PAD 3003 MIDTERM

What is public administration?

"Administration": from the Latin word, administrare: to serve, to minister, to furnish a benefit, to manage affairs for others.•Public administration (PA) is concerned with the implementationof public policy; it is also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares workers for the public and, increasingly, nonprofit sectors•PA is "the management of men and materials in the accomplishment of the purposes of the state" (White 1926) "the management of public programs" (Denhardtand Grubbs 2003)•"public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action" (Appleby 1947)•"a program that prepares individuals to serve as managers in the executive arm of local, state, and federal government and that focuses on the systematic study of executive organization and management" (National Center for Education Statistics 2014)•Many differing opinions from scholars, no generally accepted definition, very broad discipline. •The field has suffered from an identity crisis because of the lack of a consistent conceptual framework

What is ethics?

"Asystemofmoralprinciples"-"Therulesofconductrecognizedinrespecttoaparticular classof human actions oraparticulargroup,culture,etc."-"Moralprinciples,asofanindividual"-"A branchofphilosophydealing withvalues relating to human conduct...relating to right or wrong" (Dictionary.com)

Government expenditures: From 1900 to 1920 the national economy grew from just under $1.5 billion (3% of GDP) to almost?

$90 billion (about 12% of GDP)

Politics-administration dichotomy

(further discussed by Goodnow): PA should be premised on a science of management and separate from traditional patisanpolitics

What is Ethics?

-A set of normative guidelines directed at resolving conflicts of interest so as to enhance societal well-being (French and Granrose, 1995)-A body of principles or standards of human conduct that govern the behavior of individuals and groups (Bottorff, 1997)•

Elton Mayo

-Human Relations Approach-Hawthorne experiment: organizations are social situations in which many things outside of just the economic needs of man were driving behavior and actions.-Understanding how the feelings, thoughts, and behavior of work-group members and mangers affect performance-The first empirical challenge to scientific management, and organizational behavior theory

Politics and Administration by Goodnow(1900)•PA should be viewed differently from politics, and should be based on a science of management

-Politics = "the will of the state" vs Administration = "the execution of that will" -The achievement of harmony between expression and execution of the state's will

Teleological vs. Deontological Reasoning

-Teleological theory: the consequences of actions are the most critical factors in determining; maximizing what is good -Deontological theory: motives and intentions as the critical factors in making decisions

Mary Parker Follett

-The giving of orders (1926)-Power with (coactive), not power over(coercive) -The essence of good human relations was creating the feeling of working with someone rather than working under someone

Four Levels of Ethics (lower to higher level)

1)Personal morality: the basic sense of right or wrong2)Professional ethics: professional norms and rules3)Organizational ethics: environment or culture that includes formal and informal rules4)Social ethics: oblige members of a given society to act in ways that both protect individuals and further the progress of the groups as a whole

what were the The central core of features characteristic of the most fully developed bureaucratic form of organization by webber?

1. The principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas ordered by rules, laws, and administrative regulations 2. The principle of office hierarchy 3. Administration based on Written document 4. division of labor5. Full working capacity of the official in the official activity 6. The duty of following general rule in the office management

Why Have Government?

1.Provide public goods not supplied by the market•e.g. national defense, criminal and civil justice, protection of precious resources, emergency response, essential services to poor2.Provide infrastructure to conduct business•Initial construction of roads and signage, public transport, utilities, channels of communication3.Set and enforce the "rules of the game" for the market4.Soften negative externalities of unregulated capitalism•Address social problems and inequities

What was the progressive reform movement?

A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States•Search for greater democratic participation by the individual and application of science to the improvement of life •Efforts to control corruption: the passage of civil service reform legislation and the creation of stronger city charters and city management system •Focuses on human conditions : women's suffrage, public education, medicine, finance, insurance...

What do Ethics Commissions do?*

Administer ethics law and code of ethics•Collect financial disclosure documents•Monitor conflict of interest, issue advisory opinion, undertake investigations•Adjudicate ethics cases, impose penalty, conduct training

•How does PA generally differ from business administration (Denhardtand Grubbs 2003)?

Ambiguity of goals•The purpose and scope of the government organization can be widespread and reaching to many.•Pluralistic decision making•In government decision setting, there are many parties and opinions that have to be considered before making a final decision.•Theses decisions take a longer period of time, as opposed to a business that can often make decisions quickly.•Visibility of managerial actions•The management team in public organizations often face more visibility and scrutiny than their counterparts of private sector businesses. àHigh TransparencyàWhy? Tax

The Public Interestinvolves questions concerning:

Are public administrators acting on the behalf of broad shared interests, or special, limited ones?

What is administrative ethics?

Basically the same thing but applied in administrative or organizational settings21

what is bureaucracy?

Bureaucracy values the group, the hierarchy, and top-down decision making•

Whistleblower Protection:(2) Ethics Commissions•Ethics Commissions (Boards)-

Consist of a bipartisan board of commissioners or directors appointed by governor and the legislature•Role: (1) Support or foster an inner check on public officials and employees(2) Establish a legal framework of external controls over errant public officials(3) Fulfill both roles and foster an ethical environment that places a premium on ethical behavior in the public service

Corruption-

Definition: Betrayal of the public trust for reasons of private interest•Different from legitimate political exchanges•Candidate for Congress says •"vote for me and I'll reduce your taxes"-political exchange•"vote for me and I'll give you $200"-Election law violation•Most common types : bribery and abuse of formal authority

Bribery-

Definition: The offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of something of value for the purpose of influencing the action of an official in the discharge of his or her public or legal duties•Most common forms of bribery are gift and money•Bribery undermines economic rights•Why does bribery happen?•The single most important cause: greed (Shafritzand Russell, 1997)

Whistleblowing

Definition:An action of exposing to the public or person (organizations) with authority about the wrongdoings within an organization•Whistleblower: an individual who believesthe public interest overrides the interests of his or her organizationand publicly blows the whistle on illegal actions, mismanagement, waste of funds, abuse of authority, or danger to the public's health or safety.

what is democracy?

Democracy values individualism, equality, and pluralistic decision making

Who is a public administrator?

Generally, public administrators are those who work in various levels of government and help to deliver public goods and services to citizens•Examples of public administrators: civil service workers, public managers in government agencies, "street-level bureaucrats" such as teachers, police officers, social workers, etc.•What about workers in the private sector? What do they work for?

what are the problems with the spoils system?

Government job appointment•Qualified or not

Machiavelli's means to end philosophy

How rulers can gain and maintain power -Fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails

What are the Three general tenets of the American democracy?

Individualism•Equity•Liberty

who were the reformers that responded to the industrial era?

Jane Addams: Problems of Municipal Administration (1904)•Frederick Taylor: Principles of Scientific Management (1916)•The Movement for Budgetary Reform in the States (1918)

Today, there is a different form of "big government"

Known as third-party government, the hollow state, the shadow bureaucracy, the blended public workforce, etc.

The Need for Administrative Ethics

Means to ends (or on the basis of economics) can be at the heart of unethical behavior•Public employees need to balance diverse and competing demands •Strait (1998): public employee must be able to work within the framework of three goals: loyalty to the organization, responsiveness to the needs of the public, and consideration for the employees own objectives and desires àethical dilemmas

What are public goods?

Non-Excludable good: Non-paying consumers cannot be prevented from accessing it•Non-Rivalrous good: A type of good that may only be possessed or consumed by many usersat the same time at no additional cost

Scientific management by Taylor?

Principles of Scientific Management (1916): Seeks one best wayto increase output by discovering the fastest, most efficient, and least fatiguing production methods -From rule-of-thumb methods to systematic, more scientific measuring individual work accomplishment;-Scientifically selecting and developing workers to ensure their role-Logical divisions of work and responsibilities-Cooperation between managers and workers

Pros of Whistleblowing

Public Safety: One of the principle reasons to blow the whistle on illegal or unethical activities is to protect the public, colleagues or others from risk.•Moral Responsibility: Blowing the whistle out of a sense of moral obligation is generally regarded as the best reason to do so.•Whistle blowing helps to establish strict professional ethics.•Whistle blowing ends long-standing wrongdoing that would have otherwise continued.•Whistle blowers often alert authorities to dangerous, unstable or detrimental situations within organizations.•From the greater transparency of organization and less abuses of authority increase employees' satisfaction, and the increased satisfaction leads better performance of the organization.13

What do public administrators do?

Public administrators deliver public services to citizens•They are obliged to achieve efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness in service delivery (Denhardtand Grubbs 2003)•They should also be concerned with justice, liberty, obedience, and the role of the state (White 1926)

What is publicness?

Publicness" is defined as a characteristic of an organization which reflects the extent the organization is influenced by political authority•encompasses not only government organizations but also nonprofits and for-profits that carry out the will of the state and delivery public goods and services•It essentially means that public is a matter of degree, not category—all organizations are public to some extent

What Are the Normative Foundations?

Regime values, constitutional theory, and founding thoughtII.Citizenship theoryIII.Social equityIV.Virtue or character-based ethicsV.The Public interest

Cons of Whistleblowing•

Retaliation: One of the primary disadvantages of blowing the whistle is the potential retaliation you face from management and colleagues.•Conflicts of Interest: For many potential whistleblowers, the conflict of interest between serving one's organization, co-workers and friends and protecting the public is very real and challenging.•Whistle blowing undermines the chain of command.•Whistleblowers might make the collapse of employee morale because whistleblowing could contaminate employees' trust in one another •The declined morale makes inefficiency of employees' work and the organization's performance

who was Jane Addams?

Settlement movement: Hull House-Problems of Municipal Administration (1905)

When should we treat people equally, and when should we treat them unequally?•

Sometimes we need to treat people differently in order to achieve fairness; requires analyzing "same-versus-different" questions31

"Publicness" vs "Government"

Special districts, private utilities, charter schools, quasi-governmental agencies, government corporations, etc. "privatizing" traditional governmental operations

what were dormant Eatons reform efforts?

Tenure•Merit system•

what is the citizenship theory?

The citizen's role in society provides the normative foundation•Public administration's role is derived from that of the citizen, thus making administrators representative, professional, fiduciary citizens •Public administrators work on behalf of the citizens•"the importance of being responsive to citizens, encouraging their participation, being accountable to them, viewing them as the locus of ultimate administrative loyalty, respecting the dignity of the individual, fostering reasoned deliberation, and encouraging civic virtue and concern for the common good (p.397)."

Virtue (or character):

This movement eschewed the rational analysis approach to ethical decision making and argued for greater emphasis on individual character and morals

What are the important similarities and differences between public and private management?

Time perspective (political calendar/market or technological development) •Duration (shorter / longer)•Performance measurement (no agreed standard/well established)•Personnel constraints (under the control of staff/ line responsibility)•Equity and efficiency •Public process vs. private process (open/internal)•Role of the media (larger/smaller impact)•Persuasion and direction (many superiors/one higher authority)•Legislative and judicial impact (large/small)•Bottom line (not clear/profit & performance & survival)

Bureaucracy and Ethics

Within the bureaucracy, individual authority and responsibility is dictated by and job description (Litwak, 1961)•With power held in the hands of few, the discretion of middle-level bureaucrats is limited •Bureaucrats tend to follow authority blindly regardless of any ethical dilemmas àAdhering to administrative ethical standards is important

who and when was the forming of PA in the United States?

Woodrow Wilson: The Study of Administration (1887)•Goodnow: Politics and Administration (1900)

Does organizational structure/culture shape administrative behavior?

Yes, it suggests that Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority, as well as Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment—rules, hierarchy, cultural norms affect organizational behavior

The Movement for Budgetary Reform in the States (1918)•3 Major "Threads": How budgets would ... by Willoughby?

advance & provide proper controls-enhance legislative and executive cooperation-ensure administrative and management efficiency

Goodnow'spolitics-administration dichotomy = important instrument for Progressive reforms

allow room for a new criterion for public action: professionalization, expertise, & merit values -Wilson and Goodnow'sdichotomy became a fundamental element in pre WWII administrative thinking-Politics-administration dichotomy: PA= a self-conscious field of study

what are the main regime values?

freedom, equality, and property

Taylor believed that the introduction of scientific management into all business would result in?

higher production, no labor strikes -a better relationship between labor and management → increase efficiency.

An example of competing demands:

law enforcement officers: doing paper work vs. providing a rapid response to citizens

what was the major content of scientific management by Taylor?

maximization of efficiency through studies of -employees' times and motions, standardization of tools, task management, and differential-piece-rate system

How Do Ethical Norms Fit into a Global Context?

•Is there a "global administrative ethic," or are administrative ethics nation-specific? •Such values could be self-determination, freedom, honesty, trust, stability, transparency, market economies, open democracy, etc. •Perhaps international treaties, pacts, agreements, conventions, etc. suggest that there is a global public ethic•In the interdependent world, aspiring to democracy and market economies, stable governments are achieved by upholding self-determination of the citizens of each nation and honesty in domestic and international affairs because these help build trust•ex) Transparency and Social Equity

Social equity-

•Suggests that justice is the central organizing principle of government•Advocated that government should actively address social equity issues such as discrimination and unequal access to policymaking