Part 1: Respiration and the Vertebral Column
Scoliosis
Abnormal spine curvature: lateral curve
axis
C2 vertebrae is also called the _____. It fits into the Atlas and allows for rotation and pivoting of the skull. Has a dens or Odontoid Process.
respiration
Exchange of gas between an organism and its environment
intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilaginous discs found between vertebrae except for the first two (C1 and C2). Provides a support and cushion for vertebrae.
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
Five divisions of the vertebral column
pressure
Force distributed over area (P=F/A)
vertebral column, pelvic and pectoral girdles, rib cage
Framework of respiration that protects the lungs include (three):
vertebra
Functional unit of the vertebral column (also called spinal column segment)
Boyle's law
Given a gas of constant temperature, increasing (or decreasing) the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained will cause a corresponding decrease (or increase) in pressure.
7
How many cervical (C) vertebrae?
4
How many fused coccygeal vertebrae?
24
How many intervertebral discs?
5
How many massive lumbar (L) vertebrae?
5
How many sacral (S) vertebrae?
12
How many thoracic (T) vertebrae? (hint: parallels the same number of ribs)
dens or Odontoid Process
In the axis. Protrudes through the vertebral foramen and helps prevent damage to the spinal cord. The Transverse Ligament allows movement.
thoracic
The 12 _______ vertebrae are the base of the respiratory framework. They form the posterior point of (attachment for the ribs of the bony thorax)
lumbar
The 5 ______ vertebrae provide direct or indirect attachment for a host of back and abdominal muscles, as well as the posterior fibers of the diaphragm.
sacrum
The 5 sacral vertebrae are actually a fused mass known as the _______.
thorax
The _____ is an area bonded in by the superior aspect by the first rib and clavicle and in in the inferior by the twelfth rib (Lungs are housed here).
vertebral column
The entire thorax is suspended from the _____, a structure that doubles as the conduit for the spinal cord.
ribs, sternum
The lateral and anterior aspects of the thorax are comprised of the _____ and the ______
inspiration
The process of bringing air into the lungs for respiration
expiration
The process of eliminating air from the lungs for respiration
vertebral foramen
The prominent hole posterior to the corpus. The spinal cord passes through here.
intervertebral foramina
The spinal nerves exit and enter the spinal cord through the _____________ on either side of the vertebrae.
costal facets
The superior and inferior _____ _____ are the points of attachment for the ribs.
33
The vertebral column is composed of ____ segments of bone.
corpus
This makes up the anterior portion of a vertebra (big oval thing - body)
atlas
Uppermost cervical vertebra (C1) is also called the ______. Supports the weight of the skull. Very small spinous process.
superior, inferior, articular facets
Vertebral segments ride one atop another to form the vertebral column, and this articulation is completed by means of the _______ and _______ _______/______.
negative pressure
What causes air to enter a container (lungs) until the pressure is equalized? (When volume increases & air pressure decreases)
spinous process, transverse process
What does the general structure of the vertebrae in include (one prominent ____ and one ____ on each side)
coccyx
What is the fused unit of the coccygeal vertebrae known as?
T1
What is the uppermost thoracic vertebra? (Letter/number)
2-9
Which ribs attach to the transverse costal facets as well as attach to the body (inferior costal facet) of the vertebrae above it?
1, 10, 11, 12
Which ribs have a 1:1 arrangement (rib # and vertebra # match)?
Lordosis
abnormal concavity in lumbar or cervical region (swayback)
Kyphosis
abnormal convexity in thoracic region (hunchback)
