P315: Chapter 5

The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be:

7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information

Unattended information is stored briefly in:

sensory memory

Information is held in _____ for 20 to 30 seconds.

short-term memory

Information in short-term memory is assumed to be coded primarily by:

sound

One basic physiological mechanism for learning is the ____ rule, which states that if a synapse between two neurons is repeatedly activated at about the same time the postsynaptic neuron fires, the chemistry of the synapse changes.

Hebb

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

It lasts about 20 seconds

conducted the partial report/whole report task studying sensory memory

Sperling

Brain surgery patient "H.M." suffered after surgery from:

an inability to form new memories of new events

Disrupting the process of long-term potentiation leads to:

disruption of learning and remembering

The suffix effect relates to which type of memory?

echoic

The recency effect is through to result from participants' use of:

either sensory or short-term memory

The _____ component of working memory is thought to be a temporary storage system that interacts with long-term memory and the other components of working memory to facilitate the transfer of information to long-term memory.

episodic buffer

t or f: Research suggests that short-term memory is searched in parallel, rather than serially

false

When we cannot retrieve information from memory, we say that _____ has occurred.

forgetting

The surgery performed on patient "H.M." involved removal of most of the:

hippocampus

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

it lasts about 20 seconds

PET scans show that verbal working memory tasks tend to activate areas in the:

left frontal lobe

Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in the fifth grade is stored in:

long-term memory

Echoic memory is thought to last:

longer than the icon, perhaps up to 20 seconds

The fact that the size of the memory set does affect search time in short-term memory suggests that:

search is a serial process

In Waugh and Norman's probe digit task:

presentation rate had no effect on performance

The calling to mind of previously stored information is known as:

retrieval

PET scan studies:

support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems

Retrieval involves:

the calling to mind of previously stored information

The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depends upon:

the central executive

The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on:

the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing

The term "retrograde amnesia" refers to:

the loss of the ability to recall old events

Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory?

the phonological loop

t or f: Our sensory memory for visual information is called iconic memory.

true

t or f: Search processes in short-term memory are exhaustive.

true

If the search of short-term memory is self-terminating, then we would expect that:

unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average

Experiments indicate that storing a string of six digits in short-term memory interferes with the ability to:

verify letter sequences, read and comprehend text, and recall recently learned material

Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory modalities?

vision and smell

You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the:

10th word

conducted a study in which participants had to memorize a sentence and mentally consider each word; when asked to do what one was a noun it was easier to point to Y or N than it was to say yes or no

Brooks (1968)

Study 3 letters (words) Count backwards by 3's Recall letters (words) - found that interference

Brown, Peterson, and Peterson (1959)

nonsense word syllables; he found that the more time he spent memorizing the first day the less he had to the next

Ebbinghaus

-It contains only visual information, not auditory -It can hold more information than can be reported -It holds information in a relatively unprocessed form -It can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following:

In the Brown-Peterson short-term memory task, recall performance was hurt most by:

a large number of interfering items

Currently, cognitive psychologists are more likely to believe that:

both decay and interference play a role in short-term memory forgetting, and some decay is actually essential to avoid catastrophic interference

Sternberg's classic work on searching for information from short-term memory indicated that the search process is:

both serial and exhaustive

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of:

directing the flow of information