OUTDATED 1/14 #102 PLUPERFECT aka PAST PERFECT tense of INDICATIVE mood "pluscuamperfecto del indicativo"@121spanish.com "el pretérito pluscuamperfecto"/"el antecopretérito" SPANISHDICT&STUDYSPANISH ALREADY summarized in set for all different tenses

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*(just read over the WHOLE THING and ANSWER "TRUE")* *Questions using the PAST PERFECT (aka PLUPERFECT) tense are formed* as follows. Note how *the word order is different than the English* equivalent. ¿Habían llegado ya las chicas? [Had the girls arrived yet?] ¿Habías probado ya el postre? [Had you tried the dessert yet?] Here are *the same sentences in negative form.* Notice how *the auxiliary verb and the past participle are not separated.* ¿No habían llegado ya las chicas? [Hadn't the girls arrived yet?] ¿No habías probado ya el postre? [Hadn't you tried the dessert yet?]

The PLUPERFECT aka PAST PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood (or in Spanish: "pluscuamperfecto del indicativo" aka "el pretérito pluscuamperfecto" or "el antecopretérito") is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "HAD" (=simple imperfect tense conjugations of "haber": había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían) with the past participle of the main verb (which ends in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" base form meaning "___ed" in English.) The past perfect tense is used when a past action was completed prior to another action in the past. The past perfect is often used to talk about what a person had done before something else happened in the past

*(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *The PLUPERFECT aka PAST PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood (or in Spanish: "pluscuamperfecto del indicativo" aka "el pretérito pluscuamperfecto" or "el antecopretérito") is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "HAD" (=simple imperfect tense conjugations of "haber": había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían) with the past participle of the main verb (which ends in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" base form meaning "___ed" in English.)* Because the past perfect (pluperfect) is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb. I had studied. (main verb: studied ; auxiliary verb: had) He had written a letter to María. (main verb: written ; auxiliary verb: had) We had been stranded for six days. (main verb: been ; auxiliary verb: had) NOT A VERY GOOD SUMMARY REITERATING EXPLANATION BELOW COPIED DIRECTLY FROM https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-vh5qRrhSL9IQ5R0VmVvM-6w6I4S4PaDIUBNUm4tmQU/edit# @ 121spanish.com: "The past perfect tense in Spanish is used to indicate an action that happened before another one in the past. We use it to emphasize that that something happened before the another one. In English, the past perfect has two parts - often 'had' plus the past simple, eg 'John had gone to London but he got lost." *The past perfect tense is used when a past action was completed prior to another action in the past. The past perfect is often used to talk about what a person had done before something else happened in the past.* Había visto ya a mi primo. (I had already seen my cousin.) Habías cantado en la fiesta cuando llegué. (You had already sung at the party when I arrived.) Usted había leído el libro antes que él. (You had read the book before him.) Él había sacado su gorro cuando entró en mi casa. (He had taken off his hat before entering my house.) Ella había comido antes de ir al cine. (She had eaten before going to the movies.) Nos habíamos sentado cuando el tren salió. (We had sat down when the train left.) No habíais oído la canción antes de ahora. (You had not heard the song before now.) Ustedes habían vuelto cuando ellos salieron. (You had returned when they left.) Ellos habían puesto los pasteles en la mesa. (They had put the cakes on the table.) Ellas habían hablado mucho cuando la fiesta terminó. (They had talked a lot when the party ended.)

When used as an adjective, the past participle changes to agree with the noun it modifies. when used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes. when used to form the perfect tenses, only the base form (of the past participle [which is abierto in the example]) is used

*(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *When used as an adjective, the past participle changes to agree with the noun it modifies.* However, *when used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes.* Past participle used as an adjective: La puerta está cerradA. [The door is closed.] Past participle used in the past perfect tense: Yo había cerradO la puerta. [I had closed the door.] Past participle used as an adjective: Las puertas están abiertAS. [The doors are open.] Past participle used in the past perfect tense: Juan había abiertO las puertas. [Juan had opened the doors.] Note that *when used to form the perfect tenses, only the base form (of the past participle [which is abierto in the example]) is used*

the PAST perfect (PLUPERFECT) tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb "haber" conjugated in the simple IMPERFECT tense of the indicative mood (había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían) combined with the past participle of the main verb (which ends in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" base form meaning "___ed" in English) (yo) Había = I had (tú) Habías = You had (ella) Había = She had (nosotros) Habíamos = We had (vosotros) Habíais = You-all had (ellos) Habían = They had

*(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* In Spanish, *the PAST perfect (PLUPERFECT) tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb "haber" conjugated in the simple IMPERFECT tense of the indicative mood (había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían) combined with the past participle of the main verb (which ends in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" base form meaning "___ed" in English)* Remember, the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido and also some past participles are irregular. The following examples all use the past participle for the verb "vivir." *(yo) Había* vivido. *= I had* lived. *(tú) Habías* vivido. *= You had* lived. *(ella) Había* vivido. *= She had* lived. *(nosotros) Habíamos* vivido. *= We had* lived. *(vosotros) Habíais* vivido. *= You-all had* lived. *(ellos) Habían* vivido. *= They had* lived.

The PLUPERFECT aka PAST PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood (or in Spanish: "pluscuamperfecto del indicativo" aka "el pretérito pluscuamperfecto" or "el antecopretérito") is a compound tense combining the auxiliary verb "HAD" [(había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían in Spanish) formed by conjugating haber in the simple IMPERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood to agree with the subject (not the object) of the sentence] and the past participle of the main verb (which ends in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" base form meaning "___ed" in English.) Expressions such as "ya", "antes", "nunca", "todavía" and "después" will often appear in sentences where one action was completed before another. This idea of a past action being completed before another past action need not always be stated; it can be implied

*(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *The PLUPERFECT aka PAST PERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood (or in Spanish: "pluscuamperfecto del indicativo" aka "el pretérito pluscuamperfecto" or "el antecopretérito") is a compound tense combining the auxiliary verb "HAD" [(había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían in Spanish) formed by conjugating haber in the simple IMPERFECT tense of the INDICATIVE mood to agree with the subject (not the object) of the sentence] and the past participle of the main verb (which ends in the Spanish "-ado"/"-ido" base form meaning "___ed" in English.)* *Expressions such as "ya", "antes", "nunca", "todavía" and "después" will often appear in sentences where one action was completed before another.* Cuando llegaron los padres, los niños ya habían comido. [When the parents arrived, the children had already eaten.] Yo había comido antes de llamarles. [I had eaten prior to calling them.] *This idea of a past action being completed before another past action need not always be stated; it can be implied* Ya había salido [cuando llamaste]. (I had already left [when you called].) Stated: Juan había cerrado la ventana antes de salir. [Juan had closed the window before leaving.] Implied: Juan había cerrado la ventana. [Juan had closed the window.]

The auxiliary verb "haber" (meaning "HAD" in the IMPERFECT tense conjugations: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían) is conjugated for the subject of the sentence, not the object

*(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *The auxiliary verb "haber" (meaning "HAD" in the IMPERFECT tense conjugations: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían) is conjugated for the subject of the sentence, not the object* Juan había abierto las puertas. [Juan had opened the doors.] The first example uses "había" to agree with the subject "Juan," the sentence does NOT use "habían" to agree with "puertas." Juan y María habían puesto mucho dinero en el banco. [Juan and Maria had put a lot of money in the bank.] In the second example, we use "habían" because the subject of the sentence is "Juan y María."

The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated within the past perfect (AKA pluperfect) tense. To make the sentence negative, add the word "no" before the conjugated form of haber. Object pronouns are placed immediately before the auxiliary verb "haber" (meaning "HAD" in the IMPERFECT tense conjugations: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían) To make this sentence negative, the word "no" is placed before the indirect object pronoun (le.)

*(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated within the past perfect (AKA pluperfect) tense. To make the sentence negative, add the word "no" before the conjugated form of haber.* (yo) No había vivido. [I had not lived.] (tú) No habías vivido. [You had not lived.] (él) No había vivido. [He had not lived.] (nosotros) No habíamos vivido. [We had not lived.] (vosotros) No habíais vivido. [You-all had not lived.] (ellos) No habían vivido. [They had not lived.] Again, the auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. *Object pronouns are placed immediately before the auxiliary verb "haber" (meaning "HAD" in the IMPERFECT tense conjugations: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían)* Ya lo había visto. (I had already seen him.) Usted lo había leído antes que él. (You had read it before him.) Él lo había sacado cuando entró en mi casa. (He had taken it off before entering my house.) No la habíais oído antes de ahora. (You had not heard it before now.) Ellos los habían puesto en la mesa. (They had put them on the table.) Pablo le había dado mucho dinero a su hermana. [Pablo had given a lot of money to his sister.] *To make this sentence negative, the word "no" is placed before the indirect object pronoun (le.)* Pablo no le había dado mucho dinero a su hermana. [Pablo had not given a lot of money to his sister.]

when a reflexive verb is used to form the past perfect (AKA pluperfect) tense, the reflexive pronoun is placed immediately before the auxiliary verb "haber" (meaning "HAD" in the IMPERFECT tense conjugations: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían) (when a reflexive verb is used to form the past perfect tense, you can) make the sentence negative by placing the word "no" before the reflexive pronoun

*(read over the whole thing and for the answer just REPEAT the words in BOLD)* *when a reflexive verb is used to form the past perfect (AKA pluperfect) tense, the reflexive pronoun is placed immediately before the auxiliary verb "haber" (meaning "HAD" in the IMPERFECT tense conjugations: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían)* Me había lavado las manos. [I had washed my hands.] Compare this past perfect (AKA pluperfect) tense example (above) to how the reflexive verb is used in a simple present tense sentence: Me lavo las manos. [I wash my hands.] *(when a reflexive verb is used to form the past perfect tense, you can) make the sentence negative by placing the word "no" before the reflexive pronoun* (which is "me" in this example): No me había lavado las manos. [I had not washed my hands.]

NOT A VERY GOOD SUMMARY REITERATING EXPLANATION BELOW COPIED DIRECTLY FROM https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-vh5qRrhSL9IQ5R0VmVvM-6w6I4S4PaDIUBNUm4tmQU/edit# @ 121spanish.com: "The past perfect tense in Spanish is used to indicate an action that happened before another one in the past. We use it to emphasize that that something happened before the another one. In English, the past perfect has two parts - often 'had' plus the past simple, eg 'John had gone to London but he got lost."

*The past perfect tense is used when a past action was completed prior to another action in the past. The past perfect is often used to talk about what a person had done before something else happened in the past.* https://www.lawlessspanish.com/grammar/verbs/past-perfect/ BOTH OF THESE LINKS LEAD TO THE SAME WEBSITE https://www.lawlessspanish.com/grammar/verbs/pluperfect/ Past Perfect aka Pluperfect Pluscuamperfecto The past perfect, also called the pluperfect, is a verb tense that diterm-6stinguishes between two related things that happened in the past, indicating which one occurred before the other. The use of the past perfect is very similar in Spanish and English. The PLUPERFECT form uses the past perfect is used for the verb that happened first, the one that is further in the past. The action that occurred second is usually stated with another past tense, such as the pretérito or imperfecto. https://docs.google.com/document/d/11KuyVP1rBpK6xyPZ9qZb1ewPgu0_MdGsiltZhYVG04A/edit *LEFT OFF REPHRASING HERE 6/14 @ 6:13 PM* The PLUPERFECT form can distinguish something that happened prior to another action in the past .... between two connected past actions by emphasizing in the past perfect tense of the indicative mood and by using another past verb tense (such as the pretérito or imperfecto) to indicate the action that occurred second *LEFT OFF HERE REPHRASING TOMORROW REREAD 6/17 @ 6:30 PM: The PLUPERFECT form can distinguish something that happened prior to another past action "between two related..."/among two actions in the past that are connected to each other* *LEFT OFF HERE REPHRASING TOMORROW REREAD 6/17 @ 6:30 PM: The PLUPERFECT form can distinguish something that happened prior to another in the past past action "between two related..."/among two actions in the past that are connected to each other* in the past .... between two connected past actions It's important to understand that the past perfect is used when there is a relationship between the two verbs: the one in the past perfect led to or had some bearing on the one that came second. If you're just making a list of two things that occurred, either one after the other or at the same time, you don't need the past perfect. by emphasizing the first verb that occurred further in the past with the past perfect tense of the indicative mood and by using another past verb tense (such as the pretérito or imperfecto) to indicate the action that happened second *UNFINISHED REPHRASING 6/15 JUST DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED REST OF THE INFO INTO THE SET WITH ALL THE DIFFERENT TENSES @ 11 AM:* The PLUPERFECT form can distinguish something that happened prior to another action in the past between two related past actions The PLUPERFECT form can distinguish something that happened prior to another action in the past among two related past actions by emphasizing the first verb that occurred further in the past with the past perfect tense of the indicative mood and by using another past verb tense (such as the pretérito or imperfecto) to indicate the action that happened second by using the past perfect tense of the indicative mood for the verb that happened first to emphasize the action that is further in the past The past perfect is used for the verb that happened first, the one that is further in the past. The action that occurred second is usually stated with another past tense, such as the pretérito or imperfecto. Examples: Por fin había encontrado una rosa perfecta cuando comenzó a llover. (I'd finally found a perfect rose when it started to rain.) Ya había salido [cuando llamaste]. (I had already left [when you called].) Fui al mercado por la mañana; ya había ido al banco. (I went to the store this morning; I had already gone to the bank.

DECIDED NOT TO INCLUDE THIS FLASHCARD WITH GRASSHOPPERS EXAMPLE ABOUT THE PRETERIT PERFECT IN SET FOR THE CHART WITH ALL THE DIFFERENT TENSES @ 3:27 AM 1/14 JANUARY @ https://quizlet.com/659141282/edit 6/7 the PAST PERFECT is a compound tense combining which has two different methods of forming in Spanish/two possible forms in Spanish that translate the same in English Spanish has two past perfect verb tenses: the pluperfect and the preterit perfect. These verb tenses use the imperfect and preterit conjugations of haber (to have) followed by a past participle. In English, you use the helping verb had plus a past participle to form these tenses. The pluperfect and the preterit perfect convey past actions that are more past than others. For example, in the sentence, "After I had heard that grasshoppers were a delicacy in Mexico, I decided to try them," had heard is the past perfect verb because it happened before the speaker decided to try the crunchy critters. Even though the two tenses have different conjugations of haber in Spanish, they're translated exactly the same into English. The difference between the tenses is when you use them. Pluperfect is commonly used in conversation. Preterit perfect is commonly used in formal writing and literature.

DECIDED NOT TO INCLUDE THIS FLASHCARD WITH GRASSHOPPERS EXAMPLE ABOUT THE PRETERIT PERFECT IN SET FOR THE CHART WITH ALL THE DIFFERENT TENSES @ 3:27 AM 1/14 JANUARY @ https://quizlet.com/659141282/edit 6/7 the PAST PERFECT is a compound tense combining which has two different methods of forming in Spanish/two possible forms in Spanish that translate the same in English Spanish has two past perfect verb tenses: the pluperfect and the preterit perfect. These verb tenses use the imperfect and preterit conjugations of haber (to have) followed by a past participle. In English, you use the helping verb had plus a past participle to form these tenses. The pluperfect and the preterit perfect convey past actions that are more past than others. For example, in the sentence, "After I had heard that grasshoppers were a delicacy in Mexico, I decided to try them," had heard is the past perfect verb because it happened before the speaker decided to try the crunchy critters. Even though the two tenses have different conjugations of haber in Spanish, they're translated exactly the same into English. The difference between the tenses is when you use them. Pluperfect is commonly used in conversation. Preterit perfect is commonly used in formal writing and literature.

*UNFINISHED REPHRASING in flashcard below... 6/15 here in this flashcard JUST DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED REST OF THE INFO INTO THE SET WITH ALL THE DIFFERENT TENSES @ 11 AM:* NOTE FOR 6/15: will be completely done summarizing all PAST PERFECT/PLUPERFECT notes after finishing creating #102 quizlet set flashcards for lawlessspanish.com https://docs.google.com/document/d/11KuyVP1rBpK6xyPZ9qZb1ewPgu0_MdGsiltZhYVG04A/edit & the google doc entitled: CONFIRMED Pluperfect=past perfect tense of the indicative mood https://docs.google.com/document/d/12lD1o6VS_67P1ECXtukM_3v6xhH4EwaI_9XmdVGICUg/edit#heading=h.lju6kmm3i7eh & inserting those flashcards here into this set with all the different tenses https://quizlet.com/599262604/edit

DIRECTLY COPIED AND PASTED THIS INFO THAT RELATES TO THE "IMPLIED" PART RULE FROM A WEBSITE with no google docs notes created https://spanish.kwiziq.com/revision/grammar/using-el-pluscuamperfecto-to-indicate-that-a-past-action-happens-before-another-past-action-pluperfect Using El Pluscuamperfecto to indicate that a past action happens before another past action (pluperfect) In Spanish we can talk about a past action that happened before another past action using El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto. This can be referred to as "the past of the past". Have a look and listen to these examples: Yo había llegado a casa cuando tú me llamaste.I had arrived home when you called me. Antes de comer tú te habías lavado las manos.Before eating you had washed your hands. Habíamos oído unos disparos antes de ver al ladrón correr.We had heard some gunshots before seeing the thief run away. When both actions are expressed in the same sentence, there is a connective word that links the actions (cuando, antes de...). But sometimes the two actions are expressed in two different sentences, and it is understood by the context which action took place first. For example: Julian tuvo una entrevista de trabajo muy exitosa. Se había preparado bien porque era una gran oportunidad para él. Despite not being connected by any word, it is understood which action took place first and which after. In this case Julian prepared for it first, and then he had the interview. NOT A VERY GOOD SUMMARY REITERATING EXPLANATION BELOW COPIED DIRECTLY FROM https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-vh5qRrhSL9IQ5R0VmVvM-6w6I4S4PaDIUBNUm4tmQU/edit# @ 121spanish.com: "The past perfect tense in Spanish is used to indicate an action that happened before another one in the past. We use it to emphasize that that something happened before the another one. In English, the past perfect has two parts - often 'had' plus the past simple, eg 'John had gone to London but he got lost." The google doc entitled: CONFIRMED Pluperfect=past perfect tense of the indicative mood https://docs.google.com/document/d/12lD1o6VS_67P1ECXtukM_3v6xhH4EwaI_9XmdVGICUg/edit#heading=h.lju6kmm3i7eh El Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto is the past perfect tense of the indicative mood. It expresses an action that occurred before another action in the past: it could be called ''the past of the past'. lawlessspanish.com https://docs.google.com/document/d/11KuyVP1rBpK6xyPZ9qZb1ewPgu0_MdGsiltZhYVG04A/edit The past perfect, also called the pluperfect, is a verb tense that distinguishes between two related things that happened in the past, indicating which one occurred before the other. The use of the past perfect is very similar in Spanish and English. The past perfect is used for the verb that happened first, the one that is further in the past. The action that occurred second is usually stated with another past tense, such as the pretérito or imperfecto. Examples: Por fin había encontrado una rosa perfecta cuando comenzó a llover. (I'd finally found a perfect rose when it started to rain.) Ya había salido [cuando llamaste]. (I had already left [when you called].) Fui al mercado por la mañana; ya había ido al banco. (I went to the store this morning; I had already gone to the bank.) The second action may be stated with antes de + infinitive or antes de que + subjunctive, or the verb can even be implied with antes de + noun, as long as that noun refers to something in the past. Examples: Había terminado todo el trabajo antes de irme. [(antes de + infinitive of the verb "ir" with an indirect object pronoun "me" attached to it:) I had finished all the work before leaving.] Me había llamado antés de que fuéramos a la fiesta. [antes de que + (IMPERFECT) subjunctive (conjugation of the verb ir): He'd called me before we went to the party.] Me había llamado antés de la fiesta. [(antes de + noun that refers to something in the past:) He'd called me before the party.] It's important to understand that the past perfect is used when there is a relationship between the two verbs: the one in the past perfect led to or had some bearing on the one that came second. If you're just making a list of two things that occurred, either one after the other or at the same time, you don't need the past perfect. Examples: I finished all the work, then I left (= Terminé todo el trabajo y entonces me fui) I did the laundry and Ana mowed the lawn (= Lavé la rope y Ana cortó el césped)