adhering to policies and procedures 1. Every staff member should be familiar with the agency's standard operating procedures manual and the handbook or manual that the inmate receives 2. Both spell out the policies, rules, and regulations for staff and inmates 3. If you follow standard operating procedures and enforce the rules, you can thwart many manipulation attempts 4. You must also learn to be open and honest in two areas a. To ask questions if you are unclear about job responsibilities, policies, or procedures b. To let your supervisor know if an inmate has fooled you 5. One of the best defenses against inmate manipulation is teamwork, where staff work together 6. Working together means watching out for each other, sharing information, and presenting a united front to the inmates f. Stopping yourself from being stressed out so you are not vulnerable 3. A basic rule is to be aware of where the interaction with the inmate may be heading; do not let it get too personal 4. Always remember, a criminal is a criminal

5.1 SPO #2 Symptoms of Tuberculosis

A bad cough that lasts for three weeks or longer Pain in the chest Coughing up blood Weight loss, no appetite Weakness or fatigue Chills, fever, or sweating at night

3.3 SPO #3 Inmate Classification System

A jail's system of assessing inmate risks and needs If the classification process is accurately completed, officers are more likely to be successful in managing inmate behavior Risk is a measure of how dangerous the inmate is to himself/herself and to others. Risk is also the likelihood the inmate will make an escape attempt Common criteria to evaluate risk Severity of jail charge, detainers or hold orders Case status (sentenced, pretrial detainee) Criminal history and/or possibility of additional charges during jail stay Escape history Substance abuse Discipline history during prior jail stays Age, Employment, Family ties Needs refer to the assessment of the inmate's physiological and psychological well-being Common criteria to evaluate needs Medical condition, Mental health condition, Intellectual capacity History of or current substance abuse

1.1 SPO #1 Relationship between a SPO and a test question

A test question must respond directly to an SPO and every SPO may be the basis of a test question

3.5 SPO #3 Frisk Search

A thorough search or "pat down" of an inmate's clothes and head cavities, while the inmate is still clothed

3.2 SPO #1 Administration of Discipline

An effective discipline system must be fair to inmates and officers The system must be fair to the inmates by consistent application of the rules The system must be fair to the officers by: The creation of rules that are easily understood and able to be enforced The support of the administration to carry out prescribed punishment The discipline system must meet constitutional and other legal requirements The punishment assigned to offenders is equal to the level of the violation To be most effective, the discipline system should allow for rewards and incentives for proper conduct Inmate's must be advised of the facility's rules in writing (Important) Written inmate rules shall specify prohibited acts or conduct, degrees of violations Inmates should be informed what conduct may result in disciplinary action Vague rules can unconstitutionally deny an inmate fair notice (Important) Inmate rules shall specify the fundamental rights that cannot be suspended except in an emergency or other condition beyond the control of the jail administrator Inmates must be informed of the penalties for rule violations (Important) Written inmate rules shall specify ranges of penalties (Important) There shall be a sanctioning schedule for rule violations The jail administrator or designee shall approve any penalty exceeding suspension of rights or disciplinary isolation for more than 120 hours The maximum sanction for rule violations shall be no more than 60 days for violations arising out of one incident Continuous confinement for more than 30 days requires the review and approval of the jail administrator or designee (Important) Jail disciplinary measures shall not include corporal punishment, discipline administered by inmates, and withholding food (Important) The use of administrative segregation as a penalty shall be prohibited Inmates must be informed of the process for disciplinary hearings (Important) Written inmate rules shall specify disciplinary hearing procedures The inmate shall have a minimum period of 24 hours after receiving written notification of the rule violation to prepare for disciplinary hearing The inmate may waive the 24 hour period The inmate is given a hearing within 48 hours excluding holidays, weekends, and emergencies after receiving the written notification if placed in isolation or within 3 business days if the inmate is not placed in isolation Some inmates might need placed in isolation without an immediate hearing, pending a disciplinary action This could be necessary to provide for the security and order of the jail (Important) Disciplinary hearing requirements shall include: An impartial hearing officer appointed by the jail administrator or designee The inmate's opportunity to be heard, present evidence, and question witnesses The questioning of witnesses is subject to limitations imposed by the hearing officer If limitations are imposed, the hearing officer shall state the reasons for the limitations in writing A written statement by the hearing officer provided to the inmate that includes The facts relied upon Reasons for the imposition of any penalties Copy of the statement for the inmate's file The selection by the jail administrator or designee of a staff person to assist an inmate when the inmate is unable to effectively communicate (Important) Pre-disciplinary hearing requirements shall include, at minimum A written incident report An inmate's opportunity to waive, in writing, the disciplinary hearing An investigation that commences within 24 hours of the incident to determine whether sufficient evidence exists to support the charges Written notification to the inmate of the nature and date of the violation within 24 hours of the alleged violations or discovery of the alleged violations (Important) Inmates shall be afforded an opportunity to appeal disciplinary actions to the jail administrator or designee (Important) Each jail shall have a written policy that specifies the circumstances under which a disciplinary hearing is conducted

4.3 SPO #1 Characteristics of a crisis state

An episode of mental and/or emotional upheaval or distress that creates instability or danger, and causes behavior that is considered disruptive by the community, by friends or family members of the person, and/or by the person The elements of disruption and danger are why, in these situations, many people call law enforcement rather than emergency medical services or mental health agencies Often there is a precipitating event that triggers the crisis An emotional event (the death of loved one, an act of violence, divorce, job loss) Medical event ( reaction to medication, a reaction caused by a failure to take medication) The person's perception to the event may be accurate, erroneous, or somewhere in between Regardless of the accuracy of their perception, the person's normal methods of coping and solving problems fail, resulting in A breakdown in control An inability to respond appropriately A feeling of being "overwhelmed"

2.2 SPO #3 Identify factors considered in determining if force is excessive in a correctional setting

An excessive force claim under the Eighth Amendment requires the inmate show force was not applied in a good faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, but instead was applied maliciously and sadistically to cause harm

4.3 SPO #7 Lethality Assessment to Determine an Inmate's Suicidal Intent

An officer can assess a person's suicidal intent by asking questions that try to uncover the person's thoughts This is represented by the LAST Model LETHALITY of chosen method( asphyxiation vs. five Tylenol pills) AVAILABILITY of chosen method - does the inmate actually possess the means to harm himself/herself ( actually having an object from which to hang himself/herself or having access to drugs versus being on constant watch or not having access to drugs) SPECIFICITY of the plan - specific details about time, method vs. vague ideas TIMING - proximity of help (cellmate present at time of attempt vs. alone, secluded place vs. a place where a person would be found quickly)

3.5 SPO #1 Basic Rules for Conducting Body Searches

Be thorough and Careful Your hands should pass over all clothed areas where skin cannot be seen Your fingers should pinch or squeeze all clothing with special attention to the seams Be cautious- offenders have been known to conceal sharp objects on their persons in an attempt to injure corrections officers Be systematic When practical, start in the same place in every search you conduct Have a coworker observe and critique your performance Take your time and concentrate- a life could be depending on your search Be objective Complete each body search without bias or prejudice Perform a professional search You may wish to explain the purpose of the search and give instructions in a courteous manner, however, do not engage in a conversation with the inmate and become distracted from your goal

5.1 SPO #12 General Indicators of Cannabis Influence

Bloodshot eyes Body tremors Odor of marijuana Disoriented Relaxed inhibitions Difficulty in dividing attention

3.3 SPO #4 Administrative Segregation

The act of confining an inmate to an individual housing cell or designated housing unit, that physically separates the inmate from the general population for specified reasons other than as a penalty, thereby prohibiting physical contact between this inmate and the general population Each jail shall have written policies and procedures that govern administrative segregation of inmates from the general population The use of administrative segregation as a penalty shall be prohibited Administrative segregation shall be employed to separate an inmate from the general population whenever one or more of the following exists The inmate present an inability to conform with established standards of behavior for general population The inmate poses a threat to self, others, or the security of the jail The inmate presents a need for protection as determined by the jail administrator or designee The inmate is at risk of spreading a communicable disease The jail administrator or designee has otherwise determined that such segregation is necessary and in the best interests of the inmate, staff, or the safe and secure operation of the jail Within 24 hours of administrative segregation, the inmate shall be provided with written documentation of the reason for confinement. The inmate shall be provided an opportunity for a written or oral response to the jail administrator or designee, to be reviewed within 72 hours for determination of continued confinement Inmates held in administrative segregation for 30 consecutive days shall receive an administrative review by the jail administrator or designee. Subsequent review shall be conducted every 30 days. Reviews shall be documented Inmates in administrative segregation shall receive all privileges and rights unless the inmate poses a threat to the security of the jail or the health and welfare of himself/herself or others. Any suspension or modification of privileges and/or rights shall be documented

4.4 SPO #4 Possible Stress reactions during a Life threatening encounter

Fight: If in the position of fighting for your life or someone else's, you are already programmed to destroy that threat by any means possible Your body's autonomic nervous system is preparing for battle and/or attempting to minimize damage Flight: Chemical changes under high stress also produce a natural urge to get away from that threat as quickly as possible As animals of prey, we are programmed for speed and flight from danger This reaction can be very frustrating for officers, since many times we feel this is not an option Freeze: The overload of stress may cause the body to lock up Freezing may be an attempt to not be perceived as a threat Much like the frustration with the flight response, this is not an option and can be overcome through proper training

3.7 SPO #3 Components of Fire Prevention

Fire inspections Maintenance of equipment and storage areas Housekeeping practices Education and training of staff and inmates Written fire plan

3.1 SPO #4 Describe the types of counts that can be in a correctional facility

Formal count (Regular, required count) Census count (Informal, Irregular, work details) Emergency count (Unusual, Infrequent)

2.7 SPO #2 Signs of Potential Sexual Assault Victims

Physical Indicators: Contraction of Sexually Transmitted Infection Pregnancy Stomach/Abdominal Pain Difficulty walking or sitting Unexplained Injuries Psychological Indicators: Acting Out Anger Anxiety Depression Difficulty Concentrating Suicidal thoughts Numbness Red Flag Indicators: Isolation Depression Lashing Out/ Unusual Aggression Refusal to shower Suicidal thoughts/actions Volunteering for isolation cell/ refusal to leave cell Refusal to enter an occupied cell or transport vehicle Change in relationship with other inmates Lingering near correctional staff Giving away commissary items regularly

3.5 SPO #6 Basic Requirements for Body Cavity Searches

Probable cause for a warrant Conducted under sanitary conditions By a medical professional (physician, registered nurse, licensed practical nurse) of the same sex

2.1 SPO #1 Purposes of the Bill of Rights

Protect and individual's freedoms Prevent the government from interfering in protected rights

5.1 SPO #6 Personal Protective Equipment

Protective Gloves- carry with you and always attempt to put gloves on before you come into contact with the person you need to deal with Hand washing- Even though you wear gloves, you must still wash your hands after you remove gloves Alcohol based hand cleansers are considered effective but should not be used if your hands are visibly soiled or if hand washing is available Eye protection, masks, and gowns can also be used if the circumstances require

2.1 SPO #3 The Goals of Sentencing

Punish the offender and in many cases, rehabilitate the offender Protect society Restore the victim as much as possible

4.3 SPO #4 The EAR Model's Three Phases of a Crisis Encounter

Purpose of Engage- to make a connection with the person so you can calm him/her The first 10 seconds of a special populations encounter are critical in setting the tone for de-escalation Remove distractions from the scene (people who are upsetting the person, loud noises) Introduce yourself and ask for the inmate's name State the reason why you are there and let him/her know you are there to help If safety is not compromised, remember that special populations encounters are medical encounters and you should begin to look for identifiers Ask questions (Are you alright? or Can you tell me what is bothering you?) Verbalize the subject's observable characteristics (You look angry? or You look stressed?) Ask the person, What help do you need right now? Model calmness that you want the person to mirror In order to make a connection and calm the situation during the Engage phase, you need to be empathetic to the person's situation or state of mind Individuals who feel they are understood are more inclined to calm down Speak softly, simply, briefly, and move slowly If there is more than one officer present, to avoid confusion, have one take the lead in communicating and de-escalating the situation Purpose of Assess- to gather the information you need about the situation and the person's condition so that you can determine the needed resolution Remember, your threat assessment is continuous If the encounter changes and there is an imminent risk of harm, use the objective reasonableness standard to determine the amount of force necessary to gain control of the situation Recognize that the person may be overwhelmed by frightening beliefs, sounds, or other things in the environment Be patient during the encounter Determine if a rule violation or crime has been committed If the person perpetuated a crime, you job is to gain control of the situation, which may include trying to de-escalate the person first, and then, provided that no one has been injured, investigate the crime second Ask about medical history Ask about and/or look for signs of drug or alcohol use If you are dealing with a suicidal person, gauge the seriousness of the person's intent using the LAST model Be tactfully mindful, but visibly present as non-threatening A trained officer can conceal his/her combat ready stance while offering an empathetic tone of voice and appearing non-threatening If there is more than one law enforcement officer present, have one take the lead Purpose of Resolve- to bring the encounter to a safe resolution and to obtain the help the inmate needs The resolution usually depends on the options that are available for your facility and per your agency's policies Possible resolutions include Formal documentation in inmate log Direct referral to medical or mental health staff Suicide watch Refer to the decision tree, which was developed to help officers guide their exercise of discretion Once you decide on a course of action, forecast your intentions to the person by telling the person what you are about to do or what will happen next ( I am going to ask you to come with me or I am going to lock you in your cell) It is important to continually communicate your actions throughout the interaction Limit the number of instructions you give at one time Speak slowly, simply, and confirm he/she understands your instructions If you have to use force, you can expect many special populations people to have a high threshold for pain and greater than normal strength

4.5 SPO #1 The relationship between Race, Genetics, and Physical characterisitcs

Race is a modern concept used to classify people by similar, observable physical characteristics It is not, as many people think, based on genetics Despite surface appearances, humans are one of the most genetically similar of all species and... Within the human species, there is no distinct genetic profile that completely distinguishes one so called race from another This is because most genetically influenced traits, like skin color, hair, eye shape, blood type, athleticism, and intelligence are inherited completely independent of one another

1.2 SPO #2 External Influences on Behavior

Relationship with friends and family Local Citizens Local Media Department Regulations Interdepartmental Politics Agency Subculture Officer's own ethical and moral beliefs and values Anger, Greed, and Lust: Internal rationalizations made prior to or after misconduct

4.2 SPO #1 Responsibilities of a Corrections Officer

Care of Inmates Manage inmates and their behavior Communicate with peers and supervisors Maintain health, safety, and sanitation of facility and inmates Custody of Inmates Maintain security Observe inmate conduct and behavior to prevent disturbances and escapes Control of Inmates Direct inmate movement Maintain key, tool, and equipment control Distribute authorized items to inmates

3.1 SPO #3 Identify important factors of security in a correctional facility

Classification Inspections Key and tool control Counts Emergency plans and training Control of medications and medical supplies Control of hazardous materials

3.4 SPO #1 Contraband Control

Contraband is one of the biggest threats to the safety and security of the jail Therefore, the control of it is one of the most important duties of the correctional officer There are several ways contraband is discovered: It can be seen It can be felt with a probing device (pen, handcuff key) Metal detector/wand It can be smelled by staff or K9 It can be handed over voluntarily or found based on a tip from an informant Forms of contraband: Weapons ( guns, knives, scissors, brass knuckles, blades, keys, needles) Drugs and drug paraphernalia Cell Phones: One of the most sought after pieces of contraband by inmates Especially dangerous due to the internet, GPS, and camera technology on most phones Used in the planning of escapes, drug trafficking, and other crimes Some inmates will pay hundreds of dollars for a smuggled phone Cell phone contraband is being battled by some correctional facilities with cellular signal jamming technology Approved items that are not used for their intended purpose (a toothbrush with a sharpened edge, a sharpened chess piece, a roll of checkers taped together) An excess of approved items Hoarding of items can create safety and health concerns An excess of books/papers/magazines can create a fire hazard An excess of food items can lead to insect and/or rodent problems

4.4 SPO #2 Critical Incident Stress

Critical Incident Stress - Any event which has a stressful impact sufficient enough to overwhelm the usually effective coping skills Trauma - an emotional response to a terrible event An event or the combination of several events that overwhelm the ability to cope Trauma is so catastrophic that it may evoke symptoms in almost anyone regardless of background A normal reaction by normal person to an abnormal event The response to trauma is different for every person Physical: Fatigue, nausea, muscle tremors, twitches Elevated blood pressure, headaches, thirst Visual difficulties, grinding teeth, weakness Dizziness, profuse sweating, chills Vomiting, fainting Seek immediate medical attention for: Chest pain, difficulty breathing, symptoms of shock Emotional: Anxiety, guilt, grief, denial, severe panic Emotional shock, fear, uncertainty, depression Loss of emotional control, agitation, apprehension Inappropriate emotional response, intense anger, feeling overwhelmed Cognitive: Confusion, lack of attention span Poor decision making, poor concentration/memory Hypervigilance or lowered alertness Difficulty identifying familiar objects or people Poor problem solving, poor abstract thinking Loss of orientation or awareness of time, place, or person Disturbed thinking, nightmare, intrusive images Behavioral: Change in society, withdrawal, emotional outbursts Increase/loss of appetite, suspiciousness, pacing Change in communication skills, startle reflex Increase in alcohol consumption, inability to rest Antisocial acts, nonspecific bodily complaints Erratic movements, change in sexual functioning Spiritual: Loss of a sense of purpose Loss of a belief in a just world Withdrawal from faith Anger at, or doubt the existence of, God Religious/Spiritual hallucinations

4.4 SPO #3 Cumulative Stress

Cumulative Stress: Stress arousal that slowly builds up over time and may lead to the erosion of coping mechanisms or to a state of mental exhaustion Cumulative stress is actually a product of multiple stress events over a period of time and cannot be avoided Unlike eustress, distress, and critical incident stress, you may be able to manage cumulative stress If each individual stress event is managed in a healthy manner, you can avoid the buildup of stress and the negative byproducts it creates Sources that create cumulative stress can be both personal and professional

3.9 SPO #1 Basic Rules when preparing for Inmate transportation

Do not give advance notice to inmates about specific day or time transports Do not allow the inmate to use the phone before or during the transport This may provide an opportunity for the inmate to plan assistance in an escape attempt Search all inmates yourself A thorough search of all inmates must be done before leaving the facility The transporting officer should check inmates' personal effects for possible concealed weapons Under no circumstances should the transporting officer assume the inmate has been searched by anyone else Remember, it is your life your are protecting, so never take anything for granted If the inmate has been transported, he/she must be searched before getting back into the vehicle to return to the institution Apply all restraints yourself Every inmate taken from the institution is a potential escape threat and the officer must use restraint devices Given the right time, place, and circumstances, every inmate presents the threat of escape Check all restraints yourself If they fit poorly or are not functioning properly, replace them If you receive an inmate in restraints, assure they have been properly applied before moving the inmate Before leaving the facility, talk to the inmate to assess his/her frame of mind If an inmate is displaying unusual behavior (highly agitated, appears to be suffering from a mental health crisis), you may have to alter or temporarily cancel the transport This may also help you determine if you should conduct the transport with a backup officer

5.1 SPO #10 General Indicators of Narcotic Influence

Droopy eyelids Depressed reflexes Dry mouth "On the nod" Facial itching Low, raspy speech Fresh puncture marks

1.2 SPO #1 Corrections Officer Codes of Ethics and Conduct

Emphasize the value of public service Outline expectations for treating inmates and fostering professionalism Require that Corrections Officers: Respect the civil and legal rights of all people. Refrain from any form of discrimination Prohibits Corrections Officers from: Using their position for personal gain. Accepting gifts or favors that might imply there is a corresponding obligation that is inconsistent with professional duties.

2.4 SPO #1 Describe the differences between Essential and Important jail standards

Essential: Standard that has been designated to directly support life, safety, and health of jail inmates, employees, contract employees, and volunteers. All full service and minimum security jails must comply with ALL Essential jail standards Important: Standard that has been designated to support good correctional practices in training, operations, inmate services, physical plant, safety and emergency procedures, sanitation, food service, inmate rules and discipline, and other areas that address good correctional practice. All full service and minimum security jails must comply with 90% of all Important jail standards

3.3 SPO #1 Ditues of the Correctional Officer during Admission

Establish the identification of the escorting officer Ensure the escorting officer has secured all weapons before entering the intake area Make certain escorting officer has the proper paperwork for admitting an arrestee and it is completed correctly Evaluate the arrestee for immediate physical or medical problems that could complicate, delay, and/or prevent the acceptance of the arrestee Conduct a search of the arrestee Follow your agency's policy with use of brand names when describing personal items All unauthorized items shall be confiscated Confiscated items shall be listed in an inventory with an objective description and secured Do not estimate values of items or assume you know what the object is made of ( gold like watch with clear stones rather than gold watch with diamonds) Money or any form of currency shall be confiscated, counted in the arrestee's presence, and secured The inmate's signature shall be affixed to the completed inventory. If the signature cannot be obtained, the inventory shall be witnessed by another staff person Assuming there are no reasons to prevent/delay admission of the arrestee to the jail, the arrestee can be legally committed to the facility by the officer

4.4 SPO #1 Differences between Eustress and Distress

Eustress: Stress that has a positive motivating force that may lead to an increase in health and performance Examples are deadlines, competition, and specialized training opportunities From a positive standpoint, eustress is experienced as increased mental alertness and focus Positive stress tends to be short lived After the challenge is met, the body returns to its normal state This allows the body to rest, recuperate, and re-energize to meet the next challenge Distress: Negative, dysfunctional force that may lead to disease and the deterioration of health Generally refers to job pressures and demands that trigger negative behaviors (losing your temper, yelling, excessive force, and/or drug/alcohol abuse) Negative stressors have the potential to Cause anxiety or concern Decrease overall performance May be short or long term Running from crisis to crisis with little time to rest and recover in between, places the sufferer in a constant state of high readiness

4.5 SPO #3 Two Types of Bias

Explicit and Implicit Bias: Common Characteristics Everyone possesses them They have real world effects on behavior The can relate, for example, to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height, weight, or age Explicit Bias- conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social category Implicit Bias- Preference (positive or negative) for a social category based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate outside of our awareness Implicit Biases are related to explicit biases, but they are still distinct concepts While the two types of biases may reinforce each other, implicit biases can be dissociated from explicit biases- our implicit biases do not necessarily align with our explicit beliefs Implicit biases are largely hidden from us, but their effects are pervasive and powerful, and understanding implicit biases is important because they have the potential to impact our interactions

3.1 SPO #1 Identify the most important aspect of security in a correctional facility

The Correctional Officer Staffing, Policies and Procedures Care, Custody, and Control

4.3 SPO #3 Difference between traditional encounters and a special populations encounter involving an inmate is

The increased need to be non-confrontational Special populations encounters frequently benefit from a change in response to one in which de-escalation is the foundation

4.5 SPO #5 Strategies to Counter Implicit Biases

Guarding against its influence in decision making Recognize that everyone has biases and think critically about your own potential biases Seek greater awareness and more education to increase motivation to be fair Know when you are susceptible: Conditions Ambiguous or incomplete information Time constraints Compromised cognitive control: High cognitive load, Fatigue Result- when the previous factors are present, which they often are in the corrections profession, we are more apt to switch to System 1 thinking Response- engage deliberative processing; slow down your thinking Overcoming biases: Recognizing your stereotypes and reflecting on why the response occurred creates a process to consider how to avoid the biased response and replace it with an unbiased one Counter-stereotypic imaging - develop new associations by looking at positive examples that challenge negative associations Obtain specific information about others by intentionally engaging in a meaningful way with others who are different from you, rather than relying on stereotypical references Be empathetic Effort required: "intention, attention, and time" are needed to build new associations well enough for them to compete with a person's implicit biases

5.1 SPO #11 General Indicators of Hallucinogen Influence

Hallucinations Dazed appearance Body tremors Uncoordinated Perspiring Disoriented Paranoia Difficulty in speech Nausea Piloerection (goose bumps)

4.3 SPO #2 Factors that coupled with mental illness produce the greatest increase in the potential for violence

History of violence Substance abuse and dependence Personality disorders (antisocial disorder, conduct disorder) Psychotic thoughts (paranoid delusions, command hallucinations) Young Male Under social stress (poor, homeless) Recent personal stress, crisis, or loss (unemployment, divorce, separation, victim of crime in the past year) Early exposure to violence (family fights, physical or sexual abuse, parent with criminal record)

3.5 SPO #5 Strip Search

The inspection of a naked individual without scrutinizing the subject's body cavities

4.5 SPO #2 Types of Racism

Individual Racism: Internalized, unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race Interpersonal Racism: Occurs between individuals, Includes public expressions of racial prejudice and hate made by individuals Institutional Racism: Race based discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuated by institutions (schools, mass media, governments, banks) that result in inequitable opportunities and impacts Occurs within and between institutions Includes discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the institution (bank loan officer, representing a banking institution, treating someone with racial bias; a corrections officer, representing a corrections institution, treating someone with racial bias) Structural Racism: Refers to the collective way history, culture, and institutions reinforce and perpetuate racialized outcomes, even in the absence of racist intent It is broadly encompassing - it touches on al aspects of society (history, politics, economics) and is the foundation from which other types of racism emerge Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities, and differing policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional

4.4 SPO #6 When to Seek assistance

Individual coping skills are not working Your friends or family notice emotional responses or behavior that differ form your norm When you don't "feel like yourself" (disorientation, depression) Suicidal or homicidal thoughts or plans

3.8 SPO #1 Warning Signs of Impending Violence

Inmates hoarding food or commissary goods Inmates refusing to go to recreation Increase in requests for protective custody status A sharp increase or decrease in the number of inmate grievances Increase in racial grouping of inmates Increase in sick calls and attempts to be admitted to hospital Inmates sending personal items out of the institution A substantial change in the noise level (louder or softer) Inmates wearing extra clothing at recreation Decrease in visitations Decrease in inmate's interactions with staff Inmates warning well liked staff not to come to work

4.2 SPO #2 Differences between apathy, sympathy, and empathy

Inmates like officers who feel sympathy rather than empathy of apathy Saying that you empathize with someone about his/her predicament will cause less problems for you Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion, indifference, lack of interest or concern Sympathy: The feeling that you care about and are sorry about someone else's trouble; a state in which different people share the same interests, goals, opinions Empathy: The feeling that you understand and share another person's emotions Empathy allows a person to understand another person's problem without feeling sorry for her or her, while in sympathy feels pity and sorry for a person without understanding the problem For example, an inmate requests a special phone call to his mom as she is sick and he is afraid she isn't going to live long An apathetic officer would say, "I don't care how you feel" A sympathetic officer would say, "I am sorry about how you are feeling" An empathetic officer would say, "I understand how you feel"

4.3 SPO #6 Warning Signs of Suicidal Behavior in Inmates

Inmates who are considering suicide may display the observable characteristics consistent with the Loss of Hope model Behaviors and other warning signs of immediate risk for suicide (particularly if new or increasing) should prompt immediate action include talking about... Wanting to die or kill yourself Feelings of hopelessness or having no reason to live Feeling trapped or in unbearable pain Being a burden to others Seeking revenge Looking for a way to kill oneself (asking for an increased dosage of medication) Writing goodbye notes and/or giving away possessions or placing them into property Changes in: Sleep patterns (sleeping too little or too much) Appetite and/or weight (weight loss or gain) Mood interactions: Displaying extreme mood swings Acting anxious or agitated Displaying severe aggression, showing rage, and/or behaving recklessly Withdrawing or feeling isolated Evidence that the inmate is experiencing hallucinations or delusions

3.8 SPO #2 Common causes of hostage situations in correctional settings

Institutional conditions Food service Living conditions Inmate privileges Incidents of abuse of inmates by staff- real or alleged Actions of an inmate with a mental illness Political Causes Inmates may engage in hostage-taking as a means of advancing or promoting political causes May be perpetuated by gang members or members of defiant groups with specific goals As a way to escape Demanding freedom in exchange for freeing the hostage(s) As a result of disturbances or crisis events As a result of a riot or other significant correctional emergency May be a spontaneous reaction or planned May stage a fight or riot so officers will enter a specific area to intervene, they then outnumber and overpower the officers and take them hostage

2.2 SPO #2 Recognize factors used to determine if an inmate's rights can be limited

Is the limitation in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest? What dangers are involved in granting an inmate's request? What is the impact on the facility by accommodating the inmate? What government interests are at stake? Is the limitation the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling interest? The test considers the following questions: Is the inmate's request or activity in question protected under Ohio laws, federal laws, and/or Constitutions? Is there an alternative means by which the inmate can exercise his/her right? Are there other readily available alternatives that would not impinge upon the interests of the jail?

5.1 SPO #7 Importance of monitoring and inmate's withdrawal from alcohol

It is very important to understand that appropriate monitoring of an inmate experiencing alcohol withdrawal helps prevent injury and/or death Withdrawal from alcohol causes increased excitability in the nervous system leading to nausea, vomiting, sweating, shakiness, agitation, and anxiety A medical emergency can develop when withdrawal leads to delirium tremens (DTs) involving hallucinations, confusion, disorientation, and generalized seizures This can also progress to high blood pressure, fast heart rate, elevated blood pressure, rapid breathing, and tremors; untreated DTs can lead to cardiovascular collapse

3.7 SPO #1 The Fire Triangle

The Fire Triangle identifies the needed components of fire: Fuel: any solid, liquid, or gas that can combine with oxygen in the chemical reaction known as oxidation Oxygen: usually required to support burning Heat: combustion requires a level of energy that will cause an increase of molecular activity within the substance's chemical structure and temperature is a measure of that molecular activity

4.3 SPO #5 Loss Model

LOSS OF REALITY Person may be frightened, confused, and have difficulty concentrating or communicating Person may appear to be experiencing delusions or hallucinations De-escalation goal: Neither validate nor deny the existence of what the person experiencing Instead, acknowledge how the person's view of the situation must make him/her feel Try to make eye contact Ask simple questions Cut through the fear and confusion and get the person to voluntarily comply with your request If the person is experiencing command voices, it is especially important for officer safety that you are aware that the voices may be telling the person to do something Try to understand by asking "Are you hearing voices?" If their response is Yes, then ask, "What are the voices telling you?" LOSS OF HOPE The person may be emotional, very withdrawn, fatigued, feeling overwhelmed, crying, in despair, or presenting suicidal talk or gestures He/she may have strong feelings of being helpless, hopeless, and worthless He/she may have experienced a recent loss, especially a loss of freedom De-escalation goal: Instill some hope within the encounter so that the person can be persuaded to talk to someone or seek help You should be prepared to address thoughts of suicide LOSS OF CONTROL This person may be angry, irritable, or hostile Can present himself/herself as a victim and he/she does not feel listened to May be manipulative, impulsive, destructive, or argumentative Incarceration automatically takes control from the inmate and allows him/her very little opportunity to make personal decisions Loss of control is not typical inmate bad behavior or noncompliance with rules/orders; it is the inability to regain control De-escalation goal: Remain professional; do not take what he/she said personally Be aware of signs, such as clenched fists, pacing, or flushed cheeks, which may indicate potential violence Attempt to calm the person by letting him/her vent; use active listening skills When establishing trust within these encounters, try to identify the source of the person's anger; acknowledge the emotion and give a directive LOSS OF PERSPECTIVE This person is anxious, worried, or nervous, which can escalate to feeling panicked Physical symptoms include trembling, shaking, chest pain, and/or discomfort The person could also seem overly energetic or be displaying extreme highs and lows (mood swings) during the encounter De-escalation goal: Bring the person's energy down Calm the person's anxiety through empathy and patience; oftentimes using a soft and calm tone encourages individuals to mirror your tone

2.1 SPO #2 Major Components of the Criminal Justice System

Law Enforcement (police officer, deputy sheriff): Keep the peace Apprehend violators and combat crime Prevent crime Provide social services Courts: Hold fair and impartial trials (ensure due process) Determine guilt or innocence Impose sentences on the guilty Key personnel includes judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys Corrections: Responsible for supervising the offender Prison/County Jails Parole Probation Halfway Houses Work release programs

3.8 SPO #4 Actions that should be taken in response to an emergency

Lock down all inmates/move inmates to a secure location Request additional officers to contain or isolate the situation Notify supervisor Remove non-essential staff from the surrounding areas Conduct an emergency count

5.1 SPO #5 Signs/Symptoms of MRSA

MRSA lesions are often mistaken for spider bites, pimples, or other minor skin problems They may start as a bump that is red swollen, painful, warm to the touch, full of pus, or accompanied by a fever

5.1 SPO #4 How MRSA is spread

MRSA usually spreads by direct contact with infected skin, but it can also be spread by touching materials or surfaces that had contact with infection, including drainage (pus) MRSA is easily spread because of the direct contact commonly occurring in correctional facilities (shaking hands, fights with another person, searching an inmate, using the same set of handcuffs on different inmates, sharing weights or exercise equipment)

4.4 SPO #5 Individual Approaches to Stress Management

Manage Responsibility Practice self awareness Have a balanced lifestyle Apply stress reduction techniques Take time for life Humor

1.1 SPO #2 Reasons for Corrections Training

Mandated by State Law To acquire new knowledge and skills To reduce errors and mistakes in performing critical tasks while protecting the public To standardize procedures To increase efficiency To build confidence and morale To promote safety and survival skills To reduce civil liability To eliminate unfit trainees who do not meet training standards

3.9 SPO #4 Tactical Considerations for Inmate Transportation

Never assume that restraints are foolproof There could be a manufacturing flaw Equipment can be faulty because of wear or damage Check restraints periodically throughout the trip to prevent lock picking or other tampering Increase your situational awareness when leaving and approaching a destination Always keep dispatch informed of your location Depending on the destination, the inmate's stress level may be extremely high (being transported to prison, transported from court to jail) Watch for external threats; look for suspicious people or activities Pay attention to what your inmate is focused on Maintain a good tactical position Try to position yourself so your firearm is away from the inmate When walking, stay behind and close to the inmate and maintain contact with him/her, if possible Avoid having anything in your dominant hand Always keep the inmate in sight As the transportation officer, you must always be in the same room with the inmate Some places may not want you in the same room (medical visits) as the inmate, inform them that is not an option If you ever lose sight of the inmate, search the inmate again and check the restraints

5.1 SPO #1 Importance of Adhering to the Medical Standards

Offers legal protection for the officer and agency when providing the necessary care for the inmate Can potentially reduce frivolous legal action Improve the inmates' standard of care

3.7 SPO #2 The PASS method for using a fire extinguisher

PULL- Pull the pin at the top of the extinguisher that keeps the handle from being accidentally pressed AIM- Aim the nozzle towards the base of the fire SQUEEZE- Squeeze the handle to discharge the extinguisher Position yourself approximately eight feet away from the fire If you release the handle, the discharge will stop SWEEP- Sweep the nozzle back and forth at the base of the fire After the fire appears to be out, watch carefully since it may reignite

3.4 SPO #2 Conduct a Cell and Living Area Search

Remove inmate(s) from the cell and/or are to be searched Conduct a frisk search of the inmate(s) Give the inmate an opportunity to tell you if there is contraband in his/her cell or living area Begin the search: Upon entering the cell, pause and take a look at the cell in its entirety to notice any immediate dangers or contraband Look for holes and cracks in the walls, ceiling, and floor Check any electric/ventilation fixtures for tampering and to make sure they are securely attached Check plumbing fixtures for damages or tampering. Ensure the caulking has not been removed of damaged Check any shelving units for damage and ensure they are properly affixed to the wall/desk Make sure to look on the bottom of the shelf Examine all objects on the shelf Inspect the bedding area Check for extra blankets, sheets, and pillows Shake bedding for hidden items Squeeze and press on the mattress and pillow Check seams on mattress and pillow for tampering Leaf through books, magazines, newspapers, and any other miscellaneous paperwork Shake the items to see if anything dislodges Check the bindings and covers of books Inspect window area: Look for cracks, holes, and scratches Check the weather stripping for tampering or loosening Inspect the frame/sill for damage Inspect the lock on the door: Make sure it is functioning properly Check for signs of tampering and/or jamming Shake and search the inmate's personal clothing Check all miscellaneous items: Artwork, Pictures Greeting cards, envelopes Playing cards Pen and pencils Toilet paper rolls Personal hygiene items Cups, utensils, and food items/packaging

5.1 SPO #8 General Indicators of Stimulant Influence

Restlessness Talkative Excitation Euphoria Exaggerated reflexes Loss of appetite Anxiety Grinding teeth (bruxism) Redness to nasal area Body tremors

3.3 SPO #2 Techniques used to obtain legible fingerprints

Rolled Impressions: Printed individually and are at the top of the card 1. Have the inmate wash hands with soap and water 2. Thoroughly dry hands with paper towel 3. Have inmate stand in front of the fingerprint stand at forearm's length away 4. Carefully ink the bulb of each finger from the tip to just below the first joint 5. Lay each finger on the side of the bulb, with the bulb facing away, on the card 6. Press lightly, roll the finger to the other side until if faces the opposite direction 7. Print each finger separately beginning with the right thumb and proceeding to the little finger 8. The hand should be rotated from the more difficult to the easy position 9. The thumb should be roller towards the inmate 10. Finger's should be rolled away from the inmate's body 11. This relieves strain and leaves the finger relaxed upon completion 12. The position of both the inmate and the deputy should be relaxed and natural 13. Instruct the inmate to look at some object and not to look at his/her hands -Relax, Refrain from trying to help 14. Plain flat impressions are the printed last and located at the bottom of the card 15. Press all four fingers down simultaneously and keep them aligned to keep all of the prints in the allotted space 16. Thumbs are pressed straight down either individually or simultaneously

3.8 SPO #3 Hostage Survival Techniques

Set goals- your main goal is survival Try to avoid being blindfolded or hooded Avoid locating yourself near windows and doors Request help for injured or ill hostages If you or anyone else is injured, ill, or needs special medication, inform the hostage takers Do it politely and, if possible, in the form of a request rather than a demand Do not try to negotiate for your own release once trained hostage negotiators have made contact with the hostage takers Cooperate with the hostage takers and comply with their reasonable demands- remember, you are no longer in control Accept your situation and be patient Remain calm and controlled Do not make suggestions to hostage takers Observe what is going on and try to keep mental notes to aid investigators following the incident

1.2 SPO #3 Steps in Decision Making Model and Application of PLUS Filters

Step 1: Define the problem. Being aware that how you define the problem determines where and how you will look for solutions Step 2: Identify alternative solutions available to address the problem- at a minimum three and, ideally, more than five Step 3: Evaluate the identified alternatives- list the pros and cons of each; differentiate between known facts and personal beliefs about the situation Step 4: Make the Decision Step 5: Implement the Decision Step 6: Evaluate the Decision PLUS Filters Defined P= Policies: Is it consistent with my agency's policies and procedures? L= Legal: Is it lawful? U= Universal: Does it conform to the universal principles and values of my agency? S= Self: Does it align with my beliefs of what is right, good, and fair? PLUS Filters should be applied at each of the following steps of the decision making model Step 1 (Define the problem)- does the existing situation violate and PLUS considerations? Step 3 (Evaluate alternative solutions)- do the alternatives resolve or create and PLUS considerations and, if so, are the ethical trade-offs acceptable? Step 6 (Evaluate the decision)- does the solution resolve all PLUS considerations, or were unintended or unforseen PLUS considerations created?

4.5 SPO#4 Two Modes of Thinking

System 2: Deliberative Thinking Conscious, Effortful Controlled Deliberative Slower System 1: Automatic Thinking Unconscious Effortless Automatic Uses associative memory Very fast Practical purpose: simplifies tasks (driving, tying shoes) which most adults can do without having to systematically and deliberatively think about each step Protection mechanism: we evaluate everything we see and everyone we meet within 200 milliseconds to determine if something is threatening or not

5.1 SPO #3 Risk factors contributing to the high rate of TB in Correctional Facilities

The physical structure of correctional facilities, which can include close living quarters, overcrowding, and the potential for inadequate ventilation The interruption of therapy caused by the movement of inmates into and out of facilities and inmates returning to the community Language and cultural barriers, including lack of access to health information and the stigma associated with the disease Relatively high rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among inmates who, if co-infected with TB bacteria, are at high risk for progressing from latent TB infection to TB disease In addition to HIV, other underlying medical conditions may increase the risk that latent TB infection will progress to TB disease

3.1 SPO #2 Identify the main objectives of security in a correctional facility

To maintain order To prevent contraband To prevent escapes

2.2 SPO #1 Describe the primary sources of inmate rights

United States Constitutional Amendments First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Case Law Precedent: The making of law through the court's interpretation of the Constitution, statutes, and other laws A decided case that furnishes a basis for determining later cases involving similar facts or issues Federal Statutes: Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Person Act (RLUIPA) Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) State Statutes: As described in the Ohio revised code State Administrative rules- The Ohio Administrative code lists the standards for each category of jail

3.5 SPO #2 An inmate should be searched, at a minimum

Whenever entering or leaving the jail's security perimeter to control contraband