PARASITIC INFECTIONS

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI (LIFE CYCLE Stages 1- 4)

**Gets in through your nose & goes to your brain) 1) Cyst 2) Trophozoite (Infective Stage) 3) Flagellated Form 4) Promitosis **Water-related activities such as swimming underwater, diving, or other water sports can result in water going up your nose

CHAGAS DISEASE (Death)

-Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia) may cause sudden death -Once heart failure develops, death usually occurs within several years

CHAGAS DISEASE (Prognosis)

-About 30% of infected people who are not treated will develop chronic or symptomatic Chagas disease -It may take more than 20 years from the time of the original infection to develop heart or digestive problems

CHAGAS DISEASE (-aka-/Found)

-Also known as American Trypanosomiasis -It is common in South & Central America

ROUNDWORM (Nematoda) Ascaris Lumbricoides (Most common Roundworm) (FOUND WHERE/AREA??)

-Ascariasis or roundworm infection of the intestines -Common throughout the world in both Temperate & Tropical areas where sanitation & hygiene are poor -In those areas, everyone may be harboring the parasite that causes the infection

TRICHINOSIS (Roundworm) (MORE Dangerous) (Why uncommon today?)

-Because many states have adopted laws requiring that all garbage fed to hogs be sterilized, fewer people get trichinosis today -Although trichinosis is very uncommon in the U.S. today, it is found occasionally in rural areas

TAPEWORM (Cestoda) (2 most common)

-Beef Tapeworm (Taenia Saginata) - Has suction cups -Pork Tapeworm (Taenia Solium) - Has hooks

MALARIA (CDC)

-CDC estimates there are 300-500 million cases each year -More than 2 million people die -This disease kills more people worldwide each year than any other disease

CHAGAS DISEASE (Complications)

-Cardiomyopathy - Heart muscle damage -Enlargement of the colon (megacolon) -Enlargement of the esophagus (medaesophagus) w/ swallowing difficulty -Heart Disease -Heart Failure -Malnutrition

CHAGAS DISEASE (Caused by)

-Caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasite related to the African trypanosome that causes sleeping sickness

MALARIA (Caused by)

-Caused by a parasite: -Plasmodium Falciparum -Plasmodium Vivax -Plasmodium Ovale -Plasmodium Malariae

STRONGYLOIDIASIS (Is a parasitic disease) (Caused by)

-Caused by a parasitic roundworm called Strongyloides Stercoralis that mainly infects humans

TRICHINOSIS (Roundworm) (MORE Dangerous) (Caused by/Live in the body?)

-Caused by the larvae (immature form) of a highly versatile parasitic roundworm, Trichinella Spiralis -The larvae encyst in the muscle fibers, where they can live a long time

GIARDIASIS (Human infection/Contamination?)

-Chief pathways of human infection include ingestion of untreated sewage, a phenomenon particularly common in many developing countries; -Contamination of natural waters also occurs in watersheds where intensive grazing occurs

GIARDIASIS (Infection name?/Resembles?)

-Common name for infection w/ Gardia is "Beaver Fever" -If the organism is split & stained, is has a very characteristic pattern that resembles a familiar "Smiley face" symbol

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI (Referred to as/What it is-size)

-Commonly referred to as the "Brain-eating Amoeba" or "Brain-eating Ameba" -Is a free-living microscopic ameba

PINWORM (Very Common) (Diagnosis)

-Done by simply finding the eggs -Most common way to collect the eggs involves swabbing the anal area w/ the sticky side of a piece of transparent cellophane tape (Graham's Scotch Tape Test). -Tape is then put on a slide & looked at for the eggs under a microscope

PINWORM (Very Common) (Transmission-Eggs are also found in?)

-Eggs also may be scattered into the air from bed linen & articles of clothing -They are capable of clinging to surfaces such as bedding, clothing, toys, doorknobs, furniture & faucets for up to 2 weeks

INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS (Causes/Invades/Infection)

-Entamoeba histolytica can live in the large intestine without causing disease -Sometimes, it invades the colon wall, causing colitis, acute dysentery, or chronic diarrhea -Infection can also spread through the blood to the liver & rarely to the lungs, brain or other organs

INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS (Spreads)

-Entamoeba histolytica is spread through food or water contaminated w/ stools -This contamination is common when human waste is used as fertilizer -It can also be spread from person to person--particularly by contact w/ the mouth or rectal area of an infected person

PINWORM (Very Common)

-Enterobius Vermicularis -In the U.S. pinworm infection or enterobiasis, is the most common of all parasitic round worm infections

PINWORM (Very Common) (Transmission-Where eggs are deposited)

-Female deposits her eggs in the area around the anus -One can be exposed to the infective eggs by scratching the contaminated area -Eggs then attach to the fingertips & from there go into the mouth -When swallowed, eggs travel to the intestines

GIARDIASIS (Synonymous for/Colonizes/Produces?)

-Giardia Lamblia, synonymous with: -Giardia Intestinalis -Lamblia Intestinalis -Giardia duodenalis -Is a flagellated protozoan parasite that colonizes & produces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis.

GIARDIASIS (Protected by/Found where?)

-Giardia is protected by an outer shell that allows it to survive outside the body for long periods of time & makes it tolerant to chlorine disinfection (Found in Russia/Colorado-- In the snow)

GIARDIASIS (Absorbs?)

-Giardia trophozoites absorbs their nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine -And are Anaerobes

ROUNDWORM (Nematoda/Nematodes) (Body make-up)

-Group of invertebrates (animals having no backbone) with long, round bodies. -Range in size from those that can be seen by the naked eye to those several hundredths of an inch long that can only be seen under a microscope

HOOKWORM (Very Common)

-Hookworm disease is one of the most common parasitic roundworm infections of the intestines.

ASCARIASIS (Roundworm) (Transmission)

-If one swallows infective eggs, they pass into the intestines where they hatch into larvae & begin journey through the body

ROUNDWORM (Nematoda/Nematodes) (Trichinosis)

-In Trichinosis, it is the movement of the larvae through the body from the intestines & their encystment (becoming enclosed in a capsule) in muscle tissue that creates serious problems

MALARIA (Parasite Life Cycle - 3 stages)

-In humans, the parasite (one stage of the life cycle called sporozoites) travel to the liver -Where they mature & release another form (The Merozoites) -These enter the bloodstream & infect the red blood cells. -Once in the cells they are Gametocytes (male or female)

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI (How infection occurs?)

-In very rare instances, Naegleria infections may also occur when contaminated water from other sources (such as inadequately chlorinated swimming pool water or heated & contaminated tap water) enters the nose

HUMAN AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS -aka- SLEEPING SICKNESS

-Is a vector-borne parasitic disease. -The parasites concerned are protozoa belonging to the Trypanosoma genus -They are transmitted to humans by tsetse fly (Glossina genus) bites which have acquired their infection from human beings or from animals harboring the human pathogenic parasites

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI (What is causes/Found where?)

-It can cause a rare & devastating infection of the brain called "Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) -The ameba is commonly found in warm freshwater (ex: Lakes, rivers & hot springs) & soil

STRONGYLOIDIASIS (Is a parasitic disease) (Found where)

-It is found in tropical & subtropical areas, but also can be found in temperate regions, including the southern U.S. -Disease usually occurs in rural areas, institutional settings, & among lower socioeconomic groups

INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS (Complications)

-Liver abscess -Medication side effects, including nausea -Spread of the parasite through the blood to the liver, lungs, brain, or other organs

MALARIA (Symptoms)

-Majority of symptoms are caused by the massive release of Merozoites into the bloodstream -Anemia resulting from the destruction of the red blood cells -Problems caused by large amounts of free hemoglobin released into circulation after red blood cells rupture

ROUNDWORM (Nematoda/Nematodes) (Found in/on/Enters through?)

-Most roundworm eggs or larvae (immature form) are found in the soil & enter the human body when a person picks them up on the hands & then transfers them to the mouth. -The eggs/larvae also can enter the human body directly through the skin

AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS (Mother-to-child infection/Reported cases)

-Mother-to-child infection: The Trypanosome can cross the placenta & infect the fetus -Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g.) accounts for 95% of reported cases of sleeping sickness

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI (Who gets infected/How?)

-Naegleria Fowleri usually infects people when contaminated water enters the body trough the nose -Once the ameba enters the nose, it travels to the brain where it causes PAM, which is usually fatal -Infection typically occurs when people go swimming or diving in warm freshwater places -Like lakes & rivers

HOOKWORM (Very Common) (Transmission-after Larvae breaks through skin)

-Once larvae have broken through the skin, they enter the bloodstream & are carried to the lungs. -Unlike Ascarids, hookworms do not usually cause Pneumonia -Larvae migrate to the lungs to the trachea & are then swallowed & carried back down to the small intestine

ASCARIASIS (Roundworm) (Diagnosis)

-Once mature female roundworms are in the intestines, a healthcare provider can diagnose the infection by finding the eggs (or live worms) in the stool

HOOKWORM (Very Common) (Transmission)

-One can get hookworms by walking barefoot over contaminated soil. -In penetrating the skin, the hookworm larvae (immature worms) may cause an allergic reaction. -It is from the itchy patch at the place where the larvae entered the body that the early infection came to be known as "ground itch"

ASCARIASIS (Roundworm) (Infects)

-One of the most common human parasitic infections -According to the World Health Organization: - It infects more than 1 billion people worldwide -Ascariasis is most common in children between 3 & 8 yrs old

ROUNDWORM (Nematoda/Nematodes) (Can live on or in?)

-Parasitic roundworms can live on or in humans where they can cause a variety of health problems

PINWORM (Very Common) (Transmission-How it enters the body)

-Pinworms enter the body when one swallows their eggs -One female pinworm may expel thousands of eggs into the environment -As the eggs are moist & rather resistant to drying, they can infect humans even after being distributed in dust for several days

PINWORM (Very Common) (Primarily Affects/Spreads mainly)

-Primarily affects school-age children -Because pinworm infection is spread mainly by children, it is found most often in family groups, daycare centers, schools & camp settings

AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS (Where is occurs/Who is exposed?)

-Sleeping sickness occurs only in 36 sub-Saharan African countries where there are tsetse flies that can transmit the disease -The people most exposed to the tsetse fly & therefore the disease, are in rural populations dependent on agriculture, fishing, animal husbandry or hunting

CHAGAS DISEASE (Spreads)

-Spreads by reduviid bugs (chiggers) & is one of the major health problems in South America -Due to immigration, the disease also affects people in the U.S.

TAPEWORM (Cestoda) (Symptoms)

-Tapeworm infection usually does not cause any symptoms -People often realize they are infected when they pass segments of the worm in their stool -Especially if the segments are moving -Weight loss may accur

GIARDIASIS (Parasite attaches?/Spreads)

-The Giardia parasite attaches to the epithelium by a ventral adhesive disc, and produces via binary fission -Giardiasis does not spread via the bloodstream, nor does it spread to other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract, but remains confined to the lumen of the mall intestine

HOOKWORM (Very Common) (World Health Org. Estimates)

-The World Health Org. estimates hookworm disease affects 740 million people worldwide. -Once a big problem in the Southeastern U.S., hookworm disease is now largely controlled in this country

INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS (Expectations/Prognosis)

-The outcome is usually good w/ treatment -Usually, the illness lasts about 2 wks, but can come back if treatment is not given

MALARIA (Parasites spread)

-The parasites multiply inside the red blood cells -Which then rupture within 48 to 72 hours -Infecting more red blood cells

HOOKWORM (Very Common) (Causes)

-The parasitic Roundworm, known as Hookworm, causes Hookworm disease. -Necator Americanus is the most common type of hookworm that causes infection in the U.S.

TAPEWORM (Cestoda) (In the human intestine)

-The young form of the tapeworm from the infected meat (larva) develops into the adult tapeworm -Which can grow to longer than 12 feet & can live for years

INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS (Where condition is found in the world?)

-This condition occurs worldwide, but it is not common in tropical areas w/ crowded living conditions & poor sanitation -Africa, Mexico, parts of South America & India have significant health problems associated with this disease

HOOKWORM (Very Common) (Found where?)

-This disease is widespread in Tropical & Subtropical countries where people may defecate on the ground & where the soil moisture is most favorable for hookworm eggs to develop into larvae (immature worms)

TRICHINOSIS (Roundworm) (MORE Dangerous) (Can infect?)

-This parasite can infect virtually every meat-eating mammal -Is especially common in rats & in swine that feed on uncooked garbage

MALARIA (Transmission)

-Transmitted from one human to another by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes

TRICHINOSIS (Roundworm) (MORE Dangerous) (How you get it?)

-Trichinosis is a parasitic roundworm disease -Human cases of trichinosis have been associated w/ eating undercooked homemade sausage that contains pork or horse meat, as well as eating walrus or bear meat.

ROUNDWORM (Nematoda/Nematodes) (Adult Roundworms live)

-With the exception of the parasitic roundworm that causes trichinosis -Mature adult roundworms eventually end up or live in human intestines and cause infections and disease.

HOOKWORM (Very Common) (Life Cycle Stages 1-7)

1) Eggs are passed in feces 2) Larvae hatch & develop in soil 3) Larvae migrate to grass 4) Larvae penetrate skin causing "ground itch" & enter bloodstream (penetrate skin) 5) Larvae enter lungs & alveolar spaces causing cough 6) Coughed-up larvae are swallowed 7) Larvae reach small intestine, mature & start feeding

TAPEWORM (LIFE CYCLE)

1) Eggs or gravid proglottids in feces are passed into environment (Diagnostic Stage) 2) Cattle & Pigs become infected by ingesting vegetation contaminated by eggs or gravid proglottids 3) Oncospheres hatch, penetrate intestinal wall & circulate to musculature [(Oncospheres develop into cysticerci in muscle) (Infective Stage) (Infective Stage)] 4) Humans are infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat 5) Scolex attaches to intestine 6) Adults in small intestine

HOOKWORM (Very Common) (Life Cycle Stages)

1) Hookworm eggs are passed in human feces onto the ground where they develop into infective larvae (immature worms) 2) When the soil is cool, the larvae crawl to the nearest moist area & extend their bodies into the air 3) The larvae stay in the soil--waving their bodies to & fro-- until they come into contact w/ human skin, usually when stepped on by a bare foot, or until they are driven back into the ground by the heat

ASCARIASIS (Roundworm) (LIFE CYCLE OF ASCARIS - SPP) 7 Stages

1) Infective eggs are swallowed 2) Eggs reach small intestine and hatch 3) L3 Larvae migrate to hepatic portal through intestinal wall (1-2 dpi) 4) Larvae enter lungs (5-6 dpi) & alveolar spaces causing cough 5) Coughed-up larvae are swallowed 6) Larvae reach small intestine for a second time, mature (50-55 dpi) & adult worms lay eggs 7) Eggs are passed in feces & embryonate becoming infective in a few weeks

ASCARIASIS (Roundworm) (LIFE CYCLE)

1) Once through the intestinal wall, eggs reach lungs by means of the bloodstream or lymphatic system 2) In lungs, they pass through the air sacs, are carried up to the bronchial tree w/ respiratory fluids & into the throat 3) When in the throat, they are re-swallowed & they return to the small where they grow, mature & mate (The worms become mature in about 2 months)

STRONGYLOIDIASIS (Is a parasitic disease) (LIFE CYCLE Stages 1-6)

1) Rhabditiform larvae in the intestine are excreted in the stool (Diagnosed Stage) 2) Development into free-living adult worms 3) Eggs are produced by fertilized female worms 4) Rhabditiform larvae hatch from embryonated eggs 5) The Rhabditiform larvae develop into effective Filariform 6) Infective Filariform larvae penetrate the intact skin initiating the infection (Infective Stage)

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI (LIFE CYCLE Stages 5- 6)

5) Amebae penetrate the nasal mucosa 6) Amabea migrate to the brain via the olfactory nerves causing Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) in healthy individuals **Trophozoites in CSF & brain tissue flagellated forms occasionally in CSF (Diagnostic Stage)

STRONGYLOIDIASIS (Is a parasitic disease) (LIFE CYCLE Stages 7-10)

7) Filariform larvae enter the circulatory system, are transported to the lungs & penetrate the alveolar spaces. They are carried to the trachea & pharynx, swallowed & reach the small intestine where they become adults (Infective Stage) 8) Adult female worm in the intestine 9) Eggs deposited in intestinal mucosa hatch, & migrate to lumen 10) Autoinfection: Rhabditiform larvae in large intestine become Filariform larvae, penetrate intestinal mucosa or perianal skin & follow the normal infective cycle

INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS (Also known as?)

Amebic Dysentery

STRONGYLOIDIASIS (Is a parasitic disease) (Different types of Life Cycle)

At times, the larvae (immature stage) of the parasite may develop rapidly into the infective stage in the intestine where they penetrate the intestinal lining instead of passing out of the body in the feces, as occurs normally.

AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS (Diagnosis/Treatment)

Diagnosis & treatment of the disease is complex & requires specifically skilled staff

ASCARIASIS (Roundworm) (Lung infection diagnosis?)

Lung infection is more difficult to diagnose, but the healthcare provider can confirm it by finding evidence of the larvae in lung or stomach fluids

STRONGYLOIDIASIS (Is a parasitic disease) (Different types of Life Cycle) (Called Internal Autoinfection)

This modification of the Life Cycle, called Internal Autoinfection, explains persistent Strongyloidiasis, which can last as long as 40 years in people who have moved to areas where the infection is not generally found.

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI (Infection from drinking water)

YOU CANNOT GET INFECTED FROM DRINKING WATER CONTAMINATED WITH NAEGLERIA