Part 1 Chiropractic Boards: Microbiology -- Skin, Eyes, & Heart conditions
What pathogen causes Cutaneous Anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
What general condition has a sudden high fever, severe stiff neck, severe headaches, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, disorientation, and severe meningeal inflammation?
Bacterial Meningitis
What pathogen causes Cat Scratch Disease/Fever?
Bartonella henselae
What condition is hard, black, irregular nodules on the hair shaft, and often shared via hair brushes and combs?
Black Piedra
What condition has flaccid paralysis (inability to contract muscles), and can lead to death from asphyxiation (cannot inhale) due to contaminated food (especially home-canned), honey (infants) or endospores entering the wound and is considered a category A bioterrorist threat?
Botulism
What condition is bumps or blisters at the site of injury with lymphadenopathy, with an endotoxin virulence factor from cat scratches, licks, or bites?
Cat Scratch Disease/Fever
15-30% of individuals who had what condition are more likely to have Shingles (due to a reactivated latent virus)? What is a major complication of Shingles?
Chickenpox Complication = Post-herpetic neuralgia
What condition has extremely itchy, fluid-filled blisters all over the body, has an airborne transmission (respiratory tract or eyes) and is highly infectious? Who does it MC affect and who is it most serious in?
Chickenpox (aka Varicella) -- MC in children, more serious in adults NOTE: NOT a pox virus!!!
What pathogen causes Botulism?
Clostridium botulinum NOTE: clostridium think endospores
What pathogen causes Tetanus (lockjaw)?
Clostridium tetani NOTE: Clostridium think endospores
If a pregnant woman has Rubella (German Measles), it can cause what condition on their baby?
Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)
What is the MC clinical form of cryptococcal infection?
Cryptococcal meningitis
What condition spreads to form painless, swollen, black crusty ulcers (eschar), with 3 different toxins as the virulence factor and is considered a category A bioterrorist threat?
Cutaneous Anthrax
What condition has nodular lesions around an infection site, with transmission from thorn pricks or splinters?
Cutaneous sporotrichosis (Rose-gardener's disease) Note: Sporotrichosis think prick a spore
What is one of the MC opportunistic infections of AIDS patients?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
What condition has red, raised lesions o specific body regions that are often itchy, with white/yellow thickening of nails?
Dermatophytosis (Ring worm)
What pathogen causes Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)?
Enteroviruses (Poliovirus, Coxsackie virus, Echovirus (90%))
What pathogens cause Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)?
Epidermophyton Microsporum Trichophyton
What condition is a fiery red rash with sharply defined raised borders? Who is this MC in?
Erysipelas -- MC in elderly (60-80)
What condition is reddening of the skin that resembles a SLAP, and is aggravated by sunlight, with symptoms being known as "slapped cheek" syndrome?
Erythema infectious (5th disease)
What type of warts are found on the fingers/toes? The feet? The trunk, face, elbows, and knees?
Fingers/Toes = Seed warts Feet = Plantar warts Trunk/Face/Elbows/Knees = Flat warts
What pathogen causes Shingles (Herpes Zoster)?
HHV-3 (Varicella Zoster)
What pathogen causes Chickenpox (Varicella)?
HHV-3 (Varicella-Zoster virus)
What pathogen causes Roseola?
HHV-6 (Roseolavirus)
What pathogen causes Warts (papillomas)?
HPV (human papillomavirus)
Which pathogen causing bacterial meningitis causes meningitis in children <5 (most often <18 months)?
Haemophilus influenzae b
What condition is recurrent, painful, slow-spreading blisters ANYWHERE on the body, and is a latent virus in various ganglia and associated with contact sports?
Herpes gladiatorum NOTE: gladiator = a whole body "athlete" (contact sports)
What condition is recurrent, painful, slow spreading blisters on the face/mouth, and is a latent virus usually in the trigeminal ganglia?
Herpes labialis (oral herpes, cold sores, fever blisters) NOTE: face/mouth think trigeminal innervation so that's affected ganglia
What condition is recurrent, painful, slow-spreading blisters on finger, and is a latent virus usually in the brachial ganglia?
Herpetic Whitlow NOTE: Fingers think brachial ganglia since has to do w/ arm
What condition is small "pimples" on the stomach, buttocks, arms, and legs due to poorly chlorinated hot tubs or spa?
Hot Tub Folliculitis
What condition is small, flattened red patches on the face and limbs with pus-filled vesicles with honey-colored crust (pyroderma)? Who is this MC in?
Impetigo (impetigo contagiosum; pyoderma) -- MC in children
What is the most common form of botulism in the US?
Infant Botulism (Floppy baby syndrome)
What pathogen causes Leishmaniasis?
Leishmania sp. (L. brazilliensis, L. donovani, L. tropica)
What is the 2nd most deadly parasitic (protozoan) infection in the world?
Leishmaniasis
What condition has been nicknamed the "Baghdad Boil" and if cutaneous can have large painless skin lesions, if musculocutaneous can have the skin lesions enlarged to encompass the mucous membranes, or if visceral the parasite has spread by macrophages throughout the body and causes kala azar?
Leishmaniasis (2nd most deadly parasitic (protozoan) infection in world)
What condition is progressive with gradual loss of facial features, digits, or other body structures?
Lepromatous Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
Which pathogen causing bacterial meningitis is in pregnant women (also elderly & babies)?
Listeria monocytogenes
What condition is one of the most common vector-borne diseases in the US?
Lyme Disease
What condition has secondary lesions occurring on the skin along the course of lymphatic vessels, with transmission from thorn pricks or splinters?
Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis (Rose-gardeners disease) Note: Sporotrichosis think prick a spore
What are the 2 drug resistant strains of abscess/folliculitis?
MRSA & VRSA
What pathogen causes Herpes gladiatorum?
Mainly HHV-1 -- sometimes HHV-2
What pathogen causes Herpetic Whitlow?
Mainly HHV-1 (above the waist herpes) -- sometimes HHV-2
What pathogen causes Herpes labialis (oral herpes, cold sores, fever blisters)?
Mainly HHV-1 (above the waist herpes) -- sometimes HHV-2 (herpes simplex virus)
What pathogen causes Pityriasis versicolor (Tinea versicolor)?
Malassezia furfur NOTE: fur fur is the furry colored coat (fungal colored patches)
What condition has KOPLIK'S SPOTS that appear on the mucous membranes of the mouth, with a rash on the face that spreads over the body?
Measles (Rubeola) NOTE: measLes, rubeoLa, and kopLik's spots all have "1 L"!!
What pathogen causes Measles (Rubeola)?
Measles virus (Morbillivirus)
What condition is raised pearl-like, waxy papules? What age is this MC?
Molluscum Contagiosum MC ages 1-10 (kids)
What pathogen causes Molluscum Contagiosum?
Molluscum contagiosum (Molluscipoxvirus)
What condition is pox lesions with lymphadenopathy and is considered an emerging disease?
Monkeypox (less severe than smallpox)
What pathogen causes Monkeypox?
Monkeypox virus (Orthopoxvirus)
What pathogen causes Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)?
Mycobacterium leprae
What condition is a destruction of muscle and fat tissue (necrosis), that spreads along fascia with multiple organ failure, that is very dangerous (>50) due to "flesh-eating bacteria", and is an emerging disease?
Necrotizing fasciitis
Which pathogen causing bacterial meningitis has a purple spotted rash in addition to the typical symptoms, is known as the meningococcus as it is the MC cause of meningitis in late teens & early 20s, and college students in dorms are 23x more likely to contract?
Neisseria meningitidis
What is the MC cause of meningitis in late teens/early 20s? The MC cause of bacterial meningitis in adults?
Neisseria meningitidis Streptococcus pneumoniae
What type of Tetanus has a mortality >90% due to an infected umbilical stump?
Neonatal tetanus
What are the 2 vaccines for Poliomyelitis? Which is no longer given in the US?
OPV (no longer in US) IPV
What pathogen causes Erythema infectious (5th disease)?
Parvovirus B19
What pathogen causes Black Piedra?
Piedraia Hortae NOTE: Hortae = Hard black nodules
What condition has hypo- or hyper-pigmented patches of scaly skin that takes months to return to normal, and is diagnosed by seeing a green color under UV light?
Pityriasis versicolor (Tinea versicolor) NOTE: versicolor think multicolor or pigmented
What condition has 4 different categories: asymptomatic that makes up 90% of cases; Minor that has nonspecific symptoms, Nonparalytic that has muscle spasms and back pain; and finally Paralytic (Bulbar) that can produce paralysis?
Poliomyelitis NOTE: FDR diagnosed w/ polio
What pathogen causes Poliomyelitis?
Poliovirus
What is crippling deterioration after poliomyelitis?
Postpolio syndrome
What pathogen causes acne?
Propionibacterium acnes
What is the pathogen that causes Pseudomonas infection?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What pathogen causes Hot Tub Folliculitis?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What condition is fever, chills, purulent matter in infected wounds producing a blue-green pigment (pyocyanin)? Who is this MC in?
Pseudomonas infection MC in 2/3 of burn victims
What pathogen causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)?
Rickettsia ricketsii NOTE: MC and most severe Rickettsial condition
What condition has fever, headache, chills, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, with non-itchy spotted rash on trunk and appendages, including soles and palms and Petechiae?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
What condition is a rose-colored rash as well as mononucleosis-like symptoms?
Roseola NOTE: Rose colored rash and Roseola
What condition is a rash of flat, pink to red spots?
Rubella (German Measles)
What pathogen causes Rubella (German Measles)?
Rubella virus (Rubivirus)
What is the vector for Leishmaniasis?
Sand fly vector NOTE: ONLY SAND FLY
What pathogen causes scabies?
Sarcoptes scabiei
What condition is intense itching and a linear rash of small red bumps, as you may see "burrows" or "tunnels"?
Scabies
What condition is painful blistering skin rash that follows a dermatome, is usually unilateral, and is a latent virus in the spinal DRG?
Shingles (Herpes Zoster) NOTE: Think w/ dermatome (from spinal nerves/body involvement), think the spinal dorsal root ganglia!
What condition is a pox lesion that is often fatal, with possible blindness and sterility, and is the ONLY human disease eradicated worldwide, as well as a Category A bioterrorist threat?
Smallpox (Variola)
What is the only eradicated human disease worldwide?
Smallpox (Variola)
What pathogen causes Smallpox (Variola)?
Smallpox virus (Orthopoxvirus)
What pathogen causes Sporotrichosis (rose-gardener's disease)?
Sporothrix schenckii
What condition is reddening of the skin, beginning near the mouth and spreading over the entire body, causing the skin to peel off in sheets with a virulence factor of exfoliative toxins? Who is MC affected by this?
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) -- MC in children
What pathogen causes Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)?
Staphylococcus aureus
What cause of abscess/folliculitis is more virulent/more likely to cause folliculitis? What is the other cause that is not virulent and less likely to cause?
Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis
What two pathogens cause Impetigo (impetigo contagiosum; pyoderma)? Which is MC?
Staphylococcus aureus (80%) Streptococcus pyogenes (20%)
Which pathogen causing bacterial meningitis is transmitted at birth via the passage through the birth canal, and is meningitis in premature babies & infants <3 months?
Streptococcal agalactiae
What bacteria is one of the MC causes of cavities?
Streptococcus mutans
Which pathogen causing bacterial meningitis is known as the pneumococcus and is the MC bacterial meningitis in adults?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the pathogen causing Erysipelas?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What pathogen causes Necrotizing fasciitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) can occur in those with a _____ immune system, but Tuberculoid leprosy can occur in those with a ______ immune system. In Lepromatous leprosy, death is ______.
Strong Weaker Rare
What condition has spastic paralysis (unrelenting severe muscular contraction), lockjaw, Risus sardonicus (smiling spasm), sweating, drooling, grouchiness, constant back spasms, and can cause death from asphyxiation (cannot exhale) due to a break in the skin, mucus membrane, puncture wound, or umbilical stump?
Tetanus (lockjaw)
What pathogen causes White Piedra?
Trichosporon beiglii NOTE: think grayish/white like Beige-like color (beiglii)
What condition is nonprogressive but has regions of lost sensation as a result of nerve damage, and can also be acquired form handling or consuming armadillos?
Tuberculoid Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
What condition is the MC form of meningitis, and is more mild?
Viral meningitis (Aseptic meningitis)
What are benign epithelial growths on the skin or mucous membranes due to direct/indirect contact or autoinoculation?
Warts (papillomas)
What condition is soft, grayish-white, irregular nodules on the hair shaft, often shared via hair brushes and combs?
White Piedra
What condition is swelling, red, itching, burning, may drain pus, blood, or both such as a pimple, sty, furuncle, or carbuncle and is an emerging disease?
Abscess/Folliculitis
What condition is infection of hair follicles from the sebaceous glands, with cystic being the most severe?
Acne
What is the vector for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)?
Tick vector
What part of the body does Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) Tinea pedis affect? Tinea cruris? Tinea corporis? Tinea capitis? Tinea unguium?
Tinea pedis = Athlete's foot Tinea cruris = Jock itch Tinea corporis = Trunk Tinea capitis = Head Tinea unguium = Nails (onychomycosis)
What is the leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans?
Trachoma
