Part 1 - Chapter 12 (Inquisitive)

Migration to the Americas occurred sometime around 15,000 yBP. The Paleoindians are the group of people associated with the earliest archaeological sites found there. Identify some of the behaviors of the Paleoindians.

Behaviors of Paleoindians: - hunted megafauna - associated with spear point stone tool traditions Not Behaviors of Paleoindians: - created first piece of symbolic art - interbred with archaic humans

Identify the Neandertal traits that evolved to help adapt to life in relatively cold climates.

Cold-Adapted Neandertal Traits: - increased supply of blood to facial tissues - a large nasal aperture - a relatively stocky build Not Cold-Adapted Neandertal Traits - occipital bun - short stature

Identify the correct statements about the remarkable hominin find at Flores, Indonesia.

Correct Statement About Flores Hominin: - This hominin is known as Homo floresiensis. - This hominin is referred to colloquially as the "hobbit" because of its small size. - Finds from the site of Mate Menge suggest that the ancestors of Homo florensiensis may have been on the island as early as 700,000 yBP. Incorrect Statement About Flores Hominin: - All anthropologists are certain that this hominin is a form of modern Homo sapiens.

Identify the correct statements about the Out-of-Africa, Multiregional Continuity, and Assimilation models of modern human evolution.

Correctly Describes These Models: - The Out-of-Africa model explains the single species of living humans by emphasizing a single recent origin of modern people and the replacement of archaic H. sapiens throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe. - The Multiregional Continuity model emphasizes the importance of gene flow across population boundaries and upholds that separate species of modern humans never arose. - The Assimilation model argues that modern humans first evolved in Africa then spread to Europe and Asia, where they underwent gene flow with some archaic species. Does Not Correctly Describe These Models: - The Multiregional Continuity model suggests that modern humans evolved in Africa, migrated to Europe, and then interbred with Neandertals. - The Out-of-Africa model requires that local populations in Europe and Asia interbred and exchanged genes with newly arriving populations from Africa.

Krapina, Croatia, is an unusual Neandertal site with some interesting characteristics. Identify the correct statements about Krapina.

Describes Site of Krapina: - Even though the site was excavated more than a century ago, it was excavated very carefully. - Quite a few of the highly fragmented bones from Krapina have clear cutmarks, indicating butchery. - The Krapina Neandertals have relatively large incisors and relatively small cheek teeth. Does Not Describe Site of Krapina: - Most of the Krapina Neandertal remains are whole bones in nearly complete skeletons.

Identify the correct statements about Ngandong fossil site.

Describes Site of Ngandong: - Only braincases were found here, with all the faces missing. - Multiple skulls with brain sizes between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens were found at this site. Does Not Describe Site of Ngandong: - It is an important Neandertal site. - The Ngandong site is located in China.

The Shanidar 1 Neandertal had an injury that may have caused blindness, arthritic feet, and a missing right forearm. Its anterior teeth were severely worn at a steep angle. Identify the statements that likely describe this individual's life.

Describes This Human's Life: - This individual likely used his teeth to compensate for a missing arm and hand. - This individual's injuries represent a common occurrence among Neandertal populations. Does Not Describe This Human's Life: - These injuries occurred postmortem (after death) and have no value in interpreting the individual's life history. - These injuries were the cause of this individual's death and were likely the result of violence.

Some scientists suggest that the Neandertals and modern humans interbred during the few thousand years that they overlapped in Europe and western Asia. Identify the evidence that supports this theory.

Evidence That Supports the Theory: - Neandertal and human nuclear DNA sequences - anatomical characteristics Not Evidence That Supports the Theory: - ability of Neandertals and humans to speak - Neandertal and human mitochondrial DNA sequences

What does the "grandmother hypothesis" suggest occurred 30,000 years ago among hominins?

Grandmothers caring for their grandchildren boosted population size.

Label the teeth images below with the correct explanations for the characteristics shown.

Handedness in Neandertals (Rock): - micro-scratches on the tooth, suggesting handedness in Neandertals Jaw with teeth: - tooth wear indicating the use of teeth as tools 3 teeth: - shovel-shaped incisors, a genetic trait

Match the skull to its species identification.

Homo floresiensis - Flores Woman early modern Homo sapiens - chin on the mandible - Lothagam Skull Neandertal - Amud Neandertal - Shanidar 1 Neandertal early archaic Homo sapiens -Broken Hill Man

Fully modern humans dispersed to Australia by ____________ yBP and to North America and South America by ______________ yBP.

- 40000 - 15000

Click on the continents where early archaic Homo sapiens remains have not been found.

- Austrailia - South America - Antartica

Order the skulls according to the time period to which they are dated.

- Broken Hill Man (250-300,000 years ago - The Herto skull (160,000 years ago) - The Krapina skulls (130,000 years ago) - Skhul skull (90,000 years ago) - The Neanderthal skull (70,000 years ago)

Drag the photo of each archaic Homo sapiens skull to the region where it was found.

- Broken Hill Man (Africa) - Petralona (Europe) - Ngandong (Java) - Narmada (India) - Dali (China) - The partial skull (England)

Place the following important hominin fossils in chronological order, from oldest to most recent

- Kaprina Neandertals - Lake Mungo, Australia - Cro magnon Man - Kennewick Man

Order these stone tool assemblages from oldest to youngest.

- Mousterian Tools (300,000-30,000 yBP) - Folsom spearpoints (11,500 yBP)

The fossil record for archaic Homo ___________ shows that they evolved from Homo ____________ ancestor around 350,000 yBP.

- Sapiens - Erectus

The tool depicted is from the _______________ period and indicates that humans _______________ their diet compared to previous periods.

- Upper Paleolithic - expanded

Most evidence points to the fact that Neandertals had the ability to speak. Select the images below that show direct evidence to support this hypothesis.

- hyoid bone - Handedness in Neandertals - Genetic evidence

Cold temperatures during the Late Pleistocene led to lower sea levels as a result of glaciers trapping significant amounts of water. This decrease in sea levels exposed landshelves and allowed modern humans to migrate to previously uninhabited continents. Identify the continents to which early modern humans were able to migrate due to low sea levels.

-North America/ South America -Malasia/ Indonesia

In order to learn about past hominin behavior, scientists use comparative studies with living peoples. Identify the modern human behavior or behaviors that anthropologists have identified as most closely aligning with patterns on Neandertal skeletons.

the Neandertal injury pattern is similar to that of American rodeo riders

Which fossil find is represented in this graphic?

Neandertal from Feldhofer Cave

Identify the important reasons for why early modern people dispersed into new areas.

Reasons for Early Modern Human Migration: - war and violence from rival populations - local population increase - increased competition over food resources Not Reasons for Early Modern Human Migration: - improving climate

Some paleoanthropologists claim that Neandertals were inefficient hunters. Identify the evidence that refutes this hypothesis.

Refutes Hypothesis: - Stable isotope analysis indicates that Neandertals consumed meat at about the same level as contemporary carnivores. - Both Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens exhibit the same frequency of food stress, as indicated by tooth growth patterns. Does Not Refute Hypothesis: - Cutmarks on Neandertal bones show that they hunted down and killed members of their own species to eat. - Neandertal body shape was adapted to efficient hunting.

It is thought that Neandertals were assimilated through interbreeding with early modern Homo sapiens. Identify the evidence that supports this claim.

Supports the Interbreeding of Neandertals and Modern Homo sapiens: - the presence of archaic (Neandertal) and modern anatomical characteristics in some Late Pleistocene European skeletons - the overlap in DNA segments between modern humans and Neandertals Does Not Support the Interbreeding of Neandertals and Modern Homo sapiens: - similarity in stone tool technology used by contemporaneous Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens populations - the practice of intentional burial

What do the sites from which these human remains come have in common?

They all show evidence of defleshing by other hominins.

This graph shows genetic diversity within several major geographic groups, expressed as the average amount of genetic sequence divergence in percent. What does this graph tell us about the evolution of modern humans?

Information About the Evolution of Modern Humans: - Because the most variation is found in modern African populations and less is found in regions far from Africa, the Out-of-Africa model is more likely to be correct than the Multiregional Continuity model. - Because the most variation is found in modern African populations and less is found in non-African regions, modern human populations most likely existed in Africa for longer than in other regions. - Because Africa had a significantly larger breeding population size than other continents did, Africa now has greater genetic diversity. Not Information About the Evolution of Modern Humans: - Because the most variation is found in Africa and less is found in regions very far from Africa, the Multiregional Continuity model is more likely to be correct than the Out-of-Africa model.

Here are five ways in which Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens are either similar or different. Indicate whether each observation shows a similarity between Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens or a difference between the two by dragging the term to the appropriate part of the graphic.

Similar: - Did Neandertals Speak (Head) - Handedness in Neandertals (Rock) - Intentional Burial (Skeleton) - Mousterian Tools (Rocks) Diffrent: - Human Shade - Skull

The site of Atapuerca in northern Spain is one of the most important fossil hominin sites in Europe. Identify what the following fossils from Atapuerca revealed about the hominins living in Europe at this time.

Skeleton: - interbreeding with neandertals Crums: - possible cannibalism Skull: - using teeth as tools

Select the region within Asia where several late archaic Homo sapiens have been found.

Western Asia