OT 513 FINAL
Vasopressin is released from which gland? -Pineal -Anterior hypothalamus -Pituitary -Posterior hypothalamus
Pituitary
Cognitive restructuring is a term best described as: -A rethinking process of a stressor. -A decision process to take immediate or postponed action. -A confrontation of a stressor. -A Pollyanna approach toward a stressor.
A rethinking process of a stressor
The HPA axis begins in which endocrine gland? -Pineal -Pituitary -Hypothalamus -Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
The thyroxin axis begins in which endocrine gland? -Thyroid -Hypothalamus -Pineal -Pituitary
Hypothalamus
The following is appreciated about biofeedback as an effective relaxation technique: -Biofeedback is considered more effective than all other forms of relaxation techniques. -People can actually be taught to control their physiological functions. -Researchers are not always aware of how or why biofeedback works. -A and B -B and C -All of the above.
B and C
What immune system cells produce antibodies? B-cells T-cells NK cells macrophages
B-cells
Which of the following are principles guiding Vispassana or insight meditation? -Impermanence and fulfillment -Emptiness and satisfactoriness -Fulfillment and focused breathing -Impermanence and emptiness
Impermanence and emptiness
One way in which humor is thought to effect changes in the body is by: -Changing testosterone levels -Increasing the level of stress hormones in the body -Lowering the level of stress hormones in the body -Decreasing white blood cells in the body
Lowering the level of stress hormones in the body
This endocrine gland is called the master gland for its role in hormonal control. -Hypothalamus -Pituitary -Pineal -Adrenal
Pituitary
The function of T-helpers (CD 8) is to: -Assist with antibody production -Assist the T-cell in destroying invaders -Prevent the T-cell from attacking healthy self cells -Help the Neutrophill create an oxidative burst
Prevent the T-cell from attacking healthy self cells
The adrenal cortex: -Has a direct neural link to the reticular activating system -Is associated with acute stress -Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine -Releases cortisol and aldosterone.
Releases cortisol and aldosterone.
Allostatic load refers to: -The "wear and tear" from chronic stress -Acute stress -Emotional coping -the Hippocampus
The "wear and tear" from chronic stress
The stress response initially involves this system. -The digestive system -The cardiovascular system -The renal system -The Limbic system(in the brain)
The Limbic system(in the brain)
This phagocyte is the most common and considered the "first responder" of the innate system NK cells The Neutrophil Macrophages B-cells
The Neutrophil
What structure in the brain is primarily involved in fear memory? The amygdala The hippocampus The pre-fontal cortex The thalamus
The amygdala
The use of sarcasm would be a mismanaged anger trait exhibited by: -Underhanders. -Exploders. -Self-punishers. -Somatizers.
Underhanders
The _________ nerve is stimulated by chanting meditations resulting in stimulation of ____________ -Vagus/parasympathetic system -Olfactory/sympathetic system -spinal accessory/parasympathetic system -Melatonin release/sleep
Vagus/parasympathetic system
PKC in the short-lived adaptive stress response produces this kind of behavior: -Distracted/distorted thinking -Vigilant, focused behavior -Relaxed, and socially-oriented behavior -Frenzied, disorganized behavior
Vigilant, focused behavior
Current research suggests that this vitamin might be the most vulnerable to depletion through the stress response. -Vitamin A -Vitamin B complex -Vitamin C -Vitamin E
Vitamin B complex
Specific immunity refers to -a learned form of immunity that uses antibody markers to target invaders -an innate ability to attack invader organisms -a more primitive immune system -immune system component that does not use antibody markers
a learned form of immunity that uses antibody markers to target invaders
Cortisol is regulated in large part by what kind of mechanism? -a positive feedback loop meaning that the system shuts down if levels get too high -a negative feedback loop, meaning that when levels get too high, the system shuts down production -a neutral feedback loop, meaning when levels get too low, the system increases them -a positive feedback loop meaning when levels get too high, the system produces more
a negative feedback loop, meaning that when levels get too high, the system shuts down production
Guffaw means _______________ and is associated with_______________. -A disorder of the immune system; increased helper T cells -An old dog; increased cortisol -A type of whole-hearted, boisterous laughter; increased numbers of NK cells in the immune system -Polite, quiet laughter; decreased cortisol.
A type of whole-hearted, boisterous laughter; increased numbers of NK cells in the immune system
Excess amounts of these foods are thought to augment the stress response. Processed flour Refined sugar Iron Caffeine A, B, and D C and D
A, B, and D
Stress appears to play a critical role in aging. Reducing chronic stress, in general, is associated with (check all that apply): -better overall health -better memory -happier, more stable mood -inability to understand technology -All but #4 above
All but #4 above
Antioxidants help destroy free radicals that cause stress to the body by doing which of the following? Destroying cell membranes. Destroying mitochondria. Destroying DNA. A & B All of the above
All of the above
Free radicals cause stress to the body in which of the following ways? -Destroying cell membranes -Destroying mitochondria -Destroying DNA -A and B -All of the above
All of the above
Of the following components, which is the most crucial to reap benefits from aerobic exercise? Intensity Mode of exercise Frequency Duration All of the above
All of the above
PKC, an enzyme produced in the brain during chronic, uncontrollable stress conditions, is linked to this(these) behaviors: -All of these -memory problems -distorted thinking -impulsivity -distractability
All of these
These are known to increase oxidative processes in the body: smoking poorly balanced diet excessive alcohol consumption high stress perception All of these
All of these
Stress during pregnancy may: -adversely affect an infants' ability to adapt well to new situations. -may cause obesity or diabetes in the child. -may lead to learning and social behavior problems. -all of the above.
all of the above
In the video, Stress: Portrait of a Killer, what males died after they were exposed to tuberculosis? -the females -the socially connected aggressive males -the subordinate males who were picked on by others -the aggressive males who were not socially connected to others
the aggressive males who were not socially connected to others
____________is a key element of happiness. Income food Being passionate core value
core value
In Cuddy's research, she found that persons deemed to be more "powerful" in social contexts showed higher levels of testosterone overall and lower levels of this: -endorphins -epinephrine (adrenaline) -oxytocin -cortisol
cortisol
Laughing a lot appears to reduce levels of this in the blood -white blood cells -acetylcholine -cortisol -insulin
cortisol
The HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis) system releases a corticosteroid to stimulate physical arousal. It is: -serotonin -dopamine -cortisol -acetylcholine
cortisol
Interleukin-6 is a messenger ______________ secreted by cytokine; T-cells and macrophages T-cell; hypothalamus B cell; one marrow T-helper cell; pituitary
cytokine; T-cells and macrophages
In "Unnatural Causes" a term was used to describe when death rates exceed the expected percentage of death in a specific area, based on prior statistics. The term is: unanticipated death excess death exceptional death bad karma
excess death
In order to achieve stress reduction benefits from exercise, you should: -exercise regularly at least 3-5 times per week -Do it only every so often -Do it twice a day -Do it once per week
exercise regularly at least 3-5 times per week
Non-specific immunity refers to -the immune system that uses antibody markers to target bacteria and viruses -cell-to-cell communications -a sophisticated adaptive immune system -the innate, primitive immune system with which we are born
the innate, primitive immune system with which we are born
Those affected most by an expressive writing intervention to manage stress were those students who were rated as: -English majors -mostly "chill" and relaxed generally -habitually anxious about testing -those with panic/anxiety disorders
habitually anxious about testing
Those affected most by an expressive writing intervention to manage stress were those students who were rated as: -English majors -mostly "chill" and relaxed generally -habitually anxious about testing -those with panic/anxiety disorders
habitually anxious about testing
What would i need to collect from people in order to measure their stress hormone cortisol? -what they ate for dinner the night before -blood only -hair, blood, saliva and urine -urine, blood, and saliva
hair, blood, saliva and urine
One of the predictors for good outcomes in managing PTSD (post traumatice stress disorder) per new research is: -staying away from animals -having a good sense of humor -having healthy eating habits -being well-educated
having a good sense of humor
Reframing in the form of positive affirmations -help to balance negative self-talk. -are an example of self talk. -are an example of Pollyanna thinking. -help to balance rational and irrational thoughts.
help to balance negative self-talk
These areas are critical for short term memory transference to long term memory: -The Anterior Cingulate and Prefrontal Cortex: The AAC/PFC Formation -Prefrontal cortex & temporal lobe: The PFC Formation -hippocampus & prefrontal cortex: The Hippocampal Formation -The Amygdala and Hippocampus: The A/H Formation
hippocampus & prefrontal cortex: The Hippocampal Formation
Memory is transferred from short term to long term via this formation -amygdala-prefrontal cortex -hippocampus-prefrontal cortex -hypothalamus-prefrontal cortex -temporal-hippocampus
hippocampus-prefrontal cortex
What may be a better indicator of a stress-prone personality than the "type A" sort of person? depression humor hostility fear
hostility
T-cells are a key part of the ___________and are stored in the ______________gland (thus, their name). -liver; thymus -limbic system; thyroid -immune; thymus -adrenal gland; thyroid
immune; thymus
The autonomic nervous system has two branches: -the central and peripheral -the unsympathetic and somatosensory -the parasympathetic and sympathetic -parasympathetic and central
the parasympathetic and sympathetic
One of the reasons that our brains become less plastic with aging is that we have less_____________available. -cortisol -serotonin -neurotrophic growth hormones -dopamine
neurotrophic growth hormones
At the neuronal synapse, changes in amount of neurotransmitters/neurohormones present can result in changes in the receptor sites on dendrites. If there is an increase this is called___________________while a decrease is called__________________________. -neuroplasticity; addiction -addiction; also addiction -downregulation; upregulation -upregulation; downregulation
upregulation; downregulation
Endorphins are released by the brain and body to: -Increase blood sugar (glucose) -improve memory for stressful events -reduce pain perception (analgesia effect) -decrease stress hormones in the blood -improve one's ability to see farther
reduce pain perception (analgesia effect)
CRH and cortisol receptors in the hypothalamus, amygdala and other structures are responsible for: -development of emotions -regulation of the stress response system (turn on/shut off) -building brain tissue -development of insulin and other hormones
regulation of the stress response system (turn on/shut off)
In the Worried Sick video, what was related to faster wound healing in medical students? -good nutrition -lack of fighting amongst peers -relaxation training intervention -exercise
relaxation training intervention
In the Whitehall study in the UK, lower ranking officials tended to have -longer lifespans and less control over their lives -shorter life spans, more illnesses -longer lifespans, fewer illnesses -shorter lifespans and greater control over their lives
shorter life spans, more illnesses
In the video, Stress: Portrait of a Killer, what appeared to be an effective intervention for shortening of one's telomeres? -massage -vitamin D and B -social connectedness through support groups -long walks and exercise
social connectedness through support groups
In the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer", stress, along with what causes ulcers? lack of exercise stomach bacteria (H Pylori) prolonged illnesses alcohol consumption
stomach bacteria (H Pylori)
Sapolsky and McEwen are known for saying this, because of cortisol effects on the hippocampus: stress makes you cranky stress makes you impotent stress makes you stupid stress makes you sick
stress makes you stupid
According to the text (Seaward), what estimated percent of physician visits can be attributed to stress-related health problems? -50% -15% -80% -60%
80%
To be stress resistant, you should, among other things -commit yourself to personal goals -stay isolated from people -feel that you have some control over what is happening -1 and 3 above -all of the above
1 and 3 above
Only _____% of lymphocytes are in circulation at any one time (i.e. otherwise, they lay in wait in their respective places like the Thymus Gland). 1 2 50 10
2
Researchers have identified that neuroplastic changes can occur within the human brain after practicing meditation for as little as: 2 weeks 2 months 6 months 4 weeks
2 months
Neuropeptide Y levels are linked with PTSD depression irritable bowel syndrome A and B B and C
A and B
Ways in which stress can negatively impact sleep include: -It can make sleep more light and vigilant -It can impact the ease with which you fall asleep -It can make you more tired -A and B above -A, B and C above
A and B above
Epinephrine is: -A glucocorticoid -A catecholamine -Released through the HPA Axis -released by the adrenal cortex
A catecholamine
The Yerkes-Dodson principle suggests that: -Not enough stressors can put someone at risk for disease. -A certain amount of stress is linked with adaptive, competent performance. -After a certain point, stress can improve one's health. -All stress is bad for your overall health.
A certain amount of stress is linked with adaptive, competent performance.
Exercise under 5 minutes in duration employs this energy source. Carbohydrates and anaerobic glycolysis Carbohydrates and fats ATP-PC and fats ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis
ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis
The four stages of cognitive restructuring are: -Awareness, evaluation, reappraisal and adoption -Awareness, acceptance, adoption and reappraisal -Awareness, reappraisal, adoption and evaluation -Awareness, reappraisal, adoption and acceptance
Awareness, reappraisal, adoption and evaluation
Sleep and stress are entwined together in a "viscious cycle" per Sapolsky. Why? -Because stress causes more sleep and when you sleep too much you do not replenish neurotransmitters in the brain. -Because stress causes you to sleep more, which then casues more stress on the body. -Because lack of sleep causes stress and stress itself leads to poor sleep. -Because lack of sleep is stressful.
Because lack of sleep causes stress and stress itself leads to poor sleep.
This chemical agent is thought to be associated with "runner's high." -Valium -Dopamine -Methylated xanthines -Serotonin -Beta-endorphin
Beta-endorphin
This is thought to be the distinguishing characteristic of the survivor personality: -Resiliency traits -Faith -Biphasic traits -Hope
Biphasic traits
What neurohormones appear most involved with stress impact on development? -epinephrine and adrenaline -CRH and cortisol -cortisol and epinephrine -insulin and cortisol
CRH and cortisol
Exercise over 20 minutes in duration employs this energy source. -Carbohydrates and anaerobic glycolysis -ATP-PC and fats -Carbohydrates and fats -ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis
Carbohydrates and fats
This hormone is thought to be associated with weight gain. Cortisol Aldosterone Vasopressin Epinephrine
Cortisol
Which of the following physiological responses are NOT part of the parasympathetic response? -Decreased digestive activity -Decreased respiration -Decreased heart rate
Decreased digestive activity
Type "D" refers to a _________________ personality type. Disorganized Distressed Dumbfounded Diligent
Distressed
In the monkey study, in which they are placed in cages --atypical environments--, who is most stressed? -non-dominant animals because they are always trying to improve their situation -non-dominant animals because they are worried if they will get beaten or pushed around -Dominant animals, probably because they are always vigilant about keeping their status in the group secure -Dominant animals, probably because they feel responsible for the others in the group
Dominant animals, probably because they are always vigilant about keeping their status in the group secure
This is the opposite of nutrient density. Omega-3 oils Food Guide Pyramid Empty calories Spiritual nutrition
Empty calories
Jane saw Brad Pitt from across the room and her heart rate started racing, her hands got suddenly cold, and she started breathing hard. Jane is experiencing: -Chronic stress -Eustress, or a healthy, good and robust stress response -A heart attack -Psychotic behavior
Eustress, or a healthy, good and robust stress response
If you want to sleep better, you should: -Exercise (but not ~2 hours before bed), have no caffeine after dinner, and then go to bed only when you are ready to sleep -Exercise, drink a Redbull and then study in bed for a couple of hours -Reduce exercising, drink lots of milk and talk on the phone in bed until you fall asleep. -Keep the lights on because it is helps you fall asleep faster.
Exercise (but not ~2 hours before bed), have no caffeine after dinner, and then go to bed only when you are ready to sleep
Which type of neural plasticity supports learning throughout one's lifetime? -Experience expectant -existential -experiential by chance -Experience dependent
Experience dependent
The helpless hopeless personality is most closely associated with this factor: -Internal locus of control. -External referencing. -Internal referencing. -External locus of control.
External locus of control.
These areas are critical for short term memory transference to long term memory: -The Anterior Cingulate and Prefrontal Cortex: The AAC/PFC Formation -Prefrontal cortex & temporal lobe: The PFC Formation -Hippocampus & prefrontal cortex: The Hippocampal Formation -The Amygdala and Hippocampus: The A/H Formation
Hippocampus & prefrontal cortex: The Hippocampal Formation
This Type D (or A) characteristic is thought to be most closely related to coronary heart disease: -Competitive anxiety. -Polyphasia. -Hostile aggressive behavior. -Ultra time consciousness.
Hostile aggressive behavior
These two substances work synergistically to regulate eating behavior. Relatively speaking, Ghrelin ____________ and Leptin______________. -Regulates where fat is deposited; releases fat for stored energy -Tells us when we have eaten enough; increases appetite -Increases appetite; tells us when we have eaten enough -Tells us when we are nutrient depleted; increases cortisol production
Increases appetite; tells us when we have eaten enough
One way humor may affect a person's stress levels is that it: -Improves the ability to exercise -Decreases thyroxine levels -Increases the likelihood of people being around the person, which enhances the immune system -Decreases a grumpy mood state
Increases the likelihood of people being around the person, which enhances the immune system
The study describing circumcision and stress responding in infant boys found that: -Physicians who performed the procedure a lot tended to have infants who responded higher than those physicians who were newer at it and thus more careful. -Infants did not show a varied response because their pain response systems were too immature -All infants showed a high stress response regardless of who did the procedure. -Infants' stress response levels varied among people who were expert vs novice at the procedure
Infants' stress response levels varied among people who were expert vs novice at the procedure
Mindfulness refers to a state where the person: -Is able to multitask -Is present in the moment and observes without judging -Can suppress feelings -See people as different than themselves
Is present in the moment and observes without judging
To measure stress: -Is tricky because the tools used are hard to understand (e.g. biofeedback thermometers) -Is easy; all you need is 1-2 stress surveys, esp. ones online -Is tricky because stress is individualized....you need to use multiple measures, including one's perception of stress -All you need is an EEG and EKG machine
Is tricky because stress is individualized....you need to use multiple measures, including one's perception of stress
What was the point of the heelstick study done with young babies? -It suggested that babies do not really need anesthetics because their pain responses are immature -It demonstrated that young babies do not learn to discriminate between threats and non-threats (being picked up vs having your heel cut). This suggests a lack of early learning behavior in the stress response system. -It demonstrated that young babies learn to discriminate between threats and non-threats (being picked up vs having your heel cut). This suggests early learning behavior in the stress response system. -It demonstrated that young babies do not retain information for long, especially about things that hurt or cause pain.
It demonstrated that young babies learn to discriminate between threats and non-threats (being picked up vs having your heel cut). This suggests early learning behavior in the stress response system.
What does assuming a power position mean? -It means that for at least 2 minutes, one assumes a position where one is seated, with a lowered head and slow deep breathing -It means that for at least 2 minutes, one assumes a position where one assumes strength and raised head, open chest and arms -It means that for at least 10 minutes, one assumes a downward dog yoga posture -It means that for at least 5 minutes, one assumes a child's posture in yoga
It means that for at least 2 minutes, one assumes a position where one assumes strength and raised head, open chest and arms
If your mom did not get enough to eat during your pregnancy, your metabolism would likely adjust in what way to deal with the external environment? -Your metabolism does not prepare you well to deal with life outside of the womb.....you might tend to be overweight or skinny dependent ONLY on how much you eat. -It probably doesn't have much of an effect on you later. -It might become "thrifty" meaning that you are not very efficient in calorie use and are likely to be skinny. -It might become "thrifty" meaning that you use every nutrient efficiently. This could lead to obesity later in life if you are around plenty of food.
It might become "thrifty" meaning that you use every nutrient efficiently. This could lead to obesity later in life if you are around plenty of food.
What are the major immune system cells that help eliminate cancer cells in the body? NK-cells B-cells C-cells Beta-cells
NK-cells
This statement is not true regarding creative anger management. -Know your anger style. -Plan ahead for tense situations. -Learn to disassociate from your anger. -Forgiveness is an essential part of anger management.
Learn to disassociate from your anger.
Structures primarily involved in meditation include: -Limbic system, penninsula, occipital and prefrontal cortices -Limbic system and prefrontal cortex -Limbic system, insula, cingulate and prefrontal cortices -Olfactory system, insula, cingulate and prefrontal cortices
Limbic system, insula, cingulate and prefrontal cortices
REM sleep is: -Linked to decreased HR and respiration, increased body movement and increased cortisol production. -Linked to a lack of body movement and memory consolidation. -Linked to a lack of dreaming and increased metabolic rates in the brain. -Linked to increased metabolic rates in certain areas of the brain and to dreaming.
Linked to increased metabolic rates in certain areas of the brain and to dreaming.
One of the theories for why humor is an effective stress reducer is that it also -Makes you more social which then increases the amount of oxytocin in your body. Oxytocin increases the effects of cortisol. -Makes you less social, which then reduces the amount of oxytocin in your body. This neurohormone increases the amount of cortisol. -Makes you more social, which then also causes you to produce oxytocin, a neurohormone produced when connected to others. Oxytocin in known to buffer cortisol. -Reduces the amount of acytlcholine produced in the body
Makes you more social, which then also causes you to produce oxytocin, a neurohormone produced when connected to others. Oxytocin in known to buffer cortisol.
Purposes of sleep inlcude: -Practice heart rate and brain activity, increase stress hormones, wipe out from memory the day's problems so you can fresh again tomorrow. -No one really knows what happens during sleep. -Memory consolidation, increased cortisol production, glucose use, and problem solving. -Memory consolidation, replenishment of glucose and neurotransmitters in the brain, problem solving, and mental exercise.
Memory consolidation, replenishment of glucose and neurotransmitters in the brain, problem solving, and mental exercise.
The __________Insula is responsible for linking our perceptions and emotions with painful experiences Posterior Middle Anterior Sensory motor cortex
Middle
NLP is best defined as: -New Linguistic Programming -Norepinephrine Low Programming -Neurolinguistic Programming -Neocortical Programming
Neurolinguistic Programming
Which of the following statements is most accurate? -Neurons continue to develop in large number throughout childhood and are generally impervious to stress. -Neurons work most efficiently when there are lots of them that support the same behavior. -Neurons proliferate, migrate, differentiate and then reduce in number as childhood progresses. -Neurons do not activate via biochemical messaging.
Neurons proliferate, migrate, differentiate and then reduce in number as childhood progresses.
Pain perception has two primary pathways: -One that travels to the brain and one that travels to the vagus nerve -One that travels to the brain and one that travels to the cerebellum -One that ends in spinal cord and one that travels to the brain -One that travels to the brain and one that travels to the adrenal gland
One that ends in spinal cord and one that travels to the brain
The TED talk by K. McDonigal suggest that performance is best predicted by: -How much one participates in breathing exercises -One's perception of their stress -How much stress one actually experiences. -How much protein one had for breakfast
One's perception of their stress
Stress is a difficult state to measure in part because -Answers 2, 3, and 4 -one's perceptions about stress can be as important as the actual stressors themselves -stress responses vary based on one's past experiences and what one has learned about the world -each person has a different set of stressors that vary in relation to one's coping resources at the time -answers 2 and 3
One's perceptions about stress can be as important as the actual stressors themselves; stress responses vary based on one's past experiences and what one has learned about the world; and each person has a different set of stressors that vary in relation to one's coping resources at the time. (Answers 2, 3, and 4).
REM sleep differs from deep sleep (slow wave) is what respects? -Slow wave sleep includes no body movement and increased brain metabolism while REM includes lowered brain metabolism and increased problem sloving/memory function. -REM includes body movement and slight increases in cortisol while slow wave sleep includes lack of body movement and glucose/neurotransmitter replenishment. -REM includes neurotransmitter replenishment and lack of body movement, while slow wave sleep includes arm and leg movements and increased brain metabolism. -There are very few differences.
REM includes body movement and slight increases in cortisol while slow wave sleep includes lack of body movement and glucose/neurotransmitter replenishment.
The PKC Enzyme when released due to uncontrollable stress causes: -Dementia -You to get schizophrenia and bi-polar disorder -Reduced long term memory by enhancing long term potentiation -Reduced dendrite connections in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex and reduced working memory
Reduced dendrite connections in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex and reduced working memory
What creature harnesses the toxicity of cortisol to create its own death? turtles salmon chickens trout
Salmon
"Cutting" is an example of this mismanaged anger style: Exploders Self-punishers Underhanders Somatizers
Self-punishers
Self-esteem is thought to be comprised of these following components: -Connectedness, uniqueness, mood swings -Self-respect, self- acceptance, connectedness to others -What you think of yourself and what you think others think of you. -Self-love, physical beauty and personal wealth
Self-respect, self- acceptance, connectedness to others
A decrease in this hormone is thought to be related to symptoms of depression. -DHEA -Human Growth Hormone -Serotonin -Estrogen
Serotonin
When stressed, our memory retrieval is: -Enhanced -Not affected at all -Suppressed
Suppressed
NK T (T cytotoxic) cells in the immune system receive assistance from other cells that regulate how active they are. These assist cells include: -T helpers and macrophages -Suppressor T cells and T helpers -Red blood cells and white blood cells -platelets and white blood cells
Suppressor T cells and T helpers
The essence of loving-kindness meditation is -The development of kind and benevolent feelings first to ourselves then to others -The development of good posture and internal body awareness -The monitoring and releasing of feelings -The monitoring and releasing of thoughts
The development of kind and benevolent feelings first to ourselves then to others
In the caged Macaques (Worried Sick Video), who is most likely to get atherosclerosis? -The submissive animals who get a low-fat diet -The dominant animals who also get a high-fat diet -The submissive animals who also get a high-fat diet -The dominant animals who get a low-fat diet
The dominant animals who also get a high-fat diet
Psychoneuroimmunology refers to -the immune system's connection to meridian pathways -The connection to emotions and chakra energy systems -The reticular system's connection to movement and sensation -The effect of human perceptions and emotions on health and immunity.
The effect of human perceptions and emotions on health and immunity
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is responsible for -Thoughts and emotions -The parasympathetic response -The alerting response -Allostasis
The parasympathetic response
The relationship of cortisol to memory is: -Too much impairs memory more than too little -Too little impairs memory, too much causes improved memory -The proper level of cortisol enhances memory and therefore the time of day that you are exposed matters -The use of steroids have no effect on memory
The proper level of cortisol enhances memory and therefore the time of day that you are exposed matters
Which of the following is cortisol not responsible for? -The release of insulin -The mobilization of free fatty acids -The initiation of gluconeogenesis -The degradation of white blood cells
The release of insulin
The brain has 4 lobes. The frontal, temporal, parietal and the occipital. Which one is associated auditory information and memory? -The frontal lobe -The temporal lobe -The parietal lobe -The occipital lobe
The temporal lobe
This is the reason why people who are stressed are vulnerable to nutrient deficiency. -They eat too fast and don't absorb nutrients. -They don't eat enough calories to absorb nutrients. -They don't restore essential nutrients. -A and B
They don't restore essential nutrients.
Tibetian monks are able to increase their body temperatures at will, as seen in the wet towel experiments. This suggests that: -They have purposeful control over their cerebellum that increases blood flow and thus temperature -They have purposeful control over their central nervous system that decreases blood flow and thus temperature -They have purposeful control over their sympathetic nervous systems that increases blood flow and thus temperature -They have purposeful control over their parasympathetic nervous systems that increases blood flow and thus temperature
They have purposeful control over their parasympathetic nervous systems that increases blood flow and thus temperature
H. Selye, considered a pioneer in human stress discovered the General Adaptation Syndrome. This system consists of: -Two Stages: Fight and fear -Two Stages: Flight and fight -Three stages: fright, maintenance and recovery -Three stages: alarm, resistance and exhaustion
Three stages: alarm, resistance and exhaustion
Working memory causes information -To be permanetly stored in the hypothalamus -To be temporarily stored and involves the executive control process -to only involve verbal information and is stored in the auditory cortex -To only involves spatial information and is stored in the occipital cortex
To be temporarily stored and involves the executive control process
The answer = telomeres. What is the question? -What is the name of a famous basketball team based in Tallahassee Florida? -What is the newest TV show on after LOST? -What shortens faster (hastens the aging process) under chronic stressful conditions? -A singing group from the 70's
What shortens faster (hastens the aging process) under chronic stressful conditions?
According to Gandhi, happiness is -When life is lived purposefully -When you live peacefully and non-violently -When what you think, say and do are in alignment -A great grade in stressed out! ;)
When what you think, say and do are in alignment
The autogenic technique is: -Where one contracts and relaxes muscle groups from head to toe. -Where one relaxes automatically by taking shallow, rapid breaths. -Where one uses mental imagery to calm the body and mind. -Where one relaxes the body by making the body parts heavy and warm by sending blood to the extremities.
Where one relaxes the body by making the body parts heavy and warm by sending blood to the extremities.
What statement is most true regarding neural plasticity? -We obtain more plasticity as we mature because our brains get more sophisticated -While giving us great flexibility in brain construction, because it closes so early in development, stress-related experiences do not modify our brains much -While giving us great flexibility for learning and constructing a sophisticated brain structure, it also leaves us vulnerable to negative, stress-related influences as well, for example abuse and trauma. -We only benefit from experience-expectant plasticity throughout our lifetimes
While giving us great flexibility for learning and constructing a sophisticated brain structure, it also leaves us vulnerable to negative, stress-related influences as well, for example abuse and trauma.
The following can be accurately stated about the gender difference of anger. -Studies show that men harbor feelings of guilt after anger explosions. -Women not only express anger differently, they have different stressors. -Studies show no significant correlation between anger and breast cancer. -Women tend to have less anger related symptoms than men.
Women not only express anger differently, they have different stressors.
In the Times article on Anxiety, you read that anxiety itself, as a response, is neither helpful not harmful to performance. What does affect performance is this: -What the people around you are doing when you have anxiety -Your past memories of anxiety -Your response to your anxiety -Your nutritional state at the time of anxiety
Your response to your anxiety
What is the most important quality in early caregiving across species? -feeding -keeping warm -active touching -smell
active touching
What pain type is associated with tissue damage? fatigue acute, short-lived chronic, longer-lasting depressive
acute, short-lived
Experience expectant plasticity: -accounts for why we remember recent events -allows for learning to occur during periods in which the brain is expecting information..for example, language sounds or visual input. -allows for learning to occur through one's lifetime, regardless of sensitive periods -is available in adulthood the same as it is in childhood
allows for learning to occur during periods in which the brain is expecting information..for example, language sounds or visual input.
A sense of humor is an effective stress buffer in part because it -isolates you from the nasty comments of others -gives you delusions about yourself -makes you not care about other people's perceptions of you -allows you to have some control over how you perceive your world
allows you to have some control over how you perceive your world
In the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer", rank in government positions in the UK translated to health outcomes. Rank translated into what characteristics of people's jobs? -higher rank = increased control and predictability -lower rank = less control and predicability -middle rank appeared to have the best control and predictability -higher rank = less control and predictability -both A and B
both A and B
This trait more than any other, distinguishes the sensation seeker personality: -optimism. -immortality. -confidence. -calculated risk taking.
calculated risk taking
Oxidative stress, a natural process in the body, is aligned with two forces: -antioxidant destruction and energy dispersion -energy creation and energy destruction -cell destruction and energy creation -energy dispersion and oxidant nutrition
cell destruction and energy creation
Cytokines are responsible for -making antibodies -killing invaders such as bacteria and viruses -cell-to-cell communication -eating dead cells
cell-to-cell communication
These three characteristics are thought to be associated with what is now known as the hardy personality: -challenge, commitment and control. -control, challenge and creativity. -commitment, challenge, and creativity. -creativity, control, and commitment.
challenge, commitment and control
In class, the clown study example suggested that: -children show similar response patterns to stress no matter who takes care of them. -children are not stressed by clowns. -children in poor quality attachment relationships respond the same way as children who are in high quality attachment relationships. -children in quality attachment relationships recover more quickly from stressful events.
children in quality attachment relationships recover more quickly from stressful events
Allostatic load refers to: -acute stress -amygdala -emotional coping -hippocampus -chronic stress
chronic stress
In the video, Stress: Portrait of a killer, what did chronic stress appear to do to the dopamine-based pleasure centers in the brain in Macaque monkeys? -nothing -decrease the activity, making life less pleasurable -increase the activity, making life more pleasurable -decrease activity, making life more pleasurable
decrease the activity, making life less pleasurable
Sapolsky, in the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer",described an event that changed the outcome of a large troop of baboons that he has followed for 30 years. This troop lost its ___________ and became___________________. -subordinate males; more aggressive towards each other -dominant females; more caring towards each other -dominant males; more caring towards each other -subordinate females; more fertile
dominant males; more caring towards each other
An end result of meditation is a state of -weightlessness -focused presence -effortless presence -effortless being
effortless presence
When baby rats are separated from their mothers for SHORT amounts of time and then reunited, they tend to be more stress resistant as adults. This implies that they will: -be more aggressive -be less well-adjusted rats -mount a higher stress response than the average rat when exposed to a threat and then stay stressed longer after the threat is removed -either mount an average response when exposed to a threat or mount a high stress response that is quickly lowered when the threat is removed
either mount an average response when exposed to a threat or mount a high stress response that is quickly lowered when the threat is removed
According to Candace Pert's stress and disease model: -emotions can either enhance or suppress the immune system through the synthesis and release of neuropeptides throughout the body. -the brain alone regulates emotional feelings with chemical neurotransmitters. -hypnosis, placebos, and spontaneous remission must be understood before the entire stress and disease relationship is complete. -the body has an energy field with several layers of consciousness.
emotions can either enhance or suppress the immune system through the synthesis and release of neuropeptides throughout the body.
According to Borysenko's stress and disease model, lupus is regarded as an: exogenous under-reaction. endogenous over-reaction. exogenous over-reaction. endogenous under-reaction.
endogenous over-reaction.
According to a medically-oriented stress and disease model, allergies are regarded as an: -endogenous under-reaction. -exogenous under-reaction. -endogenous over-reaction. -exogenous over-reaction.
exogenous over-reaction
According to a medically-oriented stress and disease model, allergies are regarded as an: -endogenous under-reaction. -exogenous under-reaction. -endogenous over-reaction. -exogenous over-reaction.
exogenous over-reaction.
According to Borysenko's stress and disease model, the common cold is regarded as an: -endogenous under-reaction. -exogenous over-reaction. -endogenous over-reaction. -exogenous under-reaction.
exogenous under-reaction
According to Borysenko's stress and disease model, the common cold is regarded as an: -endogenous under-reaction. -exogenous over-reaction. -endogenous over-reaction. -exogenous under-reaction.
exogenous under-reaction.
Tamar experienced a huge growth in developmental skills through her first three years of life, including the development of emotional attachments. What best describes the process underlying such development? -experience-required neuroplasticity -experience-expectant neuroplasticity -neurological soft-wiring -neuroendocrine production
experience-expectant neuroplasticity
In the wild, low ranking Baboon males tend to have _____________ while high ranking males_____________________. -increased blood pressure and clogged arteries; lower blood pressure and non-clogged arteries. -increased blood pressure and clogged arteries; also increased blood pressure and clogged arteries. -lower blood pressure; clogged arteries -lower blood pressure and lower corticosteroids; higher blood pressure, increased corticosteroids
increased blood pressure and clogged arteries; lower blood pressure and non-clogged arteries.
A poorly regulated amygdala typically results in what behavior? -depression and lethargy -motor clumsiness -irritability and hot angry temper -peaceful happiness
irritability and hot angry temper
A unique feature of the autogenic technique is: -It can be measured by an EEG -It requires amplification of body physiological processes through machinery -It require the suggestion and guidance of a therapist -it is self directed and the state is self induced
it is self directed and the state is self induced
What does "dose-related response" mean? -low doses are more effective than high doses of something -Something needs to be experienced at a specific level otherwise there is no effect -it means that length of exposure to experiences of something at certain levels, relates to the overall outcome effect -something isn't effective unless it is a high enough dose
it means that length of exposure to experiences of something at certain levels, relates to the overall outcome effect
Peter, who works in a genetics research laboratory, was recently able to obtain a photo of his twenty-three pairs of chromosomes. This photographic record is called a(n) -autosome -genotype -karyotype -genome
karyotype
A MAJOR outcome of Sapolsky's baboon troop described in the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer",was that young adolescent males learned to become (through modeling from other males): -more aggressive and protective of their females -more assertive and dominant -less aggressive and more nurturing towards troop members -less aggressive and also less healthy
less aggressive and more nurturing towards troop members
In the process of oxidative stress, a free radical is a cell that has lost a proton lost an electron misplaced its DNA strand lost a telomere
lost an electron
In the TED talk by Amy Cuddy, you learned that persons who are deemed "more powerful" than less powerful people have an internal hormone mix described as this: -high testosterone, high cortisol -low testosterone, high cortisol -low cortisol, high testosterone -low testosterone, low cortisol
low cortisol, high testosterone
In posted readings (Packet #1) about the study on writing as an intervention, higher test anxiety in college students was associated with -weight loss -higher test performance -lower test performance -no significant differences in performance than lower anxiety perception
lower test performance
The _______ system is a network of vessels in the body that _____________________. -blood; carries white blood cells throughout the body for immune defenses -lymphatic; carries white blood cells responsible for the human immune response -leukocytic; comprises the human immune system -thymatic; carries white blood cells throughout the body for immune defenses
lymphatic; carries white blood cells responsible for the human immune response
The normal aging process can be accelerated by high stress perception. High levels of cortisol has been shown to increase _____________________ through accelerated _________________________. -weight gain; prefrontal cortical shrinkage -appetite; digestion -memory loss & confusion; amydalae shrinkage -memory loss & confusion; hippocampal shrinkage
memory loss & confusion; hippocampal shrinkage
To be powerful as a person suggests that one is -more assertive and confident, but less stress reactive -optimistic, risk seeking, and highly stress reactive -more assertive and confident, as well as more stress reactive -risk averse, and optimistic
more assertive and confident, but less stress reactive
Antibiotics are: -only effective on viruses, not bacteria -only effective on bacteria, not viruses -effective for both viruses and bacteria -used primarily for fungal infections
only effective on bacteria, not viruses
Two primary forms of meditation have been identified. These are: -open monitoring and focused attention -focused attention and closed monitoring -unfocused attention and closed monitoring -open attention and focal attention
open monitoring and focused attention
In "Unnatural Causes", a predictor of adult susceptibility to illness was identified by whether -people grew up in the east vs west USA -people grew up in the south vs north USA -people grew up in the city vs country -people's parents owned their own homes while they were growing up
people's parents owned their own homes while they were growing up
What is the likely result of damaged neurons in the hippocampus? -poor verbal skills -poor memory -poor motor skills -poor appetite
poor memory
According to Sapolsky, what conditions produce the most stressed apes? -the environmental context and degree of social connectedness -lower rank in the group -higher rank in the group -rank in the group, paired with context (environment) and degree of social connectedness
rank in the group, paired with context (environment) and degree of social connectedness
One possible reason that chronic stress from adversity may affect a child's ability to learn may be found in research that suggests: -stress reduces the amount of cortisol in the hippocampus -stress increases serotonin levels -stress reduces neurotrophic growth factor, a necessity for brain plasticity and growth -stress impairs bone development
stress reduces neurotrophic growth factor, a necessity for brain plasticity and growth
In the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer", baboons who live in the wild are studied to determine the cost of stress on their health. Who in the troop has the most stress? males dominant animals subordinate animals females
subordinate animals
Blister healing studies suggest: -that people heal faster in more stressed, less supportive relationships -that people heal faster when in less-stressed, and supportive relationships -that people heal more slowly when in less-stressed, and supportive relationships -that relationships do not really matter in regards to healing speed
that people heal faster when in less-stressed, and supportive relationships
Chakras are interesting because: -The energy centers have been seen through neurological testing -these proposed energy centers appear to align with neural activity of the spinal cord -The proposed energy centers appear on fMRI -The energy centers are apparent in mindfulness meditators
these proposed energy centers appear to align with neural activity of the spinal cord
The _________ gland is where baby white blood cells go to mature and become specialized -spleen -thyroid -thymus -adrenal
thymus
The immune system is suppressed by chronic stress through the -HPA axis -thyroxine axis -hypothalamus -amygdala
thyroxine axis
In the video, Robert Sapolsky states that human cognition is at least partly responsible for our stress. This is because: -we create disorganized thinking -we have the ability to think about future problems and "what-ifs" -we have too many stress hormones produced in our brains -we have poor memories for stressful events
we have the ability to think about future problems and "what-ifs"
Which one of these is NOT known to be responsible for changes in pain perception? mood competing sensory information prior experience what you ate last
what you ate last
Phagocytosis is the term for when: -you become drowsy while sitting in lectures -white blood cells eat a pathogen (bacteria or virus) -your finger gets swollen -you eat too much pizza
white blood cells eat a pathogen (bacteria or virus)
In "Unnatural Causes", what did the persons featured in the video have in common? gender similar job levels ethnicity workplace
workplace