org comm test #1

'No collar' work is grounded in creativity but is also characterized by ______

"Knowledge work"

Which of the following is a critique of systems theory?

1. EXPLOITATIVE-AUTHORITATIVE (SIMILAR TO X, MOTIVATE THROUGH FEAR AND THREATS, DECISIONS ARE MADE TOP DOWN) 2. BENEVOLENT-AUTHORITATIVE (MOTIVATE THROUGH REWARDS AND THREATS, DECISIONS ARE MADE ON TOP BUT MIGHT LISTEN TO LOWER) 3. CONS

Which one of the following statements best reflects goal orientation in an organizational setting?

All open systems, feedback enables adjustments to goals

According to the critical perspective, organizations are ______.

Assumed to be socially constructed, political sites of POWER

The existence of "culture boot camps" or intensive "cultural training" programs at workplaces attempt to ensure that a workplace has a single, unitary culture. Which form(s) of control are we most likely to see in this approach to organizing?

Direct and ideological

The early part of the industrial revolution was characterized by a level of direct control designed to ______.

Direct workers who were not used to working in factory settings where CLOCK time ruled

According to the communicative construction of organization approach, which of the following forms of communication is able to shape organizational members' behavior in significant ways?

Political sites of power

The leadership team of a small non-profit organization has a team-building and goal-setting retreat each time a person joins or leaves the team, because the director of the non-profit believes that every time a person joins or leaves, they have an entirely new team. His approach most readily reflects which of the following ideas about organizational culture?

Pragmatist

.Robert takes a pragmatist approach to organizational culture, while Bryanne takes a purist approach to organizational culture. They might disagree about ______.

Pragmatist: culture is a variable of an org. Culture is still very important but it's just a piece of the overall puzzle Purist: culture IS an organization. Culture cannot be engineered because it is formed through the formation of the org (4&5)

Purist studies of organizational culture could be best described by which of the following research perspectives?

Qualitative, field-based, ethnography, participant-observation (form of ethnography) (4&5)

According to Weber, the rationality of modern human society ______

Rationalization process - the process by which everything becomes subject to planning. "Iron cage of bureaucracy" - a rationalized world that is calculable but not necessarily fulfilling. -Rationalization process -"Iron cage of bureaucracy" -Undermines sense enchantment and community -People adopt "means-ends" approach

The "Cult of Domesticity" was ______.

They believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. The Culture of Domesticity (often shortened to Cult of Domesticity ) or Cult of True Womanhood is a term used by historians to describe what they consider to have been a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the 19th Century in the United States and the United Kingdom. Closed system exclusive to women

Companies like Coca-Cola, Green Peace, and Amazon are considered political sites because ______.

They each have different underlying vested interests, each of which have different consequences for organizational stakeholders

Frankfurt School members were most concerned about the growing dominance of which type of reasoning?

They rejected economic determinism and critiqued capitalism

Common sense thinking can often reflect ______.

Tradition and often reproducing the status quo

Jennifer works for an organization where favoritism and nepotism are the order of the day; despite her excellent work skills and qualifications, she is unable to get promoted and is thinking of leaving the organization. From Weber's perspective, which form of authority best characterizes this organization?

Traditional authority

Nintendogs is a Nintendo game in which you take care of, train, and bond with an adorable (virtual) puppy. The availability of everything, including virtual puppy ownership, to be bought and sold is a property of capitalism called ______.

Tribal society

The development of less explicit and coercive forms of control means that control is no longer an important issue in daily organizational life.

false

The gig economy is best characterized by working individuals who view themselves as lifetime employees.

false

The pragmatist approach to organizational culture has a strong descriptive orientation.

false

The progressive ideology of the early 1900s connected efficiency with social harmony.

false

As one form of organizational control proved to be inadequate in terms of combatting the demand for employee autonomy in the workplace, other forms of control were created. The form that is most holistic in that it considers the life of the employee is ______.

ideological

Workers' attempts to get better pay and safer working conditions help to strengthen capitalism in the United States.

true

Which of the following is an example of what Karl Marx identified as surplus value?

the excess of value produced by the labor of workers over the wages they are paid. "difference between the value of the labor power, as purchased by the capitalist, and the actual value produced by the laborer" (2)

Reducing work in organizations into their smallest known components is a key feature - and goal - of systems theory.

true

Scientific management was ultimately rejected in favor of a human relations approach to management.

true

Studying culture is an experimental science.

true

Systems theory is a natural perspective for empirical researchers to apply to scientific studies, because it helps them reduce the complicated nature of organizing.

true

Systems theory is another attempt to control, predict, and conquer nature.

true

Technological control was preceded by direct control methods during the early industrial revolution.

true

Tensions between the goals, beliefs, and desires of individual organization members and those of the larger organization are usually resolved by subordinating the goals and beliefs of individuals to those of the organization.

true

The "metaphor" for organizational culture is the organism.

true

The approach that explores the ways in which economics, culture, and politics interact to create social reality is called Marxism.

true

The cultural revolution of the 1960s and 1970s stayed outside of organization; young people were willing to adapt to the "old ways" or organization life at their workplaces.

true

The separation of work and life was reconsidered by leader in the Fordist Era because there was a belief that employees worked better when they could focus on both areas.

true

When your world is relatively predictable, you are probably in a high equivocality context.

true

For the most part, organizations do not exercise power coercively but engage in unobtrusive control.

false

Frederick Taylor saw communication and cooperation amongst workers as problematic.

false

In order to be good anthropologists, cultural scholars of organizations must be sure to find exotic and strange cultures to study.

false

Organizational scholars studying organizational culture pay a lot of attention to cultural expressions; purists tend to see cultural expressions as the means by which culture is made, whereas pragmatists tend to see cultural expressions as outward evidence of an objective and quantifiable culture.

false

Purist and pragmatist approaches to organizational culture give us a theory of power to understand difference and control.

false

Taylor's writings are generally descriptive, whereas Weber's are prescriptive.

false

Organizations that value collective power share the decision-making responsibilities.

true

.The organizational members do not passively accept efforts to control their behavior and often resist. Which best represents one of these forms?

Bureaucratic control

The workers in an automobile factory know that they can perform tasks faster than they already do, but they collectively limit their output in order to limit management's knowledge of the labor process. This is called ______.

Bank Wiring observation room studies: informal relationships are important, fear of slow workers, fear of unemployment

.For 10 years, Leslie Frank worked for Narf Shoes, a family-owned startup company. As a new hire, Leslie thought the corporate values were in line with her personal philosophy of giving back to the community. Narf was bought out by a large shoe retailer, and for years, the organizational mission was in flux. After surviving two rounds of layoffs, Leslie began to reconsider working for the company. She quit her job, became a Lyft driver, listed her home with Airbnb, and volunteered at the local foodbank twice a week. This scenario is characteristic of employees who ______.

Believe in ideological control

On a recent flight, two men who had obviously overindulged at the airport bar, began acting increasingly loudly and rudely on the airplane. The airline attendant went to them and told them to stay in their seats, be quiet, and informed them that she would not serve them anything alcoholic. Which form of control best describes this situation?

Benevolent-authoritative Direct control

Companies like Airbnb, Uber, and Etsy are attractive because they offer employees ______.

Biocratic control

One of the sociopolitical issues of the time was addressing the disparities between rich and poor that grew out of capitalism.

true

Organizational life is made up of a set of ongoing practices that members must engage in to accomplish organizing.

true

______ defined culture as experienced lived, experienced interpreted, and experience defined.

CMM

An organizational scholar taking a purist approach might critique the pragmatic approach to organizational culture because managing culture ______.

Cannot be engineered but it culture IS the organization and the organization IS the culture

According to Weber's perspective, industry leaders such as John D. Rockefeller and Steve Jobs exhibited which type of authority?

Charismatic authority

Many cliques function as relatively closed groups: Members do not interact much with other people, and members are encouraged to have similar thoughts. This can best be described as ______.

Closed system

.Which of the following is an example of scientific management in today's workplace?

Cooperation between management and workers (work together)

In the book Let My People Go Surfing, CEO of the adventure equipment company Patagonia Yvon Chouinard (2005) writes that the company takes a very slow approach to hiring because they want to ensure that any new organizational members embody the same philosophical beliefs of the organization. By taking their time to hire people who "truly believe" in the philosophy of the company, Patagonia reduces turnover and internal conflict. Which of the following functions of pragmatist approaches to culture best describes their hiring policy/practice?

Creating a shared identity among members (4&5)

The management at the restaurant where Robin works has long used the phrase "team" in order to describe how everyone at the restaurant needed to pull his or her weight for a collective success. Instead of "shift managers," there were "shift coaches," and instead of "good employees," there were "team players." Recently, a new manager came into the restaurant and is referring herself as the "director" and all of the staff as "cast members." After two weeks, tensions between staff and management reached a boiling point. How might we best describe what is going on?

Crisis of representation Disciplinary control

The ability to question common sense assumptions about the world is done through the development of ______.

Critical communication

Jobs in media design, advertising, and PR are considered to be part of the ______.

Cultural industry

Professor Snow has assigned a research project that asks you to study an organizational culture (from a purist point of view). Which of these projects do you imagine would best fulfill her expectations?

Cultural purist perspective: purists see culture as a basic, root metaphor for understanding organizations

Which of the following rejected the distinction between high and low culture?

Cultural studies

The term used to describe a great deal of neo-Marxist theory and research based on the ideas of the Frankfurt School is ______.

Cultural studies OR dialectical theory

Which of the following envisioned popular culture as something that was administered from above as an instrument of social control?

Culture industry

The emergence of the cultural approach was significant because scholars began to take seriously the idea that organizations ______.

Culture shapes the way an org comes together Are communication phenomena

For the first time, systems theory provides us with a complex communication model that allows us to ______.

Depict an ongoing, dynamic, and never-ending self organizing process

As a waitress, Lucia greets all of her customers with a smile and maintains a positive demeanor throughout their meals, even if a customer is demanding or rude. She is engaged in ______.

Emotional labor

Before she started teaching critical organizational communication, Jesica taught middle school. Now, she jokes that middle schools are the perfect examples of entropy in systems. Which of the following statements could illustrate her point?

Entropy is disorder in a system. Since middle school students have a common goal of completing the class, but they tend to cause a lot of trouble, this could be a good example of entropy/disorder. (4&5)

Joie's room overlooks a city park where local guys gather every evening to play pick-up basketball. Most afternoons, he watches the guys negotiate who gets to play, the rules of the game, and their rituals of picking team members, celebrating wins, and the occasional fight. Eventually, Joie starts to play with the guys. Now, he is able to pick out who the "new" guys are because they don't seem to know the rules or rituals, "how things work." Over time, the new guys learn the rules and bring new things to the court. Which of the following best describes how Joie has come to understand this culture?

Ethnography OR rites of enhancement

.Although the Gilded Age was associated with wealth created by industrialization, citizens also experienced ______.

Extreme inequality and poverty

The ability to understand how we experience the world in terms politics, capitalism, and power are best understood from which one of the following schools of critical theory?

Frankfurt school

Geertz's "webs of significance" best relates to ______.

Geertz's interpretive approach to anthropology has significantly influenced organizational communication studies. •Culture as semiotic. •Culture as a "web." •Culture is not a thing, but dynamic. •Analyze culture as an interpretative not experiential science

The dot-com bust of the late 1990's/early 2000's and the financial meltdown of 2008 are both examples of which process gone "awry" in a system?

Homeostasis Deviation-amplification feedback

Rhonda places emphasis on social groups that fosters a connection because she believes that these relationships lead to more communication and connect workers. This best represents ______.

Human relations school

In order for employees to work in the best interest of an organization, they must be acclimated to the system of beliefs and values. This socialization is a form of ______ control. Ideological control

Ideological control

Weber argued that the rational-legal authority system and its bureaucratic structure promoted the development of capitalism because ______.

Jobs should be attached to power Organization should be controlled by certain things Org should look like gov Org should use division of labor Org leadership should NOT be charisma/familial based

Enactment, selection, and retention are a part of the three-stage model presented by ______.

Karl Weick

McDonaldization, the term used to describe the proliferation of prepackaged, instant, easily consumable products and lifestyles, would be associated most closely with which one of the following concepts?

McDonaldization: when a society adopts the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant

Max Weber described pre-capitalist society as one in which people worked to meet basic needs. Identify one belief about work in the 21stcentury.

Must work 9-5 job hours

Lamar thinks that "30 Rock" and old episodes of "Saturday Night Live" are hilarious, but has met Tina Fey and a couple of the writers in person and didn't think they were very funny. From a systems perspective, we might best explain this discrepancy through the principal of ______.

Non summativity

The job market is no longer designed for lifelong employees. Today's companies now seek to hire ______.

Part time workers who can work from home with flexible hours

Kelly and her 30-something friends occasionally use the phrase, "That's so college." Typically, they use this phrase to refer to something that only occurred during their four years at university: partying late into the evening, cramming all night for exams, stressing about grade point averages, and painting their faces and screaming obnoxiously at every home football game. Which of the following symbolic forms best refers to their sense that these things are "so college" and not a regular part of the culture of their post-college adult lives?

Rites and rituals

Which best characterizes how Weick explains the relationship between rules and equivocality?

Rules are established to make sense of contexts that are less equivocal

Which of the following is a basic principle of scientific management?

Scientific job design Scientific selection and training of individual workers Cooperation between management and workers Equal division of work between management and workers

The process of making a McDonald's cheeseburger has been "perfected" over time to be extremely efficient; in fact, there's a 700-page manual that explains how this is done. What concept most aptly identifies this process?

Scientific management

8. Early theories of management and organizational communication are connected to the ______ tension society was experiencing in the 20thcentury.

Social and political

John's grandfather worked for Railway Industries for 30 years and retired with decent pension. John graduated from college two years ago but has not had a fulltime job with benefits during this period. John, like many of today's employees, will have ______.

Social security?

At Danielle's undergraduate university, there was a gazebo on campus where, the story went, if a couple kissed, they would become engaged before they graduated from college. Danielle was secretly delighted when she and her partner kissed in the gazebo one afternoon; they became engaged right before graduation. To Danielle's surprise, when they moved across the country to pursue graduate work, the university that they attended had a similar story - except the "kissing" spot was on the seal of the university. Which of the following might describe this "strange" occurrence?

System of representation

The way in which Taylor's system is practically implemented requires a model of communication that is consistent with the discourse of ______.

Systematic soldiering: we create our own system; people do what they need to do; people create their own repetitive behaviors and have others repeat them Understanding (interpretivism) Ex. Someone sitting in front of me in class is online shopping and I tell her to stop because its distracting me. I do this because the goal of the class is to finish it and she's stopping me and others from completing that task 92.Alex notices how efficien

Which of the following influenced the development of systems theory/systems thinking in organizations?

Systems theory shifted science away from studying objects and toward thinking of reality in terms of processes and transformations

The transformation of society and the work habits of citizens was deeply rooted in the use of time, which included the concepts of task time and clock time. What was the main difference between the two?

Task time refers to an organic sense of time where work is shaped by the demands of the tasks to be performed. Clock time was not only crucial for the development of mass-production techniques but also as a means of controlling a workforce for whom independent work was the norm.

At many large companies, employees wear security badges and must swipe the badge each time they enter the building or a specific area. This practice is a type of ______ control.

Technological Control

Sue is taking an online class. When it is time for the mid-term exam, she is told that it is open-note and open-book. However, she has a strict time limit of 90 minutes to complete it. As she finishes each answer, she must click "submit" before she can move on to the next question. She moves quickly through the multiple-choice questions at the beginning. The essays, however, take her more time to complete. She finishes her second, and final, essay at 91 minutes. She clicks "submit" but the answer is not accepted since it is beyond the time limit, and she automatically loses 20 points from her grade. This situation illustrates which type of control?

Technological control

______ was a member of the Progressive Movement

Teddy Roosevelt, Upton Sincliare, Ida B Wells

The Feudal system was characterized by agricultural production, aristocratic ownership, and ______.

The class system

Treating communication within an organization structure as an information transmission process implies that ______.

The conversation isnt as important or significant as it could be

The $1 billion Facebook paid to acquire Instagram in 2012 was based on Instagram's ______.

The use value: how value the use of it is Surplus value: extra value Exchange value: how much you can excahnge it for Use value: how much use you can get out of it Common value: "every i phone 8 is worth this much money"

Understanding global climate change from a systems perspective could entail ______.

The whole is the sum of its parts

Luis is fascinated by the ways in which pick-up basketball games are organized in the city park that his room overlooks - soon, he starts to play pickup basketball with the guys in his neighborhood. According to cultural anthropologists, Luis could simultaneously be studying this culture even while playing basketball.

True (bc ethnography)

In Taylor's system of scientific management, the primary place where managers located control of the labor process was in the ______.

Workers motivated exclusively by economics we create our own system; people do what they need to do; people create their own repetitive behaviors and have others repeat them

.Critics of Karl Weick would argue that ______.

a neglect of the role of larger social and historical contexts in sensemaking

Self-organizing systems are characterized by change that is enacted in accordance with core principles that guide system behavior and ______ due to a large influx of new information. autocatalysis

autocatalysis

.AJ and JR are two small entrepreneurs who recently partnered to grow their business. In the past, neither owner kept good records, operated under an employee handbook, or enforced many rules. AJ and JR have agreed that this merger would be defined by a solid corporate philosophy that included providing staff with an employee handbook, which clearly defined each job description, the merit-based reward system, employee rights, responsibilities, disciplinary actions, and the company leave policy. AJ and JR are implementing which form of control to ensure a successful merger?

beuracratic control

In Company X if a project is expected to take longer than three weeks to complete, a project plan detailing the objectives, plan of action, and timeline must be written and approved. This practice represents most closely a form of ______ control.

bureaucratic

Control is a linear, cause, and effect phenomenon (like one billiard ball hitting another).

false

Mark Zuckerberg's apology for Facebook's data breach scandals is best described as a rite of ______.

degradation

Which of the following best describes the conditions in which the cultural approach to organizational communication emerged?

dehumanizing

Karl Marx did not celebrate capitalism because of the exploitive nature. The ______ economic system or mode of ownership was free from exploitation.

dominant

Micah tells Fran that he wants the report by 9 a.m. Fran asks if he wants the final report or just a first draft. Micah responds by saying, "Just the first draft." This ______ reduces equivocality.

double-interaction

When studying organizational culture, we might call the "social knowledge" held by organizational members that enable them to successfully navigate the culture ______

facts

According to Marx, capitalism would naturally evolve into socialism. false

false

According to Weick's requisite variety, it is best to respond to complex systems with complex solutions.

false

According to all three schools of thought (Marx, Frankfurt School, and cultural studies), there is always and inevitably resistance to capitalist control.

false

According to the Frankfurt School, how we see reality depends on the ideas of those who control the means of production. In other words, the ruling material force in society is the ruling intellectual force.

false

Because open systems are more open to the environment than closed systems, they are more likely to experience entropy than closed systems.

false

Companies like Amazon tend to reject equilibrium and welcome constant change and innovation from workers.

false

Cameron's research focuses on how organizations achieve coordinated, goal-oriented behavior. Cameron is most likely studying which defining feature of organizations?

interdependence

Charles Redding, widely regarded as the founder of the field of organizational communication, proposes four essential features of complex organizations. Which of the following is one of the four functions?

interdependence, differentiation of tasks and functions, goal orientation, and control

Andrew is part of an organization in which the organizational rules and regulations are clearly defined in its governing documents and organizational members are treated impartially. From Weber's perspective, which form of authority best characterizes this organization?

rational/legal authority

The relationship Donald Roy (1953) had to his co-workers in his famous ethnography of a manufacturing company can be described as ______.

participant-observation

Professor Kimble thinks that her students lack enthusiasm and dedication to the class that she is teaching, so she decides to create a more competitive atmosphere so that students will engage and work harder. She decides to institute a classroom talent show, holds a class t-shirt design contest, and gives rewards for perfect attendance. In her attempts to manage her classroom's culture, we might say that Professor Kimble has a ______ understanding of organizational culture

pragmatic

Last summer, Devonte, a high school teacher, was an adult counselor at a national high school leadership camp. His friends run the camp (and he attended as a high school student), but he was unfamiliar with how the camp had morphed in the last 10 years. When he arrived at camp, he found out that the camp directors expected him to train college students to be junior counselors. Though he had not prepared to teach a workshop, he pulled upon all of his team-building experiences, some experience working for a political campaign, his recent experiencing teaching drama, and the book The Alchemist, which he read on the plane. He delivered a meaningful training session. Now, he proudly tells his colleagues at home about his pedagogy. Which of Weick's concepts best help us to understand Devonte's process?

role of communication (pragmatist view)

Professor Martin pairs you up with two other students and assigns a 15-page paper that analyzes organizational theory. The only requirements is that it must be in APA format, and you must include a minimum of sources. Professor Martin has ______.

rules

Von Bertalanffy's view of a "mechanistic world view" is that ______.

seeks universality by reducing everything to its material constituents. He claimed that the old, scientifically grounded, mechanistic world view brought much miseries to humankind.. This world view should be replaced by a holistic one in line with a science of organization, wholeness and dynamics. It still had to be developed in order to be in position to fulfil this mission.

Mabel teaches middle school and tries to instill social consciousness in her students by questioning their use of common and derogatory slang such as "retarded" to describe things or people that they think are dumb or silly. After a lesson on using "the r-word" and its negative impact on people, she was pleased that students dropped it from their daily conversation in her classes. Around the same time, however, she notices that the kids are talking about Pop-tarts all of the time. The cafeteria serves Pop-tarts for breakfast a lot; she assumes that the kids just like this breakfast treat. Later in the semester, she discovers that the kids use the word "Pop-tart" to refer to things that they think are dumb or silly. This is an example of ______.

semiotics

Constructing rational accounts after an organizing process that is ambiguous is the role of

sensemaking

.Because the placement of armrests discourages napping, seats in many airports function as a form of technological control.

true

A Sandals resort vacation is an example of how the "culture industry" operates to rationalize a product or experience.

true

A system grows as a result of deviation-amplifying feedback.

true

According to cultural studies, popular culture, which includes phenomena such as movies based on comic books or the music of Brittney Spears, is a source of serious objects of study.

true

According to systems theory, a change in a subsystem of university (a classroom) creates a change in the suprasystem of the university (the university as a whole).

true

Advertising as a means of selling goods and services emerged during the Fordist period. true

true

Analysis through historical materialism looks at the shifts in property ownership and class relationships.

true

Direct control is the least coercive while biocratic control exerts the most control

true

Discursive closure extends the ways in which people can think, feel, experience, speak, and act in their organizations.

true

For a researcher taking a purist approach to organizational culture, it becomes very important to maintain distance and separation from those who she researches.

true

Forms of control in the Fordist workplace included moving assembly lines and careful monitoring

true

Goal orientation, as an essential feature of an organization, is complex because organizations often have multiple and competing goals.

true

Humans create the complex system of meaning called organizations.

true

In an organizational setting, the desire for autonomy and the need to coordinate the behaviors of organizational members serve as complimentary functions in the modern workplace

true

Max Weber was a sociologist, economist, and philosopher who studied the historical development of civilizations.

true

One of the most important tasks of a system is determining what belongs in the system and what belongs outside of the system.

true