Pancreas

Pancreatic cancer is the ___th leading cause of death from cancer in the US.

4

Clinical findings of this condition includes fever, chills, pain, tenderness, and elevated white blood cell count.

Pancreatic abscess

One of the most frequent complications of pancreatitis is pseudocyst formation. Uncomplicated pseudocyst are usually: a. anechoic with smooth walls and good ultrasound transmission distally b. echogenic with smooth walls and poor ultrasound transmission distally c. echogenic with irregular walls and good ultrasound transmission distally

a

The most common cause of pancreatitis in female adults in the US is: a. biliary tract disease b. alcohol abuse c. trauma

a

Usually aspiration is necessary with pancreatic _____________.

abscesses

Clinical findings include: epigastric pain which may radiate to back, epigastric tenderness, nausea, vomiting, and fever

acute pancreatitis

Pancreatic abscess are related to the severity of __________________.

acute pancreatitis

Most common malignant tumor of the pancreas

adenocarcinoma

Malignant tumors of the pancreas

adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma

Solid benign mass

adenoma

What are the benign tumors of the pancreas?

adenoma, cystadenoma

Most common cause of acute pancreatitis in MEN

alcohol abuse

With acute pancreatitis, which lab result will increase first, lipase or amylase?

amylase

With pancreatic pseudocysts, which lab results usually elevate?

amylase

Variant of the pancreas in which the pancreas may completely surround descending duodenum with constriction or even obstruction of duodenum.

annular pancreas

The stomach is _____________ to the body and tail of the pancreas.

anterior

Pseudocysts most commonly specifically occur where on the pancreas?

anterior to tail

Chronic pancreatitis is most often caused by: a. cholelithiasis b. ETOH abuse c. trauma d. choledocholelithiasis

b

The most frequent benign tumor of the pancreas is a. adenoma b. islet cell tumor c. cystadenoma

b

3 types of Islets of langerhans cells

beta, alpha, delta

Islets of Langerhans cells secrete products into

bloodstream

Insulinomas are usually found in the _________________ of the pancreas.

body and tail

The splenic artery supplies ___________________ of the pancreas

body and tail

Cystadenocarcinoma typically is located within the _______ & _______ of pancreas.

body, tail

Cystadenomas in the pancreas are usually found in the _________ & _______ of the pancreas.

body, tail

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas are most often located within which part of the pancreas? a. uncinate process andneck b. head and neck c. body and tail d. funds and neck

c

What is the relationship of the splenic vein to the pancreas? a. superior b. anteromedial c. posterior and caudal d. inferior and anterior e. ventral

c

Which of the following is the most common islet cell tumor? a. granuloma b. gastrinoma c. insulinoma d. cystadenoma

c

Lymph nodes can mimic

cancer

Amylase digests

carbohydrates

Progressive irreversible destruction of the pancreas

chronic pancreatitis

Sonographic appearance of this condition includes an irregular lobulated outline, dilated ducts, and calcifications of the pancreas.

chronic pancreatitis

Cystadenocarcinoma is mostly _________

cystic

Genetic disease that is characterized by an increased secretion of sticky mucous

cystic fibrosis

All of the following are clinical findings associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma EXCEPT: a. epigastric pain b. weight loss c. jaundice d. decreased amylase and lipase

d

The lab results of a hemorrhagic pancreas will show

decreased hematocrit

A person suffering from chronic pancreatitis will have a pancreas that is _____________ in size and ___________ in echogenicity.

decreased; increased

Acinar secrete products into

digestive system

With carcinoma, the CBD and pancreatic duct may be

dilated/obstructed

Adenocarcinoma can commonly invade _______ and __________ system.

duodenum; lymphatic

The ____crine function of the pancreas secretes hormones

endo

Islet of Langerhans cells are part of which function of the pancreas?

endocrine

2 functions of pancreas

endocrine, exocrine

Regions in which the pancreas is located

epigastric and left hypochondrium

The _________crine function of the pancreas allows it to secrete enzymes

exo

Acinar cells are part of which function of the pancreas?

exocrine

Lipase digests

fat

Why does the echogenicity of the pancreas increase with age?

fat infiltration

2nd most common islet cell tumor

gastrinoma

Symptoms of this are due to excessive gastrin secretion: peptic ulcer disease, secretory diarrhea.

gastrinoma

alpha cells produce

glucagon

80% of pancreatic carcinoma cases are located in the _______ of the pancreas.

head

Acute pancreatitis may be focal or diffuse. Most common location for focal pancreatitis to occur is

head

Adenocarcinoma commonly affects which part of the pancreas?

head

Most malignancies of the pancreas arise in the

head

The duodenum loops around ___________ of pancreas.

head

The gastroduodenal artery (GDA) supplies ___________ of the pancreas.

head

The superior mesenteric artery supplies ____________ of the pancreas.

head

True cysts are commonly found in __________ & __________ of the pancreas

head and body

Inflammation and bleeding of pancreas which can occur as a sudden diffuse, enzymatic destruction of the pancreas cause by enzyme escape into parenchyma

hemorrhagic pancreas

With acute pancreatitis, the pancreas is ______________ in size, and will have ____________ echogenicity.

increased; decreased

The transverse colon is _________ to the pancreas.

inferior

Beta cells produce

insulin

Most common benign tumor of the pancreas (specific)

insulinoma

Tumor of the pancreas that produces excessive amounts of insulin

insulinoma

The pancreatic tail is a (n) _____________peritoneal.

intra

More than 90% of pancreatic cancers appear in the _______ stage of the disease.

later

The spleen is _________ to the tail of the pancreas.

lateral

The echogenicity of the pancreas in a younger person is ________________ than an older person.

less

Pancreatic pseudocysts are commonly found in the

lesser sac

The pancreas secretes juice that contains 3 classes of digestive enzymes. These classes of enzymes include:

lipase, amylase, typsin

Causes of chronic pancreatitis include

long term alcohol abuse, biliary disease, and recurring acute pancreatitis

Most gastronomes are _____________-

malignant

Is the pancreas encapsulated?

no

Those diagnosed with cystic fibrosis are at risk for

obstruction of ducts

Biliary tract disease, alcohol abuse, trauma, perforated peptic ulcer are causes of acute pancreatitis which usually affects __________ people.

older

A _________________________ encloses active inflammation

pancreatic pseudocyst

Inflammation of the pancreas

pancreatitis

The pancreas lies ______________ to the stomach

posterior

The splenic vein is ____________ to the pancreas

posterior

The uncinate process is ___________ to the mesenteric vessels.

posterior

The duct of Wirsung is known as

primary duct

Which pancreatic duct joins with the CBD?

primary duct

Typsin, chymotrypsin, and caboxypeptidase digests

proteins

A splenic artery aneurysm can simulate

pseudocyst

Complications of chronic pancreatitis includes

pseudocyst, thrombosis of surrounding veins

Acute pancreatitis may clear completely or recur. Some complications include

pseudocysts, abscesses, and cbd obstruction

The pancreas is a ________peritoneal organ except for the tail

retro

The duct of Santorini is known as

secondary or accessory pancreatic duct

Cystadenocarcinoma is rare and grows _______.

slowly

The secondary pancreatic duct drains

small portion of the head and body

Veins that drain the pancreas

smv, splenic vein

delta cells produce

somatostatin

Portion of the pancreas in which projects into the splenorenal ligament towards the hilum of the spleen.

tail

The primary pancreatic duct courses where?

the entire length of the pancreas

Courvoisier's gallbladder typically occurs when

there is a mass in the pancreatic head

Pancreatic cysts may be ______ or _____________.

true; pseudocysts

A triangular extension of the pancreatic head

uncinate process

Cystadenomas of the pancreas typically affect

women

Infectious agents, hereditary, and congenital are causes of acute pancreatitis in ____________ people.

younger