oral exam number 2

Define questions of fact, value, & policy.

A question of fact is a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. A question of value is a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. A question of policy is a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Fully explain appealing to emotion and how you can use this in any of your speeches in COMS 101.

Appealing to emotion is the feeling and force of imagination that make us eloquent. By adding emotional examples in your speeches you can connect with your audience more and convince them.

Name and fully explain the 2 factors of credibility

Competence—how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject. Character—how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.

List and explain the 3 ways to enhance your credibility while speaking.

Explain Your Competence- advertise your expertise or knowledge on the speech topic. Establish Common Ground with Your Audience- When a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience. Deliver Your Speeches Fluently, Expressively, and with Conviction- If you are well prepared, enthusiastic, and don't stumble over your words you will be more credible.

Define fallacy then name and define ALL 10 fallacies. (All textbook editions have at least 8 fallacies and their definitions if you look at the chapter thoroughly. The newest edition has added "appeal to tradition" and "appeal to novelty" so if your textbook edition does not include these, you will need to look up these two definitions online and include all 10 fallacies to complete this question/answer.)

Fallacy- An error in reasoning. hasty generalization- A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. Bandwagon- A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. appeal to tradition-A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. appeal to novelty- A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old. false cause- A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. invalid analogy- An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike. red herring- A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. ad hominem- A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. Either-or- A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. slippery slope-A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

List the 5 guidelines for ethical speaking then list the 3 guidelines for ethical listening.

Guidelines for Ethical Speaking Be Honest Be Prepared No Name Calling or Abusive Language No Plagiarism Goals Ethically Sound Guidelines for Ethical Listening Be courteous and attentive Don't prejudge Keep an open mind

List and define the 3 types of credibility.

Initial credibility—the credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak. Derived credibility—the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself. Terminal credibility—the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Explain the process of using evidence while speaking

Most people are skeptical of what you are speaking about so you must provide evidence. You need to justify your claims and prove people's doubts wrong.

Define ethos, pathos, and logos.

Pathos- What aristotle called emotional appeals. Emotional appeals that are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like. Logos- The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning. Ethos- The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.A speakers credibility.

Fully explain the psychology of persuasive speaking.

Persuasion is a psychological process. It occurs in a situation where two or more points of view exist. The different points of view may be completely opposed, or they may simply be different in degree. Whichever the case, there must be a disagreement, or else there would be no need for persuasion.

Define persuasion then explain a time when you've used persuasion in your life (use an appropriate example) and what the outcome was.

Persuasion is the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions. One time when I've used this was when I convinced my parents to let me out of the house during the pandemic by assuring them that I would be safe.

Define reasoning then name and fully explain the 4 types of reasoning.

Reasoning- the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence. Reasoning from specific instances- Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion. Reasoning from principle- Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion. Causal reasoning- Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. Analogical reasoning- Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Define mental dialogue.

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Define target audience in persuasive speeches-read the entire section and explain exactly who makes up the "portion." Then imagine persuading your audience in COMS 101 to attend a yoga class with you. In this scenario, explain who in your COMS 101 class would be your target audience?

The target audience is the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade. They are the portion that are more undecided and don't have a strong opinion supporting or opposing your opinion. In this situation, I would want to convince people who would be willing to go but aren't sure if they would.

Fully explain the importance of ethics and persuasive speaking then explain the role ethics plays in COMS 101.

You must keep the guidelines of ethical speaking in mind when doing a persuasive speech and make sure that you are being honest and not misleading your audience. You need your audience's trust to build a bond. Ethics is very important in COMS 101 because we need to support everyone and not judge them.