package 13

34-38 ; 2

Aerobic respiration yields ______ ATP molecules per glucose, while fermentation typically yields ______ ATP molecules per glucose.

H

As electrons travel through the electron transport chain, ----ions are pumped across the cristae into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, from a low concentration to a high concentration.

cytochrome oxidase

At the end of the electron transport chain, ______ catalyzes the transfer of electrons to O2.

mitochondrial matrix.

Due to the electron transport chain, the proton concentration is the lowest in the

O2

During aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is

converted to chemical bond energy in ATP

During chemiosmosis, energy stored in a proton gradient is:

ATP

During chemiosmosis, the energy in the form of a proton gradient is converted to chemical potential energy in----molecules.

ATP synthase

During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced by the enzyme:

the removal of high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2

During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis is coupled to:

acetaldehyde

Ethanol production by yeast results when NADH donates its electrons to _____

Yes, it can generate ATP through glycolysis.

If an organism can use only O2 as a final electron acceptor, can it generate ATP under anaerobic conditions?

O2 is reduced to H2O

In aerobic respiration:

inner mitochondrial membrane.

In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the

NAD+

In order for glycolysis to continue in the absence of cellular respiration with oxygen, which product must be regenerated?

electronegativity

In the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred to molecules with increasingly higher:

Oxidative phosphorylation

In the final stage of glucose metabolism, the high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are removed and used to produce more ATP. This process is called

carbon dioxide and ethanol

In yeast cells, fermentation regenerates NAD+ and produces which chemicals?

accept and release an electron

Many of the proteins of the electron transport chain contain prosthetic groups. These prosthetic groups commonly contain iron, which can easily:

reducing pyruvate to lactate.

Muscle cells overcome the buildup of NADH and decrease of NAD+ under anaerobic conditions by

Glycolysis

Organisms that can use only oxygen as a final electron acceptor can generate ATP via during anaerobic conditions.

Lactate Ethanol

Select all of the organic molecules that can be produced during fermentation reactions.

Fermentation

The breakdown of glucose to lactate or ethanol as a final end product is an example of

2

The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen yields 34 to 38 ATP molecules, but the breakdown of glucose to lactate or ethanol yields a net of only ----ATP molecules.

redox

The electron transport chain involves a series of ______ reactions.

pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane

The energy released during the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain is used to:

Reduced

The final step in fermentation, leading to the production of lactate or ethanol, results from pyruvate or acetaldehyde being ----by NADH.

F

The flow of electrons through the electron transport chain requires an input of energy.

F

The matrix of the mitochondrion generally has a more positive charge than the intermembrane space.

intermembrane space

The oxidation of NADH initially leads to a high concentration of protons in the:

small organic molecules protein complexes

The structural components of the electron transport chain include:

NAD+

Under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis slows due to the depletion of:

enzymes

Using the same pathway for the breakdown of sugars, amino acids, and fats makes cellular metabolism more efficient because the same ----can be used for the breakdown of many starting molecules.

NADH is oxidized to NAD+ Pyruvate is reduced to lactate.

What happens during the fermentation reactions that occur in muscle cells?

lactate

What molecule is produced during fermentation in muscle cells?

NADH to NAD+

When a muscle is working strenuously and becomes anaerobic, pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to lactate to allow the oxidation of ______ to ______.

water

When electrons are transferred to oxygen in the final step of the electron transport chain, a molecule of----is produced

NADH is oxidized and ATP is produced

Which of the following best describes the chemical reactions of oxidative phosphorylation?

CO2 NAD+ ethanol

Yeast cells can metabolize sugar under anaerobic conditions by breaking down pyruvate. Which of these are the end products of fermentation in yeast?