Orgo chem II ch 16

ortho

1,2

Meta

1,3

Para

1,4

sp2 hybridization

1. Trigonal planar structure 2. sp2 hybridization creates 3 identical orbitals of intermediate energy and length and leaves one unhybridized p orbital 3. 3 effective pairs of electrons surround the carbon (double bond treated as one effective pair)

sp3 hybridization

A type of hybridization that results from the combination of the s orbital and all three p orbitals in the second energy level of carbon, resulting in four hybrid orbitals and occurs when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms. The geometric arrangement of those four hybrid orbitals is called tetrahedral.

Arrangement of Hydrogen in benzene

Alternating up and down arrangement

Each carbon atom of benzene is involved in ___ sigma bonds and ____ pi bonds

Three, one

sp hybridization

a type of bonding where the 2s orbital mixes with only one of the three p-orbitals resulting in two sp orbitals and two remaining unchanged p orbitals

Structure of anitaromatic compound

cyclic, planar and each ring atom has a p orbital; it has an even number of pairs of electrons in its pi cloud

Structure aromatic compound

cyclic, planar, each ring atom has a p orbital; has an odd number of pairs of electrons in its pi cloud

nonaromatic compounds

does not meet criteria for aromatic or anitaromatic compounds

Toluene

methylbenzene

Type of orbitals involved in C-C pi bond

p to p

Type of orbitals involved in C-C sigma bond of benzene

sp2 to sp2

EAch carbon atom of a benzene is ____ - hybridized and contains____ unhybridized 2p orbital oriented _____ to the plane of hydrocarbon ring.

sp2, one, perpendicular

Type of orbitals involved in C-H sigma bond

sp2- s

Each Carbon atom of a benzene is surrounded by ___ atoms at ____ degree angles

three, 120