P4 CH18
French Armies down
Napoleon 1812
Times of Troubles
*1604-1613* When Ivan IV died without an heir, Russia entered the Times of Troubles from 1604-1613. During this time, boyars fought for new power claims and there were Swedish and Polish attacks on Russian territory. In 1613, the boyars elected Michael Romanov as the first leader of the Romanov dynasty, ending the Times of Troubles.
Romanov Dynasty
*1613-1917* • chosen by the boyars during the Time of Troubles • Michael was first ruler
Radishev
a noble; one of first Western inspired radicals; sought abolition of serfdom and more liberal political rule; vigorously harassed by Catherine the Great's police; his writings were banned
Year in which Rusia was free from mongols
1480
Year in which Tatar sacked Moscow
1571
Date of the serf revolt lead by Stephen Razin
1670
Peter the Great's death
1724
French Revolution
1789
Pugachev rebellion
A Cossack chieftain who claimed to be the legitimate tsar, launched a rebellion against tsarist authority and promised to abolish serfdom, taxation and military conscription.
Time period between Peter I's death and the start of Catherine's rule.
After Peter died, decades of weak rule followed. Expansion continued. In 1761, Peter III (nephew of Peter's youngest daughter) reached the throne but was retarded. When he died, his wife Catherine took the throne.
Compare to Western governments, how great a role did the Russian government play in economic development?
Because of the absence of a merchant class, the Russian government played a greater role than was common in Western states.
What group did Ivan the Terrible attack as a means of furthering tsarist autocracy?
Boyars
Tsar Paul I
Catherine's son
Describe how Peter I (Peter the Great) built up an autocratic state.
He used the Russian state as a reform force, trying to show that even aristocratic habits could be modified by state decree; He freed the sate from exclusive dependence on aristocratic officials.
Describe Peter's changes in economy and culture.
His economic efforts focused on metallurgical and mining industries. Landlords were now rewarded for using serfdom which gave Russia the internal economic means to maintain a substantial military presence. Peter wanted to make Russia's culture respectable in Western eyes. He changed the appearance of the nobles imported several Western fashion fads and trends. He placed a greater emphasis on science.
Partition of Poland
In 1500 poland started to decline, it was powerful since 1386 • three separate division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, 1795 • eliminated Poland as an independent state While Poland was extremely weak, Russia made agreements with Austria and Prussia for the partition of Poland which eliminated Poland as an independent state. 18TH CENTURY - Polish nobility proved incapable of regulating own affairs. In 1763 Catherine got former lover Poniatowski on throne. Fred II concerned about extension of Russian power over Poland - diplomatically intervened and arranged first of 3 partitions. 1) 1772, Poland lost about half its territory. Prussia got Pomerelia, Russia took Byelorussia and Austria got Galicia. 2) 1793, Russia gained most of Lithuania and the western Ukraine while Prussia took area around Danzig and additional territory in western Poland. 3) 1795, after Polish national revolt under Kosciuszko the three powers undertook 3rd partition. POLAND CEASED TO EXIST AS AN INDEPENDENT STATE. PRUSSIA TOOK AREA AROUND WARSAW, AUSTRIA GAINED THE CRACOW REGION AND RUSSIA TOOK WHAT WAS LEFT OF LITHUANIA AND THE UKRAINE. POLES, LITHUANIANS, BYELORUSSIANS AND UKRAINIANS RESENTED BEING UNDER RUSSIAN DOMINATION. (Catherine only ruler to take part in all 3) The Polish government was very weak because its parliamentary system let members of the nobility veto any significant measure. 1772, 1793, 1795
How did Ivan III achieve freedom from the Mongols?
Ivan organized a strong army and blended nationalism and religion to win support for his campaigns.
What was the result of Catherine increasing the nobility's power over their serfs?
Landlords could requisition peasant labor, levy taxes in money and goods, and impose punishments for crimes. The harshness of punishments nobles could decree for their serfs increased.
What opposition occurred due to Peter's Westernization?
Many peasants resented the Westernized airs and expenses of their landlords. Some of the elite argued that Russia traditions were superior to the West's.
Describe Peter I's interest in the West and his Westernization of Russia.
Peter imitated many Western forms in Russian economy and culture. With help from the West, he was able to create the first Russian navy. Law codes were systematized and the tax system was revised. He changed the appearance of the elite and to be more respectable in Western eyes. Scientific institutions and academies were founded.
Describe Peter's changes in politics and military
Peter was an autocrat and had no interest in parliament. He imitated Western military organization and set up a secret police. He enhanced the power of the Russian state by using it as a reform force and extended an earlier policy of recruiting bureaucrats from outside aristocratic ranks. He improved the military's weaponry and created a more well-defined military hierarchy.
What were the uprisings and arguments of Radishev and Pugachev?
Radishev criticized the regime's backwardness and wanted serfdom abolished. Pugachev wanted to end serfdom, taxation, the landed aristocracy, and military conscription
Third Rome
Russia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires.
How was serfdom in eastern Europe and Russia similar in the 1600-1700s? How was it different?
Serfdom in eastern Europe and Russia was similar in that nobles maintained estate agriculture and serfs were treated harshly. Serfs in eastern Europe were taxed and policed by their landlords. In Russia, whole villages were sold as manufacturing labor.
How did Catherine expand Russia?
She resumed campaigns against the Ottoman empire, winning new territories in central Asia. She accelerated colonization in Siberia and claimed Alaska and northern California.
Ivan the Great called himself...
The autocrat of all Russias
How did the Polish governments differ from the Russian Model after 1600?
The central government was powerless
List what four characteristics about Russia and Eastern Europe last to this day
The dominance of Russia, the formation of a Eurasian Russian Empire, the capacity for change, and ambivalence toward the West.
The Duchy of Moscow
The duchy of Moscow served as the center for the liberation effort beginning in the 14th century against Mongol domination of Russia.
Serfdom
The power of the nobility over the serfs increased and more and more peasants fell into debt and had to accept servile status. The Russian gov't encouraged serfdom and soon serfs were tied to the land and serfdom became hereditary. The system of serfdom was starting to look almost like slavery.
What characteristics did Eastern Europe share with Russia?
They shared a lack of urban centers; serfdom; poor peasants; lack of a merchant class; dominance of a landed aristocracy
Alexis of Tocqueville
Writer, came from France to America in 1831. He observed democracy in government and society. His book (written in two parts in 1835 and 1840) discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals. About 1800, he likened Russia (post Cath the Grt who died, 1796), to the US as the two giants of future world history.
1649
act- born there stay there
1800
half and half -enserfed to land lords -owed comparable obligations to state
1785
law- allowed landlords to punish
Alexis Romanov
• Michael's successor • abolished assemblies of nobles (increased tsar authority), gained new powers over Russian church, exiled 'Old Believers' Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church. *died in 1633*
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) *1533-1584*
• aka Ivan the Terrible, succeeded Ivan III • placed greater emphasis on controlling tsarist autocracy and killed many boyars • printing • British merchants traded manufactured products He placed a greater emphasis on controlling the tsarist autocracy, earning his nickname by killing many of the Russian nobles who he suspected on conspiracy. Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.
Catherine II (Catherine the Great) *1762-1796*
• became empress after her husband (Peter III) died • defended monarch powers, stopped peasant uprisings, interested in Enlightenment, expanded Russia, gave new powers to nobility over serfs, patronized Western design, resumed campaigns against Ottomans Western ideas, took steps to modernize and reform Russia (Enlightenment); put limited reforms in place (more important to extend central governmental authority than Western reform), and did little to improve the lives of the Russian peasants; gave nobles absolute power over serfs because she needed the nobles' support (just crushed them in a rebellion); fought to gain access to the Black Sea against Ottoman Turks and expanded empire into Poland, Siberia, Alaska.
Ivan III (Ivan the Great) *1462-1502*
• claimed Russian throne from Rurik dynasty • aka Ivan the Great • organized strong armies, won freedom from Mongols, restored centralized rule, asserted control over all Orthodox churches, called himself tsar In the reign of Ivan III (r. 1462-1505), the process of gathering in the territories around Moscow was completed. Of the principalities the Ivan III purchased and conquered, the large, rich merchant republic of Novgorod was the most crucial. This prince of Moscow was an autocrat and tsar. This imperious conception of absolute power was powerfully reinforced by two developments. First, about 1480 Ivan III felt strong enough to stop acknowledging the khan as the supreme ruler. Second, after the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453, the tsars saw themselves as the heirs of both the Caesars and Orthodox Christianity, the one true faith. Also, he dispatched diplomatic missions to leading Western states. -kremlin
Old Belivers
• dissident religious conservatives in Russia in 1600 • exiled by Alexis Romanov to Siberia and southern Russia Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization.
Peter I (Peter the Great) *1689-1724*
• expanded Russia, interested in Westernization, suppressed revolts, autocrat, imitated Western forms, set up secret police, gained territory on Baltic Sea, created first Russian navy • wanted increased education • changed capital St. Petersburg Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models.
Michael Romanov
• first Romanov • reestablished internal order, drove out invaders, resumed expansion He was able to restore internal order and rid of foreign invaders. A successful war against Poland brought Russia part of the Ukraine. Russia's boundaries expanded to meet those of the Ottoman Empire.
Obrok
• labor obligation in 1600-1700s Russia • increased steadily Labor obligations of Russian peasants to either their aristocratic landlords or to the state; typical of increased labor burdens placed on Russian peasantry during the 18th century.
Peter III
• reached throne in 1761, was retarded • died and wife took the throne (Catherine) Husband of Catherine the Great, was mentally unstable, and was murdered by a group of Russian army officers. Whether or not Catherine was involved in the murder is unknown, but she did benefit by it as she then had the throne to herself., Withdrew from the Seven Year's War because he liked Frederick II of Prussia. This essentially stopped the war.
Peter's Secret Police
• set up to prevent to prevent dissent and to supervise the bureaucracy • paralleled earlier Chinese innovation A police force operating largely in secret and often using terror tactics to suppress dissent and political opposition, survived under different names from Peter the Great, 1690 to modern times, 1990s.