Path 370 Assessment 3 (CH. 16, 18, 19, 20)

Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of _____ from juxtaglomerular cells. a. angiotensinogen b. renin c. norepinephrine d. aldosterone

b. renin

A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shock. a. hypovolemic b. septic c. obstructive d. cardiogenic

b. septic

The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is a. opposed by nitrate drugs. b. vasodilation. c. not significant. d. vasoconstriction.

b. vasodilation.

A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing a. right-sided heart failure. b. cardiomyopathy. c. acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. d. a medication reaction.

c. acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ________ shock. a. anaphylactic b. hypovolemic c. cardiogenic d. septic

c. cardiogenic

The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is a. β-antagonist agents. b. afterload reduction. c. digitalis. d. preload reduction.

c. digitalis.

An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of a. supraventricular tachycardia. b. paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. c. premature ventricular complexes. d. junctional escape rhythm.

c. premature ventricular complexes.

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to a. aortic stenosis. b. aortic regurgitation. c. pulmonary stenosis. d. tricuspid stenosis.

c. pulmonary stenosis.

After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of a. arterial obstruction. b. peripheral vascular disease. c. right-sided heart failure. d. isolated left-sided heart failure.

c. right-sided heart failure.

Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension. a. orthostatic b. malignant c. secondary d. primary

c. secondary

Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells? a. Prolonged coagulation time b. Elevated LDL c. Markedly decreased CK-MB and troponin I d. Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T

d. Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T

Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms? a. Second-degree AV block b. Sinus bradycardia c. Junctional escape d. Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome)

d. Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome)

The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of a. cell rupture. b. thrombus. c. insufficient glucose. d. apoptosis.

d. apoptosis.

A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient's symptomology is most likely related to a. deep vein thrombosis. b. angina. c. hypertension. d. hypotension.

d. hypotension.

A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock. a. cardiogenic b. hypovolemic c. distributive d. obstructive

d. obstructive

Cardiogenic shock is characterized by a. hypovolemia. b. elevated SvO2. c. reduced systemic vascular resistance. d. reduced cardiac output.

d. reduced cardiac output.

The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of a. defective gap junctions. b. triggered activity. c. enhanced automaticity. d. reentry mechanisms.

d. reentry mechanisms.

An example of an acyanotic heart defect is a. all right-to-left shunt defects. b. transposition of the great arteries. c. tetralogy of Fallot. d. ventricular septal defect.

d. ventricular septal defect.

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of a. cardiomyopathy. b. viral infection with herpesvirus. c. chronic intravenous drug abuse. d. β-hemolytic streptococcal infection.

d. β-hemolytic streptococcal infection

A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis. a. False b. True

a. False

Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy. a. False b. True

a. False

The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease. a. False b. True

a. False

Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina. a. Prinzmetal variant b. unstable c. stable d. classic

a. Prinzmetal variant

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is a. ST-segment elevation. b. severe, crushing chest pain. c. pain radiating to the lower legs. d. dysrhythmias.

a. ST-segment elevation.

Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes. a. True b. False

a. True

Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of a. baroreceptor activity. b. tissue hypoxia. c. anxiety. d. acidosis.

a. baroreceptor activity.

Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they a. reduce cardiac output. b. increase cardiac output. c. enhance sodium absorption. d. reduce blood flow to the kidneys.

a. reduce cardiac output.

Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to a. rupture. b. attachment. c. binding. d. dislodgement.

a. rupture.

Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100? a. Sitting BP 108/68, HR 102 b. Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118 c. Sitting BP 110/78, HR 98 d. Sitting BP 120/80, HR 100

b. Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118

The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension. a. False b. True

b. True

What results when systemic blood pressure is increased? a. Hypovolemia b. Vasoconstriction c. Decreased cardiac output d. Decreased vascular resistance

b. Vasoconstriction

Sepsis has been recently redefined as a. severe hypotension in an infected patient. b. a systemic inflammatory response to infection. c. a systemic infection with viable organisms in the bloodstream. d. a systemic inflammatory response to ischemia.

b. a systemic inflammatory response to infection.

Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with a. chest pain and ST elevation. b. acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction. c. family history of cardiomyopathy. d. murmur and abnormal valves on echocardiogram.

b. acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction.

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with a. acute reperfusion therapy. b. antiplatelet drugs. c. cardiac biomarkers only. d. cardiac catheterization.

b. antiplatelet drugs.

Aortic regurgitation is associated with a. elevated left ventricular/aortic systolic pressure gradient. b. diastolic murmur. c. shortened ventricular ejection phase. d. elevated systemic diastolic blood pressure.

b. diastolic murmur.

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with a. elevated myocardial oxygen consumption. b. impaired cardiac filling. c. increased cardiac preload. d. cardiac hypertrophy.

b. impaired cardiac filling.

The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in a. Asian children. b. non-Hispanic black adults. c. Mexican-American adults. d. non-Hispanic white adults.

b. non-Hispanic black adults.

Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure? a. Magnesium b. Calcium c. Sodium d. Potassium

c. Sodium

A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? a. Begin lifestyle modifications. b. Recheck blood pressure in 4 to 6 weeks. c. Encourage smoking cessation. d. Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.

d. Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.