Organic & Inorganic Compounds

Secondary Protein

(20) how primary amino acids interact with each other Alpha (α) helix coils resemble a spring; most common type of secondary formed by coiling of primary chain stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed between NH & CO groups in amino acids Beta (β) pleated sheets resemble accordion ribbons primary peptide

Organic Compounds

-always contain carbon usually large, complex molecules. -Usually contain hydrogen -Always have covalent bonds

Proteins

-basic structural material of the body -composes 10-30% of cell mass -large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen -have many roles in the human body and are largely responsible for the structure of body tissues -not all proteins are construction materials -includes enzymes, hemoglobin of the blood, & contractile proteins of muscle -are constructed from combinations of different amino acids

DNA

-holds the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of all proteins -Double-stranded helical molecule (double helix) located in cell nucleus -Nucleotides contain a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen-bases: Purines: adenine (A), guanine (G) Pyrimidines: cytosine (C) and thymine (T) -complementary base-pairing: A & T, G & C -remain inside the nucleus of cells and are the "master" template of our genetic code.

Quaternary Protein

-how 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other -The resulting shape of the protein greatly influences its ability to recognize and bind to other molecules.

Tertiary Protein

-how secondary structures interact -achieved when alpha helical or beta pleated regions of the polypeptide chain fold upon one another

Salts

-inorganic -ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water Separate into cations (+) & anions (-) -Common in body: NaCl, CaCO3, KCl, calcium phosphates

Water

-inorganic -most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems -polarity: uneven sharing of valence e- that enables reactants to collide to form products. -high heat capacity; absorbs and release large amounts of heat before changing its own temperature -high heat of vaporization -universal solvent; important reactant

Bases

-inorganic -proton acceptors; take up hydrogen ions -hydroxyl ions (-OH) -strong: dissociate easily in water and quickly tie up H+ -weak: accepts relatively few protons -pH > 7 is alkaline ([H+] < [OH-])

Acids

-inorganic -proton donor; releases hydrogen ions -hydrogen ions -H -strong: dramatically change pH -weak: dissociate in a predicable way -pH < 7 is acidic ([H+] > [OH-]);

Primary Protein

-linear sequence of amino acids (order) -backbone of protein molecule

ATP

-made by nucleic acids -adenosine triphosphate -used as a temporary storage of energy that is being transferred from exergonic catabolic reactions to cellular activities -Synthesis of ATP is catalyzed by the ATP synthase enzyme which adds the terminal high energy phosphate bond to ADP.

Amino Acids

-make up proteins -contain an amine (-NH2) and an organic acid group (-COOH) -can act as either a base or acid -all are identical except for R group -proteins are long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis -acid end of one amino acid linked to the amine end of the next -resulting bond is a peptide bond -number of amino acids determines the name (ex: dipeptide, tripeptide, etc.) -macromolecules: polypeptides that contain more than 50 amnio acids -Dipeptides: formed from 2 amino acids joined by a covalent bond called a peptide bond (dehydration synthesis) -Polypeptide chains contain 10 to 2000 amino acids

Fibrous (Structural) Proteins

-one of two shapes of proteins -Strandlike, water-insoluble, and stable Most have tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D) -Provide mechanical support and tensile strength -Examples: keratin, elastin, collagen (single most abundant protein in body), and certain contractile fibers

Globular (Functional) Proteins

-one of two shapes of proteins -compact, spherical, water-soluble, chemically active -have at least tertiary structure, some have quaternary -ex: enzymes (act as biological catalysts)

Nucleic Acids

-organic -are huge organic molecules composed of monomeric nucleotides -contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and form the principle molecules that contain our genetic code: DNA and RNA.

Lipids

-organic -contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen -have lower proportion of oxygen than carbohydrates -They combine with proteins (lipoproteins) for transport in blood

Carbohydrates

-organic -contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen -provide most of the energy needed for life -include sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose -Some converted to other substances which are used to build structures and to generate ATP -provides cellular fuel

RNA

-relays instructions from the nucleus to guide assembly of amino acids into proteins in the cytoplasm -links DNA to protein synthesis and is slightly different from DNA -Single-stranded linear molecule is active mostly outside nucleus -Contains a ribose sugar (not deoxyribose) -Thymine is replaced with uracil -Three varieties of RNA carry out the DNA orders for protein synthesis: Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Inorganic Compounds

-structurally simple molecules that usually lack carbon -ex: water, salts, and many acids & bases

Fatty Acids

-type of Triglycerides building block -linear chains of carbon & hydrogen (hydrocarbon chains) atoms with an organic acid group (-COOH) at one end -Saturated fatty acids: only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms resulting in a molecule with the maximum number of H atoms (saturated with H) -Solid at room temperature (ex: animal fats, butter) -Unsaturated fatty acids: One (monosaturated) or more (polysaturated) carbons are linked via double bonds, resulting in reduced H atoms (unsaturated) -Liquid at room temperature (ex: plant oils) -Trans fats: solidified oils by addition of H atoms as C=C (unhealthy) increase risk of heart disease -Omega-3 fatty acids: decrease risk of heart disease & some inflammatory diseases ("heart healthy") -found naturally in cold-water fish

Glycerol

-type of Triglycerides building block -modified simple sugar (sugar alcohol)

Polysaccharides

-type of carbohydrate (organic) -largest carbohydrates; may contain hundreds of monosaccharides -polymers of simple sugars linked together -Two types of polysaccharides -glycogen: principal polysaccharide in the body stored in the liver or skeletal muscles when blood sugar level drops, the liver hydrolyzes glycogen to yield glucose which is released from the liver into the blood -starch: formed by plants

Disaccharides

-type of carbohydrate (organic) -made by combining 2 monosaccharides by removing a water molecule (dehydration synthesis): sucrose = glucose + fructose lactose = glucose + galactose

Monosaccharides

-type of carbohydrate (organic) -simplest sugars: 5 carbon sugars are used in nucleic acids -6 carbon sugars are the most easily recognizable in our diet. -single-chain/ring structures containing 3-7 carbon atoms -name according to the number of carbon atoms they contain (hexose = 6 carbons)

Steroids

-type of lipid (organic) -flat molecules of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings -fat soluble & contain little oxygen -includes Sex hormones, Bile salts, Some vitamins, Cholesterol (important component of cell membranes and as starting material for synthesizing other steroids) found in cell membranes raw material for synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones & bile salts

Phospholipids

-type of lipid (organic) -modified triglycerides; diglycerides with a phosphorus-containing group & two fatty acid chains -phosphorus group gives phospholipids their distinctive chemical properties important membrane components -Both polar and nonpolar regions make them soluble in both water and fats (amphipathic) -have a polar head formed from a phosphate group (PO4-3) and a glycerol molecule (forms H-bonds with water) -2 nonpolar fatty acid tails that interact only with lipids

Triglycerides or neutral fats

-type of lipid (organic) -most plentiful lipids in the body and provide protection, insulation, and energy (both immediate and stored) -may be either solid (fats) or liquid (oils) at room temp -large molecules -provide the body's most efficient & compact form of stored energy -when oxidized, yield large amounts of energy -found mainly beneath the skin, where they insulate deeper body tissues from heat loss -two building blocks: fatty acids & glycerol

What is the major significance of carbon in the human body?

forms backbone of all organic molecules

In humans, this polysaccharide is used for energy storage

glycogen