Organizational Behavior Ch 1-7
T or F: Intrinsic rewards are psychic and self-granted.
True
Different motivators are needed for employees working at small firms. These include all of the following except
a "one style fits all" approach
________ is the extent to which a job enables an individual to experience freedom, independence, and discretion.
autonomy
The ________ model suggests that managers should monitor employees' perceptions of fairness.
equity
T or F: "Individual differences" is a narrow category only used to describe the "Big Five" personality attributes.
false
T or F: A learning goal involves enhancing knowledge or skill.
false
T or F: According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, hygiene factors are more frequently associated with the content of the task being performed.
false
hygiene factors
include company policy and administration, technical supervision, salary, interpersonal relations with one's supervisor, and working conditions.
job enrichment
the process of modifying a job to increase the opportunities to experience achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility, and advancement
T or F: Assimilation and denial are options for action to address diversity issues in an organization; however, they are not among the preferred options.
true
T or F: Attitudes have three components: affective, cognitive, and behavioral.
true
T or F: People program themselves for success or failure by enacting their self-efficacy expectations.
true
T or F: situations and people are both dynamic- they change
true
Schwartz's model suggests that
values may conflict with each other
You remind yourself that, although you were not the one asked to provide the signature, it is still your responsibility to take action against potentially unethical behaviors in your workplace.
accept that confronting ethical concerns is part of your job
Damarra recently visited the Mayan temple at Chitzen Itza in the Yucatan. She was humbled by its feeling of age and history, particularly because she is of Mayan descent. ________ is the emotion she is likely feeling.
awe
You are unlikely to say anything to someone smoking on your smoke-free campus if you have no intention of confronting the smoker. Your intention reflects the __________ component of your attitude toward people smoking on campus.
behavioral
_______ is the shared belief that drives people to help others who are suffering.
compassion
_______ are the statistical measurements of populations and their qualities (such as age, race, gender, or income) over time.
demographics
Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of ________ outcomes.
expected
T or F: Step 1 of the performance management process is monitoring and evaluating performance.
false
T or F: The goal of the job characteristics model is to promote low extrinsic motivation.
false
Core self-evaluations represent a broad personality trait comprised of all of the following except
interpersonal intelligence
Which of the following is not an element of emotional intelligence?
intrapersonal intelligence
job enlargement
involves putting more variety into a worker's job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty
A person will experience ________ when his or her outcome to input ratio is less than that of a relevant comparison person.
negative inequity
________ programs help employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs.
onboarding
In the recency perceptual error, a person
over relies on information from the last portion of the review period
Which of the following is not a primary output and function of most performance management systems?
providing punishments
Skinner labeled unlearned reflexes or stimulus-response connections as ________ behavior.
respondent
Xavier and Kevin both work as line employees at the Widget Corporation plant. They are both big fans of the San Francisco Forty-Niners and meet at game times in local sports bars to watch the game. They are probably providing ________ to each other.
social companionship
T or F: In Maslow's need hierarchy, the most basic need (and the one that must be met first) is physiological
true
T or F: Organizations should encourage positive deviance in the workplace.
true
T or F: People with an external locus of control generally earn lower salaries than those with an internal locus of control.
true
T or F: The "organizing framework" for understanding and applying OB is based on the systems approach.
true
T or F: The three effects of positive organizational behavior are amplifying, buffering, and positivity.
true
T or F: When making attributions about a worker's performance, people can assign responsibility to either internal or external factors.
true
You talk with Alonzo about the company's policy and remind him that although you understand the immediate pressure he feels to comply with Christine's requests, you think he should also consider the long-term ramifications such as the loss of his job or the bank's reputation.
Consider and explain long-term consequences
Which of the following statements is true?
Employees' level of flourishing is related to organizational outcomes such as productivity and financial performance.
_______ is defined as the state of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake.
Flow
Is operations a soft skill or hard skill?
Hard skill
Treatment: Satisfaction is a function of how fairly individuals are treated at work.
equity
baseball officials failed to notice they'd created conditions that encourages steroid use
motivated blindness
Stage 1 of social perception is
selective attention/comprehension
T or F: Theory X employees find self-engaging activities within the company and are committed to their jobs.
false
T or F: When you are startled by an unexpected loud noise or react to the touch of a hot surface, you are demonstrating operant behavior.
false
Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor in Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model?
advancement
A virtuous leader demonstrates all of the following except
following immoral principles
trained to diagnose and repair problems with the engines designed and manufactured by the company
hard, job specific
Effective feedback is
information
ability to work with other people in a group or team situation effectively
soft, portable
Auditors may be more likely to accept a client firm's questionable financial statements if infractions have accured over time
the slippery slope
T or F: According to the acquired needs theory, we are not born with our needs but instead learn them as we go about living our lives.
true
T or F: Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions.
true
gossiping about a new manager's salary
an example of counterproductive work behavior
What form of diversity management is an organization adopting when it assumes that all diverse people will learn to fit in or become like the dominant group?
assimilation
consultants use a _________ approach when considering solutions to a problem
contingency
being well spoken
soft, portable
You recommend to Christine that, instead of asking subordinates to sign her name in her absence, she might consider asking the bank owners to consider a formal policy exception that legally allows loan assistants to sign for loan managers in select circumstances if proper procedures are followed.
suggest solutions - not just complaints
The potential to understand and regulate yourself is ________ intelligence.
intrapersonal
Sam needs to study for an upcoming test in his business law course. His roommate is driving him crazy by singing and whistling. Sam heads for the library and finds a quiet room in the back so he can study more effectively. Sam is increasing his
mindfulness
Which of the following is not a factor that affects perceptions of feedback?
personal relationship with the feedback giver
T or F: Linguistic intelligence is the potential to learn and use spoken and written languages.
true
Herman Miller's choice not to use PVC would be an example of a value called
universalism
You research similar incidents and then present data to Christine to help her to see how this action could potentially have financial and legal impacts on Christine, her subordinates, and the bank.
Recognize that it's business and treat it that way
People with __________ often see the causes of events in their lives as due to luck or other environmental factors.
an external locus of control
Decision makers at Herman Miller likely experienced ______ when debating whether to use PVC to save money or to use a more environmentally sustainable alternative.
cognitive dissonance
T or F: An employee who values tradition and conformity over achievement will be more than happy to work on a holiday or to miss a child's soccer game.
false
T or F: Diversity refers to age, gender, and religion, but does not include personality.
false
Alignment: Satisfaction results when the expectations of the individual are met.
met expectations
Samantha is ambitious and has taken a position with XYZ Corporation as a management trainee. She is looking forward to going through challenging projects as she rotates through several departments of the company over the next two years. However, she also just became engaged, and wants to spend time with her fiancé. Which of the following would best describe what Samantha is seeking?
total rewards
T or F: Job crafting may involve changing task boundaries, the relational nature of a job, or cognitions about the job.
true
T or F: Job satisfaction is not a unitary concept; a person may be satisfied with one aspect of his or her job and dissatisfied with one or more other aspects.
true
A situation that results in extended conflict with company and employee values—which could have occurred at Herman Miller had the company chosen to use PVC—can lead some employees to experience ______ as a result of perceived stress.
withdrawal cognitions
Factors that INCREASE employee engagement
work variety, timely, feedback, supportive leadership
T or F: To practice conscious capitalism, an organization should be interdependent with stakeholders.
true
What kind of a response is a manager completing when he or she eliminates the situation in which the problem occurs?
dissolving
Which of the following factors unique to the restaurant industry makes it difficult for employees to initiate complaints about sexual harassment?
employees depend on tips
T or F: Content theories of motivation focus on how internal factors and environmental characteristics influence employee motivation.
false
T or F: Explaining the what, where, how, and why is an example of being fit and fair when monitoring performance.
false
T or F: Feedback has only one primary purpose for those who receive it: motivation.
false
T or F: Female entrepreneurs looking for funding for their start-ups have an easier time than their male counterparts in obtaining venture capital due to gender bias on the part of investors.
false
T or F: Intelligence cannot be modified or altered
false
T or F: Intense political debate is a technique of practicing mindfulness.
false
T or F: Job enlargement is the process of modifying a job to increase the opportunities to experience achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility, and advancement.
false
Lorenzo, a new lawyer at Hughes, Hernandez, and Long, is under pressure to maximize his billable hours. If he doesn't bill enough hours, he will receive negative performance reviews and is likely to lose his job. Lorenzo starts rounding up the minutes on each of his phone calls and meetings to the next 10-minute level. This is an example of
ill-conceived goals
Marcos set himself a goal of being able to hold plank for 5 minutes by the end of 4 weeks. This is a(n) ________ goal.
performance
If someone decides to quit their job as a consultant because they feel that they do not have the skills necessary to complete the job adequately, they quit because of
person factors
T or F: Effective managers give employees timely and task-specific feedback about what they are doing right, as well as about what they are doing wrong.
true
T or F: Efficacy is a component of a person's core self-evaluation; it influences how we perceive ourselves and how we perceive the world.
true
T or F: Ethnocentrism is based on the feeling that our cultural rules and norms are superior to or more appropriate than the rules and norms of another culture.
true
T or F: Hard skills are the technical expertise and knowledge required to do a particular task or job function, such as financial analysis, accounting, or operations.
true
T or F: Perception is influenced by three key components: the characteristics of the perceiver, of the target, and of the situation.
true
T or F: Performance management is a set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations.
true
T or F: Renowned psychologist, Martin Seligman, proposed that "well-being" is made up positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement (or PERMA).
true
T or F: The self-reinforcing and perpetuating aspect of positive emotions, can lead to upward spirals of positivity.
true
ability to use various computer programs and perform internet searches efficiently
hard, portable
T or F: The term glass ceiling identifies an invisible but absolute barrier that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions.
true
T or F: The two components of hope are willpower and waypower.
true
T or F: unethical behavior erodes trust, and also negatively affects cooperation in organizations
true
Which group of fast-food and restaurant workers is especially likely not to raise sexual harassment complaints?
immigrants
The organizational dimensions of diversity include all of the following except
income
Outcomes of employee engagement
job performance, customer satisfaction, productivity
What is NOT an example of OCB?
not expressing interest in the work of others
Manuel works for ABC Corporation. He feels quite comfortable expressing his opinions about a wide variety of issues facing the company without fear of reprisal. This reflects ABC's
psychological safety
Devon enjoys the job that he's been at since graduating from college three years ago. He has a friend who just took a similar position at another firm and the company has an opening that would fit Devon's experience. The company is offering a 20 percent wage increase, as well a leadership role after a three-month training program. When considering this offer, Devon is thinking about ________ factors.
situation
T or F: acting unethically also means that the person is participating in illegal activity
false
ability to use social media to communicate with stakeholders
soft, job specific
Self-determination theory focuses on the needs that drive ________ motivation.
intrinsic
T or F: Intensity pertains to the amount of effort being invested in an activity.
true
attitudinal outcomes
motivation, job involvement, withdrawal cognition, perceived stress
When Martin has a perceived conflict with a coworker, he will send them emails that are taunting or insulting. This is an example of
CWB
T or F: according to the contingency approach there is always a single way to manage people, teams , or organizations
False
______ are abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations.
values
behavioral outcomes
job performance, organizational citizenship, counterproductive work, turnover
Which of the following is not one of the basic dimensions of the Big Five personality dimensions?
locus of control
The final step of the three-step approach of the organizing framework is
make recommendations
________ is the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals.
organizational commitment
A researcher whose fraudulent clinical trial saves lives is considered more ethical than one whose fraudulent trial leads to deaths
overvaluing outcomes
Interacting in an effective manner with the senior manager of this specific company
soft, portable
demonstrating integrity
soft, portable
With only five years left until his planned retirement, Edward was quite upset when he was removed from a project team comprised mostly of Millennials. It is quite possible that the Millennials were reacting to a __________ of older workers.
stereotype
T or F: Intentions are influenced by the three general motives in Ajzen's model: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.
true
T or F: One cause of the increase in intelligence observed in developed countries is better nutrition.
true
You casually mention to Christine that you overheard her conversation with Alonzo and that, because you are a fairly new employee, you are confused about the bank's policy that prohibits loan assistants from signing for their loan managers and are concerned that her request could cause problems for all of you.
use your lack of seniority or status as an asset
Perception: Satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual's important work ideals.
value attainment
T or F: The interactional perspective states that behavior is a function of individual, group, and organizational factors
false
advanced training and certification on the company's newly developed in-house customer service platform
hard, job-specific
Ability to understand, operate, and repair tools and machines
hard, portable
The pressure to maximize billable hours in accounting, consulting, and law firms leads to unconscious padding
ill-conceived goals
________ occurs when we hold others less accountable for unethical behavior when it's carried out through third parties.
indirect blindness
a drug company deflects attention from a price increase by selling rights to another company, which imposes the increases
indirect blindness
Which of the following is the most fixed of a person's individual differences? self-esteem attitudes intelligence emotions self-efficacy
intelligence
The person-situation distinction allows you to consider unique individual factors as well as situation factors that might be the source of the problem. If an employee leaves because his or her job has become boring and less meaningful, this reflects a(n) __________ factor
individual
Desires: Satisfaction is determined by the extent to which the characteristics of the job allow an individual to meet his or her desires and requirements.
Need fulfillment
Do interpersonal skills involve teamwork?
No. Interpersonal skills involve active listening, respectful interactions, effective communications, and positive attitudes
Noel says, "I can type 70 words per minute with no errors." He is expressing
a high self-efficacy
If an employee feels negatively toward her job after a sexual harassment incident, this is an example of which of the following concepts?
attitude
Personal attitudes affect ________ via ________.
behavior, intentions
You ask Alonzo to consider whether he would still be comfortable breaking company policy by signing Christine's name if he knew that his actions were going to be publicized on the local news
challenge the rationale
Harold Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing
consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency
Rosario and Pamela work together. They are also friends outside of work. Rosario and Pamela are constantly texting each other. Their supervisor comments that, while this might be fine outside of work, it's inappropriate to constantly text each other in the office. This is an example of
context of interaction
Factors that DECREASE employee engagement
depleting organizational climate, negative relationships with management, abundant stressors
What is an example of a consultant utilizing soft skills?
discussing possible solutions with a client
Traits: Satisfaction is partly a function of stable personal traits.
disposition/genetic components
T or F: Organizational commitment exists to the degree that the person is satisfied with his or her job.
false
T or F: Research has shown that despite the assumption many managers make, proactivity is unrelated to work performance.
false
T or F: Self-esteem is a broad personality trait composed of self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability.
false