Path Ch.38 Disorders of Special Sensory Function

The _____ is avascular and obtains its nutrient and oxygen supply by diffusion fro blood vessels of the adjacent sclera, from the aqueous humor and its deep surface, and from tears.

cornea

Symptoms of ______ are a foreign body sensation, a scratching or burning sensation, itching, and photophobia.

conjunctivitis

________ describes a decrease in visual acuity resulting from abnormal visual development in infancy or early childhood.

Amblyopia

The nurse is teaching a client who has tinnitus about suggested dietary modifications. The most important information the nurse would include would be:

"Cut down on takeout meals because of high amounts of monosodium glutamate."

A client reports occasional ringing in the ears that worsens towards the end of the day. The most important question for the nurse to ask would be:

"What prescription medication and over the counter medication do you take?"

A client with hearing loss is being seen in the clinic. Select the hearing test that would be used to help differentiate conductive from sensorineural hearing loss.

A Weber/tuning fork test

A client reports sudden, acute left eye pain with blurred vision and a headache on the affected side. The client is most likely experiencing:

Acute angle-closure glaucoma

A client tells the health care provider that he developed acute onset (hours) of vertigo, nausea and vomiting lasting several days, but he has not had any auditory or other neurologic manifestations. The health care provider interprets this as:

Acute vestibular neuronitis

The nurse is teaching the client about treatment of open-angle glaucoma. The most appropriate information for the nurse to give the client would be:

Administration of topical beta-andronergic antagonists to lower the pressure.

Myopia

Anterior-posterior dimension of the eyeball is too long

Hyperopia

Anterior-posterior dimension of the eyeball is too short

Otitis externa is an inflammation of the outer ear. What fungi cause otitis externa?

Aspergillus

The nurse is performing a Romberg test on a client. Select the statement that best describes the purpose of the test.

Assess for static vestibular function

Age-related macular degeneration that is dry is characterized by what?

Atrophy of the Bruch membrane

A client presents with copious amounts of yellow-green drainage, conjunctival redness, and chemosis of the right eye. A culture of the eye drainage reveals S. pneumoniae. The client most likely developed:

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A client tells the nurse that when she is in bed, changes position of her head, and rolls into a lateral position, she experiences brief periods of vertigo, usually lasting less than 1 minute. The client is most likely experiencing:

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Anopia

Blindness in one eye

In open-angle glaucoma, there is an increased pressure within the globe of the eye without obstruction at the iridocorneal angle. Usually, this is caused by an abnormality in the trabecular meshwork, which controls the flow or aqueous humor. Where is aqueous humor in a normal eye?

Canal of Schlemm

The nurse is assessing a child who was born with cleft lip and cleft palate and has had recurrent otitis media since birth. The nurse would assess the child for which form of hearing loss?

Conductive

______ glaucoma is caused by a disorder in which the anterior chamber retains its fetal configuration, with aberrant trabecular meshwork extending to the root of the iris, or is covered by a membrane.

Congenital

_____ movements are those in which the optical axes of the two eyes are kept parallel, sharing the same visual field.

Conjugate

Cholestreatomas

Cystlike lesions of the inner ear

Presbyopia

Decrease in accommodation that occurs because of aging

Presbycusis

Degenerative hearing loss that occurs with advancing age

Keratitis can be caused by different infectious agents. What is the treatment goal with herpes simplex virus keratitis?

Eliminating viral replication within the cornea.

Electronnystagmography

Examination that records eye movement in response to vestibular, visual, cervical, rotational, and positional stimulation.

The spiral canal of the _____, which is shaped like a snail shell, begins at the vestibule and winds around a central core of spongy bone called the modiolus.

cochlea

Vitreous humor occupies the posterior portion of the eyeball. It is an amorphous biologic gel. When the liquefaction of the gel occurs as in aging, what can be seen during head movement?

Floaters

_____ includes a group of conditions that produce an elevation in intraocular process.

Glaucoma

Adult strabisus is almost always of the paralytic variety. What is a cause of adult strabismus?

Graves disease

The ophthalmologist is performing a client's annual eye exam and notes an increase in interocular pressure. The condition is most likely a result of:

Imbalance between aqueous production and outflow

The nurse is caring for an elderly client with a suspected diagnosis of presbycusis. Select the most likely manifestation the nurse would note:

Inability to understand words during a conversation

Select the statement that best describes Meniere disease.

Meniere disease is a disorder of the inner ear due to distention of the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear causing a triad of hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus.

Barotrauma

Injury resulting from the inability to equalize middle ear with ambient pressures

The nurse documents the presence of nystagmus when assessing a client. This can be interpreted as:

Involuntary eye movements that preserve eye fixation on stable objects in the visual field

Nystagmus

Involuntary rhythmic and oscillatory eye movements that preserve eye fixation on stable objects in the visual field during angular and rotational movements of the head.

_____ refers to inflammation of the cornea caused by infections, misuse of contact lenses, hypersensitivity reactions, ischemia, trauma, defects in tearing, and interruption in sensory innervation, as occurs with local anesthesia.

Kerititis

Papilledema

Leakage of fluid results in edema of the optic papilla

_____ degeneration is characterized by degenerative changes in the central portion of the retina that result primarily in the loss of central vision.

Macular

Tonometry

Measurement of intraocular pressure

The nurse is assessing a client who has been diagnosed with esotropia. The nurse would expect the assessment findings to include:

Medial deviation

____ disease is a disorder of the inner ear due to distention of the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear, causing a triad of hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus.

Meniere

The _____ refers to the area that is visible during fixation of vision in one direction.

visual field

Streptococcus peneumoniae

Most common cause of bacterial meningitis that results in sensorineural hearing loss after the neonatal period

______ is a form of normal physiologic vertigo, caused by repeated rhythmic stimulation of the vestibular system, and such as is encountered in car, air, or boat travel.

Motion sickness

When conditions occur that impair retinal blood flow, such as hyperviscosity of the blood or a sickle cell crisis, what can occur in the eye as an adaptation to overcome the lack of blood?

Neovascularization

A client reports feeling like the room is spinning around him when standing still. The client is most likely experiencing:

Objective vertigo

_______ is an inflammation of the external ear that can vary in severity from mild allergic dermatitis to severe cellulitis.

Otitis externa

______ is characterized by acute onset of otalgia (or pulling of the ears in an infant), fever, and hearing loss.

Otitis media

______ refers to inflammation of the middle ear without reference to etiology or pathogenesis.

Otitis media

_____ refers to the formation of new spongy bone around the stapes and oval window, which results in progressive deafness.

Otosclerosis

Conductive hearing loss can occur for a variety of reasons, including foreign bodies in the ear canal, damage to the eardrum, or disease. What disease is associated with conductive hearing loss?

Paget disease

Cortical blindness is the bilateral loss of the primary visual cortex. What is retained in cortical blindness?

Pupillary reflexes

Otitis media with effusion

The presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs and symptoms of acute ear infection

Presbycusis is degenerative hearing loss associated with aging. What is the first symptom of this disorder?

Reduction in ability to understand speech

What separates the scala vestibuli and the scala media?

Reissner membrane

________ represents a group of hereditary diseases that cause slow degenerative changes in the retinal photoreceptors.

Retinitis pigmentosa

Tumors affecting cranial nerve VIII are acoustic neuromas. What are these tumors of?

Schwann cells

_____ hearing loss occurs with disorders that affect the inner ear, auditory nerve, or auditory pathways of the brain.

Sensorineural

Otosclerosis is a condition in which spongy, pathologic bone grows around the stapes and oval window. It can be treated either medically or surgically. What is the surgical treatment for otosclerosis?

Stapedectomy

_____ refers to any abnormality of the eye coordination or alignment that results in loss of binocular vision.

Strabismus

A client who experiences constant cloudiness of vision, sees floaters, and has an opaque lens is diagnosed with a cataract. The most appropriate treatment would be:

Surgical lens replacement to correct vision

Amblyopia, or lazy eye, occurs at a time when visual deprivation or abnormal binocular interactions occur in visual infancy. Whether amblyopia is reversible depends on what?

The maturity of the visual system at the time of onset

Rhegmatogenous detachment

The vitreous shrinks and partly separates from the retinal surface

A 2-year-old child has has otitis media (OM) for 4 months and has been treated with several courses of antibiotics now appears to have some hearing loss. The nurse anticipates that the most appropriate treatment for the child would be:

Tympanostomy tube insertion

____ conjunctivitis is highly contagious; causes generalized conjunctival hyperemia, copious tearing, and minimal exudate; and is often accompanied by pharyngitis, fever, and malaise.

Viral

Age-related cataracts are characterized by what?

Visual distortion

Scotoma

a hole in the visual field

The ______ eustachian tube does not close or does not close completely.

abnormality patent

Nonuniform curvature of the refractive medium comparing the horizontal and vertical planes is called ______.

astigmatism

Deafness or some degree of hearing impairment is the most common serious complication of ______ in infants and children.

bacterial meningitis

A _____ is a lens opacity that interferes with the transmission of light to the retina.

cataract

Abnormal nystagmus and vertigo can occur as a result of CNS lesions involving the ______ and lower brain stem.

cerebellum

Impacted _____ usually produces no symptoms unless it hardens and touches the tympanic membrane or the canal becomes irritated resulting in symptoms of pain, itching, and a sensation of fullness.

cerumen

Acoustic neuromas are benign Schwann cell tumors affecting ______.

cranial nerve VIII

The most common infectious cause of congenital sensorineural hearing loss is ________.

cytomegalovirus

In persons with glaucoma, temporary or permanent impairment of vision results from ______ changes in the retina and optic nerve and from corneal edema and opacification.

degenerative

The external ____ consists of the auricle, which collects sound, and external acoustic meatus or ear canal, which conducts the sound to the tympanic membrane.

ear

Cerumen

earwax

The ____ tube, which connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear, is located in a gap in the bone between the anterior and medial walls of the middle ear.

eustachian

The optic globe, commonly called the ___ is a remarkable mobile, nearly spherical structure contain in a pyramid-shaped cavity of the skull called the orbit.

eyeball

Hearing loss in children can be either conductive or sensorineural, as it is in adults. What is the major cause of sensorineural hearing loss in children?

genetic causes

Angle-closure ___ results from occlusion of the iridocorneal angle itself, impairing access to the drainage aqueous humor.

glaucoma

Three pairs of extraocular muscles- the superior and _______ the medial and ________, and the superior and inferior _______ - control the movement of each eye.

inferior recti, lateral recti, obliques

The ____ is an adjustable diaphragm that permits changes in pupil size and in the light entering the eye.

iris

Herpes simples virus _____ with stromal scarring is the most common cause of corneal ulceration and blindness in the Western World.

keratitis

Two striated muscles, the _______ and the _____, provide movement of the eyelids.

levator palpabrae superioris, orbicularis oculi

Frequency

number of waves per unit time

Herpes zoster _____ usually presents with malaise, fever, headache and burning and itching of the periorbital area.

opthalmicus

Benign _____ vertigo is the most common cause of pathologic vertigo.

peroxismal positional

The term ____ refers to a decrease in accommodation that occurs because of aging.

presbyopia

Objective tinnitus is tinnitus that someone else can hear. What does the tinnitus that is caused by vascular disorders sound like?

pulses

With diffuse damage to the forebrain involving the thalamus and hypothalamus, the ____ are typically small but respond to light.

pupils

Direct pupillary light reflex

rapid constriction of the pupil exposed to light

The function of the ______ is to receive visual images, partially analyze them, and transmit this modified information to the brain.

retina

Tinnitis

ringing of the ears; it may assume a hissing, roaring, buzzing, or humming sound

The outer layer of the eyeball consists of a tough, opaque, white, fibrous layer called the _____.

sclera

The tympanic cavity is a small, mucosa-lined cavity within the petrous portion of the ____ bone.

temporal

It is important to differentiate between that kinds of hearing loss so they can be appropriately treated. What is used to test between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss?

tuning fork

Inflammation of the entire uveal tract, which supports the lens and neural components of the eye, is called ____.

uvitis

Disorders of vestibular function are characterized by a condition called ______, in which an illusion of motion occurs.

vertigo

The _____ system maintains and assists recovery of stable body and head position through control of postural reflexes, and it maintains a stable visual field despite marked changes in head position.

vestibular

Acute _____ is characterized by an acute onset (usually hours) of vertigo, nausea, and vomiting lasting several days and not associated with auditory or other neurologic manifestations.

vestibular neuronitis

The genetically color blind person has abnormal _____ and has never experienced the full range of normal color vision and is unaware of what he or she is missing.

cones

The eustachian tube connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear. In infants and children with abnormally patent tubes, what are let into the eustachian tube when the infant or child cries or blows the nose?

Air and secretions

The health care provider is reviewing the results of a client's caloric test. The results were as follows: the client's eyes exhibited jerk nystamus lasting 2 to 3 minutes, with the slow component toward the irrigated ear followed by rapid movement away from the ear. This would be interpreted as:

A functioning brainstem

_______ is neurologically associated with convergence of the eyes, pupillary constriction, and results from thickening of the lens through contraction of the ciliary muscle.

Accommodation

A client tells the doctor he has noticed recent change in vision: he can bring distant images to focus, but near images become blurred. The client has most likely developed:

Hyperopia

Cycloplegia

Paralysis of the ciliary muscle with loss of accommodation