PAD4890: Homeland Security

Frozen Conflicts

1) Armed conflict has ended, but no peace treaty or political resolution has resolved the tensions to the satisfaction of the different sides(1) Russia: 1) Russia is responsible for ALL internationally recognized 'frozen conflicts' that began since the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991 - Sovereign nations affected represent 1/3 of countries previously part of the USSR: (Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia) 2) Russia's response has been to send 'peacekeepers', but then remain in the region and 'stoke the fire' - Moscow's pretext and justification is the need to 'protect' it's compatriots—ethnic Russians and Russian speakers (1) - It all begins innocently, with attempts to appeal to the geographically conflicted locals by citing common values, the Orthodox Church, culture —leads to handing out Russian citizenship/passports(2) 3) Internal sovereignty is achieved, but external sovereignty is not—no international recognition. 4) The United States and NATO respect the sovereignty of all states affected

Top 6 security threats

1) Catastrophic Terrorist Attack - athrax, RED, port facilities, improvised nuclear devices 2) Proliferation of WMD and North Korea - 3) Regional Instability 4) Cyber Attack on Critical Infrastructure 5) Transnational Organized Crime 6) Complex Catastrophic Disaster

Dimensions of Homeland Security Challenges

(The first is the United States borders, italic is Europe's) 1) 7,500/2,500 mi. Land Borders 2) 9,000/55,000 mi. Coastline 3) 400/450 International Airports 4) 500 Million Entries to the U.S. each year 5) 87,000 Government Units in the U.S. 6) 750,000/2 million Law Enforcement Officers 7) 16M Shipping Containers enter/leave U.S. each year (most important, we only check about 18% percent of them)

Mutual Security Objectives

- Develop a shared perspective of the threats and challenges we face in the world - Gain a mutual understanding of the range of Transnational Security tasks - Develop a common vocabulary for critical security concepts

Department of Homeland Security:

- Office of Homeland Security created by Executive Order in October, 2001. -Ordered to coordinate all 'homeland security' measures and programs. Goal: Protect the United States and its territories (including protectorates) from and respond to terrorist attacks, man-made accidents, and natural disasters. - Homeland Security Act of 2002 creates a new cabinet level department - the Department of Homeland Security. - DHS stands up as operational in March, 2003 Where the Department of Defense is charged with military actions abroad, the Department of Homeland Security works in the civilian sphere to protect the United States within, at, and outside its borders

DHS Mission Statement

- We will lead the unified national effort to secure America. - We will prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the Nation. - We will secure our national borders while welcoming lawful immigrants, visitors, and trade."

Department of Homeland Security

1) "This Department of Homeland Security's overriding and urgent mission is to lead the unified national effort to secure the country and preserve our freedoms. 2) While the Department was created to secure our country against those who seek to disrupt the American way of life, our charter also includes preparation for and response to all hazards and disasters. 3) The citizens of the United States must have the utmost confidence that the Department can execute both of these missions."

What is Homeland Security?

1) "freedom from danger, risk, etc." 2) "freedom from care, anxiety, or doubt" 3) The term requires context - Home security, financial security, job security, information security, National security - Homeland Security is an umbrella concept that includes law enforcement, intelligence, physical security, and coordination activities.

Catastrophe

Any natural or manmade incident, including terrorism, that results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage, or disruption severely affecting the population, infrastructure, environment, economy, national morale, and/or government functions.

Hybrid warefare:

Hybrid warfare is a military strategy that blends conventional warfare, irregular warfare and cyberwarfare.[1] In addition, hybrid warfare is used to describe attacks by nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, improvised explosive devices and information warfare.[2] This approach to conflicts, is a potent, complex variation of warfare.[3] Hybrid warfare can be used to describe the flexible and complex dynamics of the battlespace requiring a highly adaptable and resilient response.[ What we see in Russia now, in this hybrid approach to war, is to use all the tools they have ... to stir up problems they can then begin to exploit through their military tool," said Breedlove, NATO's supreme allied commander. Irregular warfare, Informal aggression, cyber.

Preparedness

Mitigation deals with possibilities while preparedness deals with certainties We put up storm shutters because we may get hit by a hurricane at some point (mitigation); we open shelters because we know (within reasonable doubt) that a hurricane will hit us very soon If a known public health threat is looming, like a novel virus coming out of Asia, governments can begin stockpiling equipment like respirators

Steps for Preventing such a crisis

Mitigation: Increased funding for border security. Having adequate immigration centers in place (potential costs?) Preparedness: Having adequate supplies (food, blankets, clothing) for the influx of immigrants. Response: Public Information Campaigns from DHS to discourage parents from sending children to the U.S. (Could also be mitigation if deployed before the crisis) Recovery: Providing aid money to strengthen Central American institutions so less people will have to flee to the U.S. Prevention:

Emergency Managemnt is the

Organized process to analyze plan, make decision and assign available resources to mitigate, prepare for, respond to and recover from the effects of all hazards

Other Threats

Pandemics Use of Energy as a Weapon Nuclear Power Plant Catastrophe Frozen Conflicts Hybrid Warfare Radical jihadists Infiltrating Syrian Refugee Migration

Radical Jihadists among Syrian Refugees

Syrian refugees are citizens and permanent residents of Syria who have fled the country since the onset of the Syrian Civil Warin 2011. As of February 2016, the United Nations (UN) has identified 13.5 million Syrians requiring humanitarian assistance, of which 6.6 million are internally displaced within Syria, and over 4.8 million are refugees outside of Syria.[2] Turkey is the largest host country with over 2.7 million Syrian refugees.[3][28][29] Assistance to internally displaced persons (IDPs) within Syria, and Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries, is coordinated largely through the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Close to 1 million Syrians have requested asylum in various countries, particularly Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, and the European Union (EU).[1][8] To February 2016, pledges have been made to the UNHCR, by various nations, to permanently resettle 170,000 registered refugees.[30] 1 in 50 Syrian refugees in Europe could be an Isis jihadist, minister warns David Cameron Mr Saab said he had no firm information on terrorist infiltration of refugees, but said his 'gut feeling' told him it was happening

Emergency Support Functions

The ESF is a mechanism that consolidates multiple agencies that perform similar or like functions into a single, cohesive unit to allow for the better management of emergency response functions For example, many different state and local agencies have sworn law enforcement officers. Under the ESF concept, these law enforcement agencies all function as one under ESF 16

Unified Command

The UC is a structure that brings together the "Incident Commanders" of all major organizations involved in the incident in order to coordinate an effective response while at the same time carrying out their own jurisdictional responsibilities UC may be used whenever multiple jurisdictions are involved in a response effort. These jurisdictions could be represented by: Geographic boundaries (such as two states, Indian Tribal Land) Governmental levels (such as local, state, federal) Functional responsibilities (such as fire fighting, oil spill, Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Statutory responsibilities (such as federal land or resource managers, responsible party under OPA or CERCLA) Some combination of the above In addition, UC representatives must also be able to: - Agree on common incident objectives and priorities; - Have the capability to sustain a 24-hour-a-day, 7-day-a-week commitment to the incident; - Have the authority to commit agency or company resources to the incident; - Have the authority to spend agency or company funds; - Agree on an incident response organization; - Agree on the appropriate Command and General Staff position assignments to ensure clear direction for on-scene tactical resources; - Commit to speak with "one voice" through the Information Officer or Joint Information Center (JIC), if established; - Agree on logistical support procedures; and - Agree on cost-sharing procedures, as appropriate.

Mitigation

This is basically addressing potential hazards before they turn into emergencies or disasters to either prevent or decreasing their impact Storm shutters, earthquake resistant construction, and the presence of a levee would all be examples In public health, the perfect example is annual flu shots. These are given out to mitigate against the seasonal flu by lessening the number of people who get sick (decreasing the impact)

The Goals of Emergency Management are

To save lives prevent injury protect property and the environment in case an emergency occurs

Other Declaration Response patterns around the world

Top down - Opposite of bottom up, Federal national authorites immeidiately assume operation control and or athoirty Confused - Mix of the two, different agencies at different lvels working at odds with one another

Ukraines Territories, Occupied By Russia And Pro- Russian Militants

Total area of Occupied Territories 47 000 km@ - 12.9% of Ukrains Territory Sovereignty - Ukraine and Moldova are restricting Russia military access to the breakaway territory of Transnistria where Russia maintains about 1500 peacekeepers

Emergency Vs disaster

1) Emergency ...a dangerous event that can usually be managed at the local level 2) Disaster ...a dangerous event that causes significant human and economic loss, and demands a crisis response beyond the scope of any single agency or jurisdiction Think of an emergency like a car accident or a house fire. These events can be handled entirely by local responders and hospitals without them being overwhelmed. Disasters impact an area so much that they can't respond on their own. Disasters we can see coming like Hurricanes give us a chance to stage resources and make response plans so local responders will have help before the event and will receive help faster after the event. However, disasters that we can't see coming like an earthquake or tornado will require the local responders to deal with the disaster long before outside aid is available. The city of Tallahassee, and Leon county, don't have the resources to respond to a hurricane hitting us. It's not a failure of our local emergency managers or leaders, no one local area is capable of responding to something so big. There is a classic saying in EM that "All disasters are local". This means that disasters are felt at the local level and are initially handled at the local level as well. State and federal aid may eventually arrive but local responders are the first on-scene and may be the only ones on scene for a while. We'll cover that more later. Now, here's the strangeness. Your emergency managers (regardless of what level of government) don't respond to emergencies. They are not activated for a house fire or car accident. Emergency managers plan for, and respond to, disasters. So why do we call them emergency managers? The field is old and has gone through a lot of changes (here's where the students who have taken Foundations start groaning at the generalizations) but suffice to say the words changed but the name of the field didn't.

Dangers for the Rule of Law

1) Greater security presence; increased police powers 2) Restrictions on certain activities 3) Restrictions on civil liberties 4) Increased scrutiny of foreigners 5) Changes in expectations of privacy

HAzard

1) Hazard - a dangerous event or circumstance that has the potential to lead to an emergency or disaster 2) Hazardous materials are chemical substances, which if released or misused can pose a threat to the environment or health - Natural hazards - caused by natural events - Technological hazards - caused by tools, machines, and substances Always caused by man Hazards are everywhere. Natural hazards include flooding, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, etc. - In Public Health natural hazards can fall largely into two categories: Bad places to live and diseases. Living in areas with little or stagnant water, areas with many disease vector animals (mosquitos, mice), living close to sewage, etc. Diseases are by far the most dangerous in today's world. All the variations of the flu, HIV/AIDS, and STDs are all contagious diseases that kill thousands of people every year in the US alone. Diseases can also include things like cardio-vascular issues, diabetes, smoking-related illnesses, and cancer which are not contagious but affect millions of people in the US. Regardless of how you categorize them the solutions are the same, don't' smoke, use a condom, and don't eat a lot of fatty crap (if only it was that easy). -Technological hazards are those caused by man or technology. Explosions (like West, TX in April 2013), electrocutions from power lines, and terrorism are all technological hazards in EM. The release of chemicals from storage tanks or contamination of drinking water through sewage lines would be examples of Public Heath technological hazards. You could make the semantic argument that things like cigarettes and wide-spread obesity are not natural but the categorization is not incredibly important. -Technological PH hazard in the Tianjin warehouse explosion which contained 700 tons of sodium cyanide, which becomes toxic when mixed with water. This was made all the more dangerous because the warehouse was in violation of zoning restrictions on where toxic chemicals could be stored.

Incident Command System (ICS)

1) ICS is a standardized on-scene incident management concept designed specifically to allow responders to adopt an integrated, organizational structure equal to the complexity and demands of any single incident or multiple incidents without being hindered by jurisdictional boundaries 2) ICS is a consistent framework for field operations - ALL responders and emergency managers know it - EVERY RESPONSE IN AMERICA HAS ON SCENE ICS! ICS is a framework for how to respond to emergencies or disasters. Who is in charge of the scene and who is responsible to different areas of response? The incident commander is in charge and it trickles down from there into FLOP In the early 1970s, ICS was developed to manage rapidly moving wildfires and to address the following problems: Too many people reporting to one supervisor; Different emergency response organizational structures; Lack of reliable incident information; Inadequate and incompatible communications; Lack of structure for coordinated planning among agencies; Unclear lines of authority; Terminology differences among agencies; and Unclear or unspecified incident objectives.

Free societies are what?

1) Inherently at risk; their strengths can be employed against them 2) High probability of weapon of mass disruption attack in next decade (chemical, biological, radiological) 3) Second and Third-order effects of attacks and disasters difficult to estimate and plan for $) 100% defense not possible—but necessary

Critical Mission Sets and Challenges for transnational security

1) Intelligence and Information Sharing - Sharing info with other countries, no matter what 2) Border & Transportation Security 3) Maritime Security 4) Disaster Relief 5) Counter-terrorism - No borders for this 6) Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) 7) Defense against Catastrophic Threats 8) Emergency Preparedness & Response

Europeans Perspectives on Terrorism:

1) No "United States of Europe" 2) Long experience with national terrorist groups 3) Large numbers of non-assimilated minorities 4) Essentially viewed as a law enforcement issue 5) Threat-based approach—deal with emergent threats 6) No EU Ministry of Interior; still national focus

Prevention

1) Not a traditional phase in EM because you can't prevent disasters from ever happening - You can't stop hurricanes from forming, but you can prevent their impact - Examples include relocating entire communities - No insurance for barrier island homes (and no recovery $) 2) In the Public Health field there exists the possibility of eliminating a disease from human populations - Smallpox is the only human disease that has been eradicated, declared by the WHO in 1980 - Other diseases are close: Polio (359 in 2014) and Guinea Worm (126 in 2014) should be gone soon. Many regional eradications including malaria, yaws, rubella, hookworm, and vCJD/(Mad Cow in humans)

Strategy for Homeland Security:

1) Prevent and Prepare for attacks and incidents 2) Protect and Reduce vulnerability to attacks and incidents 3) Respond to and Minimize damage 4) Recover from attacks and incidents that occur and Reinforce

Schengen Agreement

1) Signed in Schengen, Luxembourg on 14 June, 1985—fully implemented in 1995 2) Allows for the free movement of people, trains, trucks and things that go! 3) No passport/visa checks at member states' borders 4) Under intense scrutiny EVEN WHILE WE SPEAK due to the migration crisis The Schengen Agreement led to the creation of Europe's borderless Schengen Area. The treaty was signed on 14 June 1985 by five of the ten member states of the then European Economic Community near the town of Schengen in Luxembourg but was only partially implemented until 1995. It proposed the gradual abolition of border checks at the signatories' common borders. Measures proposed included reduced speed vehicle checks which allowed vehicles to cross borders without stopping, allowing residents in border areas freedom to cross borders away from fixed checkpoints and the harmonization of visa policies.[1] In 1990 the Agreement was supplemented by the Schengen Convention which proposed the abolition of internal border controls and a common visa policy. The Schengen Area operates very much like a single state for international travel purposes with external border controls for travellers entering and exiting the area, and common visas, but with no internal border controls. It currently consists of 26 European countries covering a population of over 400 million people and an area of 4,312,099 square kilometers (1,664,911 sq mi).[2] Prior to 1999, the Schengen treaties and the rules adopted under them operated independently from the European Union; however, the Amsterdam Treaty incorporated them into European Union law, while providing opt-outs for the only two EU member states which had remained outside the Area: Ireland and the United Kingdom. Schengen is now a core part of EU law and all EU member states without an opt-out which have not already joined the Schengen Area are legally obliged to do so when technical requirements have been met. Several non-EU countries are also included in the area.

International Actions After 2014

1) The NATO - Russia Council in Brussels is dissolved - Civilian and Military Cooperation has ceased - Agreement still in force - still functioning in a limited manner with occasional talks 2) G-7 member states decided that Russia is no longer welcome because meaningful discussion would not be possible with Russia at the table 3) U.S. - Russia security cooperation programs canceled, permanently impacted: - Russian exercises in violation of Vienna Documents by not inviting observers. No transparency - Joint Staff Talks - Naval Ship Visits - Military Exercises and Exchanges - Security Assistance and Defense Education

Reorganizations

1) The US Coast Guard moved from the Department of Transportation into DHS 2) The US Secret Service moved from the Department of the Treasury into DHS 3) The Federal Emergency Management Agency moved from a stand alone organization into DHS 4) The Transportation Security Administration moved from the Department of Transportation into DHS 1) US Customs and Border Protection (DHS) is comprised of: - US Customs Service (Treasury) - Immigration and Naturalization Service (Justice) - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (Agriculture) 2) US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (DHS) is comprised of: - US Customs Service (Treasury) - Immigration and Naturalization Service (Justice) 3) US Citizenship and Immigration Services (DHS) is comprised of: - Immigration and Naturalization Service (Justice)

U.S. Perspective on Terrorism

1) Unitary state 2) Little pre-9/11 experience with domestic terrorism 3) Concern with catastrophic terrorism 4) All tools of national security brought to bear 5) Capabilities-based approach; not wait for threat to emerge 6) Offensive effort; defense must be perfect

DHS 5 mission areas

1. Prevent terrorism and enhance security Law enforcement, International coordination, Aviation security, Chemical and infrastructure security, Information sharing and dissemination 2. Secure and manage our borders Transportation, ports, air, sea, land, trade and travel 3. Enforce and administer our immigration laws Identification and removal of criminal aliens who impose a threat to safety 4. Safeguard and secure cyberspace Personal and business resources, public outreach, information sharing and dissemination, Training and exercises 5. Ensure resilience to disasters Communications, Disaster Preparedness, Recovery, Response, Public outreach, Exercises, Training and technical assistance

Port of Los Angeles:

7.9 million containers arrived, 9/11 act they all should have been inspected but really only about 5% 4% were expected

Remember, all disasters are local. The US is very heavy on local and state's rights so disaster declarations don't start at the federal level. The locals will first go to the state asking for aid or assistance and the governor will declare a state disaster if needed. This declaration frees up resources and initiates processes to help the locals. If the state is overwhelmed they will request assistance from the federal government. FEMA will review the request and give its recommendations to the President who then may chose to declare a federal disaster. These disaster declarations are limited to certain geographical areas (Maine can't get aid for a FL hurricane), types of assistance, and timing. These declarations can be made ahead of an oncoming disaster (cat-5 hurricane clearly going to hit FL) so resources can be used to open shelters and do last minute preparations. Also, this allows for resources to be staged right outside of the affected area so they can quickly move in once the event is over. Keep in mind this means that FEMA and the federal government can only respond if the governor requests their aid. During Katrina the governor of LA resisted activating federal aid before the storm and for a time afterwards. This delay is why FEMA needed time to effectively respond as they weren't allow to activate and stage resources because the state would not declare a disaster. No one is saying their response was perfect, but it takes time to get resources moving and they weren't allowed to start the process until the governor formally requested aid.

Bottom Up- Normal Declaration

Response

Just as it sounds this stage is responding to the immediate danger presented by emergency or disaster Putting out a burning fire and treating any wounded is responding to a fire, rebuilding the house is not. In large disasters the response and recovery stages can blend together

Triple E Maerk Line Container ship:

Largest in the world and the most efficient

Recovery

Sometimes this is labeled as "getting back to normal" but that is a bit disingenuous After a disaster it will be impossible to get things back to the way they were. Homes are destroyed, people are dead or injured, economies are in shambles, and whole systems may need to be replaced Better to think of it as "getting back to everyday life" People are living without the disaster dictating how they live This stage can take years, and decades, depending on how major the disaster was Are there people still living with the effects of Katrina?

Case Study 2014

Why? What fueled this surge? A study by the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees found that 58 percent of the unaccompanied children are motivated by safety concerns, fearing conditions back home. Their home countries have been racked by gang violence, fueled by the drug trade. "Salvadoran and Honduran children ... come from extremely violent regions where they probably perceive the risk of traveling alone to the U.S. preferable to remaining at home." For many, the prospect of reuniting with family members in the U.S. is also a powerful motivating force. Central American families may have been misled by rumors — often spread by profit-seeking smugglers — that their children will readily be reunited with relatives already in the U.S. **Republicans argue that the president's 2012 decision (Dream Act) not to deport so-called dreamers — young adults brought to the country illegally as children — has led more families to hope for similar treatment. Should the government have seen this coming? Yes! Federal agencies noticed an uptick in minors crossing the border The same agencies have also realized those "children present unique operational challenges" for Border Patrol and Health and Human Services. The administration was also aware that it couldn't simply deport them. How did/could the government respond? U.S. policy allows Mexican child migrants to be sent back quickly across the border. However, under a 2008 law meant to combat child trafficking, the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act, children from Central America must be given a court hearing before they are deported (or allowed to stay). Faced with an obvious need for emergency funding and legislative tweaking to handle the migrants already here and deter others from following, Democrats and Republicans responded by scrambling for political advantage and cover.