PATH 370 W1 Check Your Understanding

In muscle hypertrophy, the hypertrophied cells increase in

Size The cellular response to persistent, sublethal stress reflects the cell's efforts to adapt. A common adaptive response is hypertrophy resulting in an increase in cell size. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. An increase in calcium would be pathological and likely result in tetany. An increase in accumulations would be pathological and likely result in cell injury

What stage is defined by "fight or flight"?

Alarm Alarm is called "fight or flight" because it gives the body a boost of energy to either run or confront. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis. Exhaustion occurs when the body is no longer able to bring about a return to homeostasis following prolonged exposure to noxious agents. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis.

Which gene has been identified as specifically contributing to some types of breast cancer?

BRCA1 BRCA1 gene defects have been linked to an increase of breast cancer in women. The Rb gene has been linked with retinoblastoma. P53 has been linked as a suppressor gene that is defective in more than half of human cancers. VHL has been linked to renal cancer.

Which cellular response is maladaptive?

Change in the shape or arrangement of cells Dysplasia (abnormal variations in shape and arrangement of cells) represents an unsuccessful attempt of the cells to adapt. Cells shrink in response to a migration of fluid to balance fluid loss elsewhere in the body. Cells hypertrophy (increase in size) in response to increased physiologic or pathophysiologic demands. Cells that are capable of mitotic division generally increase their functional capacity by increasing the number of cells (hyperplasia) as well as by hypertrophy. Hyperplasia usually results from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation. Persistent cell injury also may lead to hyperplasia.

A critical event in the death of a cell is caused by

Disruption of the plasma membrane s permeability barrier Disruption of the plasma membrane barrier, seen in necrosis, results in cellular death. Hypertrophy results primarily from a net increase in cellular protein content Atrophy can result in the accumulation of lipofuscin. Atrophy occurs when cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to a variety of normal and injurious factors, such as nutrient starvation.

Which term means cause of the disease ?

Etiology Etiology is the cause or reason for a phenomenon. When the link between an etiologic factor and development of a disease is less than certain, but the probability is increased when the factor is present, it is termed a risk factor. The mechanism of disease development is called pathogenesis. The functional consequences of these changes are the clinical manifestations.

Cellular hypoxia results in

Failure of the sodium-potassium pump Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. ATP provides the power required to drive the sodium-potassium pump. pH decreases in hypoxia (respiratory acidosis). Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. Deposits of calcium salts occur in conditions of altered calcium intake, excretion, or metabolism.

A heart that has to pump harder in order to effectively circulate blood is likely to undergo which type of cellular adaptation?

Hypertrophy Cells hypertrophy in response to increased physiologic or pathophysiologic demands. If the heart has to pump harder than normal to meet the body s demand for oxygen and nutrients, the cardiac cells will become larger, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy. Atrophy results in cell death that would render the cells non-functional. Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. Muscle contraction could possibly be lost rather than enhanced. Hyperplasia would result in an increased number of cells rather than an enhanced pumping capacity.

When the cause of a disease is due to unintended or unwanted medical treatment, the term to describe this is

Iatrogenic Iatrogenic means that the cause was medical intervention. Genotype refers to the genetic inheritance for a condition. Idiopathic is when the cause of the condition is unknown. Ecogenetics is a struggle between genetic makeup and environment.

Which of these statements best describes the purpose of the TNM classification system?

It provides tumor data for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer. The TNM staging system is used to describe the tumor size, lymph nodes affected, and degree of metastasis. Grading and staging are done to predict tumor behavior and guide therapy. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer and has little impact on tumor data collection by the CDCP. The availability of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), as well as other highly sophisticated imaging techniques, has revolutionized cancer detection. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer and is not directly related to cancer research.

Which condition explains the genetic basis for cancer development?

Loss of or defect in tumor suppressor genes Tumor suppressor genes inhibit cancer proliferation pathways. Decreased immune function and exposure to ionizing radiation may be factors but not the basis of cancer development. Infection by oncogenic bacteria is not a factor, since bacterial infection is not relevant.

Which is a characteristic of cancer cells?

Poor differentiation Cancer cells lose their differentiated features and contribute poorly or not at all to the function of their tissue. Cancer cells divide in an unpredictable manner. Cellular cohesiveness is lacking among cancer cells. Cancer cells do not reproduce uniformly in either size or shape.

An increase in which of these characteristics would be present in cells that demonstrate hypertrophy?

Size of cells Hypertrophy is defined as an increase in cell mass (cellular enlargement). A lipofuscin is a yellow to brown, granular, iron-negative lipid pigment found particularly in muscle, heart, liver, and nerve cells; it is the product of cellular wear and tear, accumulating in lysosomes with age. A vacuole is a small cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, bound by a single membrane and containing water (hydropic swelling), food, or metabolic waste. Cells that are capable of mitotic division generally increase their functional capacity by increasing the number of cells by hyperplasia

Which condition occurs in the presence of cellular damage?

Sodium and water move into the cell. Cellular injury causes failure of the sodium-potassium pump, resulting in migration of sodium ions into the cell. The accumulation of intracellular sodium creates an osmotic gradient that pulls water into the cell, resulting in hydropic swelling. Cells actually swell, not shrink, as a result of cellular damage. Cellular damage results in the cell's inability to perform normal metabolic functions owing to insufficient cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Osmotic pressure increases to accommodate for swelling

Restoration of effective function is the goal of which level of prevention?

Tertiary Tertiary prevention (appropriate in the stage of advanced disease or disability) includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Clinical is a stage referred to in early disease prevention (secondary). Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease.

Which statement is true regarding cancer? (Select all that apply.)

The greater the undifferentiated cell count, the more aggressive the cancer. Malignant tumors have the potential to kill the host. The greater the degree of anaplasia, the more aggressive the malignant tumor. Malignant tumors, if left untreated, have the potential to kill. Benign tumors often grow slowly than malignant ones. Anaplasia is a lack of cell differentiation. Metastasis means the invasion of cancer to distant sites.

Which statement accurately describes the proliferation of cancer cells?

The number of developing cells exceeds the number of dying cells. Malignant cells proliferate despite a lack of growth-initiating signals from the environment, resulting in a change in the ratio of developing cells to dying cells. The resting phase of the cell cycle is not prolonged. Cancer cells grow at more rapid rate than normal cells. The more anaplastic the tumor is, the faster the growth rate of cells.

Which is true regarding catecholamines?

They included epinephrine and norepinephrine. Catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is secreted from the sympathetic nerves, and epinephrine is secreted from the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to skeletal muscles.

Which term is used to describe the deficiency in circulating platelets?

Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia is a deficiency in circulation platelets, which are important mediators of blood clotting. Anemia is a deficiency of circulating red blood cells. Leukopenia is a decrease in white blood cells. Leukocytosis is an increase in circulating white blood cells.

Necrosis is the result of cellular injury that does not allow for cellular adaptation because it is which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Too severe Too prolonged A result of a disrupted blood supply Necrosis occurs when the injury is too severe and too prolonged to allow adaptation to the stressors. Necrosis is usually a consequence of disrupted blood supply. A short-term injury usually allows the cell to adapt and so avoid necrosis. Apoptosis controls the rate of cell division and the rate of cell death. If cells are no longer needed, they activate a cellular death pathway, resulting in cell suicide.