OT Research II

The value of Pearson's r ranges between

-1.0 and +1.0

A week after participating in a workshop on driving safety, we asked a sample of 30 new drivers to report their frequency of texting while driving. We then compared their scores to the national norms for this behavior and found that t(29) = 2.95, p < .01, η2= .08. The chance of a Type I error is ______.

1%

Shawn examines the relationship between creativity and academic honesty and finds the coefficient of determination equals .33 or r2= -.33. This means that ______.

33% of the variability in academic honesty is accounted for by knowing its relationship with creativity

Typically we compute the ______ confidence interval.

95%

A 95% confidence interval of 2.68 < µ1- µ2 < 5.79 tells us that we can be ______.

95% confident that the mean difference from the study represents a population of mean differences falling between 2.68 and 5.79

The simplest single N design possible is

AB

Which is an appropriate measure of effect size for dependent-samples groups?

Cohen's d

Nominal data

Data which consists of names, labels, or categories.

As his class project Reggie asks 30 undergraduates to select their preference for class format (face-to-face or online). He analyses the data and finds t(28) = 5.73, p < .05, d = .40. How should he interpret his results?

He should analyze the data again by computing a different statistical test because the data are nominal.

Which of the following is true about practical significance and dependent-samples designs?

It is an interpretation of the impact of the effect in daily life.

You want to find out whether a significantly greater percentage of students at your university binge watch television series than the national percentage for binge watching. Can you compute a one-sample test on these data?

No, the data are a nominal scale and a t test requires interval or ratio data.

The statistic used to determine whether a linear relationship exists between two interval/ratio variables is the ______.

Pearson's r

the point in the research process when no new information is discovered in data analysis

Saturation

In the regression equation, b = ______.

Slope

Dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

The single N design is best grouped with quasi-experiments. a) True b) False

True

The quality of a qualitative study may be improved by:

Use of triangulation during the data collecting

In the regression equation, a = ______.

Y-intercept

The regression equation is always represented by the formula ______.

Y¢ = bX + a

A single N design is

a quantitative design used to examine a cause and effect relationship within a single case.

Ordinal data

a type of data that refers solely to a ranking of some kind

Correlational designs can have a greater external validity than experiments because correlational designs________________________-

better represent the everyday world where we do not manipulate or control events.

The one-way ANOVA compares ______.

between-groups variance and within-groups variance

In qualitative research the way of indexing or categorizing the text in order to establish a framework of thematic ideas is known as:

coding

The statistic that describes the proportion of variability that is accounted for by knowing the relationship between two variables is the ______.

coefficient of determination

Data for a chi-square test for independence are presented in a

contingency table.

Ratio data

continuous and have a natural zero

Having participants take part in different conditions in different orders is known as ______.

counterbalancing

The analysis of a single N design typically involves

graphing data and determining patterns using visual inspection.

For the results of a one-sample t test to be significant, the computed t value must be ______.

greater than the critical t value listed in the table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value

A method to build a theory from case study data is

grounded theory

Assumption for a one-way independent samples ANOVA include ______.

groups are independent

Nonparametric statistics are used when we

have ordinal or nominal data.

Adding additional phases in a single N design

helps to clarify the relationship between the manipulation and the dependent variable.

The matching variable you choose should be ______.

highly correlated with your dependent variable

The strength of the relationship is evident from ______ and the direction of the relationship is evident from ______ in a correlation coefficient.

how close the correlation coefficient is to the absolute value of 1.0; the sign of the coefficient

The null hypothesis for a chi-square test for independence predicts that the two variables are

independent

A correlational design _________________________

is a type of study that tests the hypothesis that variables are related.

Researchers try to ______ between-groups variance and ______ within-groups variance.

maximize; minimize

Central tendency

mean--not skewed median--too skewed mode--nominal variables

In order to compute a one-sample t test we must ______.

measure our variable on an interval or ratio scale

A regression equation allows you to ______.

more closely estimate the value of Y for a given X value

The chi-square test compares

observed frequencies with expected frequencies.

A stable baseline is important in order to

predict future behavior.

What sampling method should not be used in a qualitative research study? a. Purposeful selection b. Random selection c. Convenience sampling d. Snowball sampling

random selection

Interval data

ratings that have both order and equal intervals between values on the scale--no true zero

Which of the following involves participants serving as their own control by participating in every condition of the experiment?

repeated-measured design

If tobt = -1.98 and tcrit= 2.16, we would ______.

retain the null hypothesis

Repeated assessment is used in a single N design in order to

rule out alternative explanations for causality.

The average error between predicted Y values and the actual Y values is called ______.

standard error of the estimate

Where does the power of the dependent-groups design come from?

the decrease in random error that is created by participant characteristics

The average difference between the scores of matched pairs or the scores for the same participants across two conditions is known as ______.

the mean difference

The line of best fit represents ______.

the predicted Y values (Y¢) for each X value in the sample range

In examining test scores from the Beery VMI of children at the local elementary school compared with a national sample, the OT finds t(19) = 4.26, p < .01. She can infer that ______.

the sample consisted of 20 participants

Correlation is the statistic used to assess________________

the validity and reliability of measures.

We should not compute a regression equation if we do not find a significant correlation between two variables because ______.

there will be too much error in our predicted values

Chi-square goodness of fit assumes an expected frequency of at least 5 in each category.

true

We compute a Spearman rho when we want to correlate ______.

two variables of ordinal data

Levene's test tells us if ______.

we have violated our assumption of homogeneity of variance

independent variable

what the researcher is controlling

One reason to use a correlational design is_______________

when an experimental study would be unethical.