Patho 300 Exam 4

Orthostatic hypotension is an abnormal rise in blood pressure that occurs when assuming the standing position from that of the supine position.

False

Stable atherosclerotic plaques tend to rupture more than unstable atherosclerotic plaques and lead to acute coronary syndromes, ranging from unstable angina to ST-segment elevation MI.

False

The endothelins are potent vasodilators that are released from the endothelial cells throughout the circulation.

False

A distinguishing feature of viral influenza is:

abrupt-onset, profound malaise.

On the second or third day after an acute myocardial infarction, the area of necrosis is:

acutely inflamed. Approximately 2 to 3 days post myocardial infarction, an acute inflammatory response develops in the area surrounding the necrotic tissue. The damaged area is gradually replaced with vascularized granulation tissue. At 4 to 7 days, the center of the infarcted area is soft and yellow. By the seventh week, the necrotic area is completely replaced by fibrous scar tissue.

The patient is immobilized following a hip injury and has begun demonstrating lower leg discoloration with edema, pain, tenderness, and increased warmth in the mid-calf area. He has many of the manifestations of:

deep vein thrombosis

Atherosclerotic plaque is most likely to be unstable and vulnerable to rupture when the plaque has a thin fibrous cap over a:

large lipid core

Pleuritic chest pain associated with respiratory movements is usually described as:

localized.

One of the principal mechanisms by which the heart compensates for increased workload is:

myocardial hypertrophy.

Deoxygenated blood leaves the right heart through the pulmonary veins.

False

HDL is known as the bad cholesterol.

False

A 52-year-old man who is moderately obese has recently been diagnosed with hypertension by his primary care provider. Which of the patient's following statements indicates a need for further health-promotion teaching?

"I think eating foods high in cholesterol will help me." Weight loss, exercise, and salt reduction are all useful strategies in the management of hypertension. An organic diet and increased fluid intake are not known to reduce blood pressure.

A patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is undergoing pulmonary function testing. Which of the following instructions should the technician provide in order to determine the patient's forced vital capacity (FVC)?

"I'll ask you to breathe in as deep as you can, and then blow out as much of that air as possible."

By definition, hypertension is systolic blood pressure of ____ mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of ____ mm Hg or higher.

140 90

Completion of a patient's pulmonary function study has yielded the following data: tidal volume: 500 mL; inspiratory reserve: 3100 mL; expiratory reserve: 1200 mL; residual volume: 1200 mL; functional residual capacity: 2400 mL. What is this patient's inspiratory capacity?

3600 mL

Which of the following individuals is suffering the effects of acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina)?

A patient who occasionally experiences persistent and severe chest pain when at rest Severe chest pain when at rest is characteristic of unstable angina—an ACS. Silent MI, stable angina, and variant, or vasospastic, angina are subtypes of chronic ischemic coronary artery disease.

Which of the following patients should most likely be assessed for orthostatic hypotension?

An elderly patient who has experienced two falls after getting up to go to the bathroom. Dizziness and syncope are characteristic signs and symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, and both predispose an individual to falls; this is especially the case among older adults. Headaches, edema, diabetes, and vision changes are not associated with orthostatic hypotension.

Decreased cardiac output will lead to an increase in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.

False

A patient has just been admitted to the postsurgical unit following a below-the-knee amputation. Which of the following measures should her care team prioritize to prevent atelectasis during the patient's immediate recovery?

Deep-breathing exercises and early mobilization

For which of the following types of shock might intravenous antibiotic therapy be indicated?

Distributive shock

All types of angina represent an acute myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack.

False

Electrical burns over a large surface area of a patient's body have resulted in hypovolemic shock after the loss of large amounts of blood and plasma. Which of the following mechanisms is the patient's body likely to implement to compensate for this loss of fluid?

Increased heart rate

Because cholesterol is insoluble in plasma, it is mainly carried by the lipoprotein:

LDL. Although all of the lipoproteins contain cholesterol and triglycerides, LDL, low- density lipoprotein, is the main carrier of cholesterol.

Which of the four categories of bronchogenic carcinoma has the greatest association with tobacco smoking and tends to metastasize to the brain?

Small cell

Afterload represents the force that the contracting heart must generate to eject blood from the filled heart.

True

Atherosclerosis is by far the most common cause of coronary heart disease.

True

Myocardial hypertrophy is a long-term mechanism by which the heart compensates for increased workload.

True

The heart extracts and uses 60% to 80% of oxygen in blood flowing through the coronary arteries.

True

Venous insufficiency leads to tissue congestion and edema in the lower extremities.

True

Congenital heart defects can cause a right heart to left heart shunting of blood that results in increased:

Unoxygenated blood flow

Endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease are both cardiac complications of systemic infections. Characteristics include a new or changed heart murmur caused by:

Vegetative valve destruction

The pathophysiology of heart failure involves an interaction between decreased pumping ability and the ________ to maintain cardiac output

compensatory mechanism

Bronchial circulation differs from the pulmonary circulation by providing blood for the:

conducting airway

Which of the following acute respiratory infections in children is potentially fatal and poses the greatest threat of severe hypoxia caused by inflammatory edema?

epiglotitis

Hypercapnia refers to an abnormal increase in oxygen levels.

false

Persons with emphysema are often labeled as "blue bloaters" due to the chronic hypoxemia and eventual right-sided heart failure with peripheral edema

false

Cardiac tamponade and pericardial effusion can be life-threatening when the pericardial sac _______ and ______ the heart.

fills rapidly; compresses Rapid accumulation of effusion fluid or blood in the pericardial sac causes cardiac tamponade, resulting in compression of the heart. This leads to cardiac standstill or failure. Pericardial sac thickening due to inflammation can restrict the heart, rather than allow stretching. Rupture of the sac is pathologic, resulting in heart expansion. A friction rub sound (rubbing between the inflamed pericardial surfaces) is characteristic of acute pericarditis. Constrictive pericarditis causes scar tissue formation that contracts and interferes with filling.

Emphysema is characterized by hyperinflation of the lungs that produces increased:

total lung capacity.

Typical pneumonias result from infection by bacteria.

true

influenza is a viral infection that can affect the upper and lower respiratory tracts and is transmitted by aerosol or direct contact.

true

the peripheral chemoreceptors monitor arterial oxygen levels and will stimulate respirations when the PO2 has dropped below 60 mm Hg.

true

Severe shock can be followed by acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) characterized by

ventilation-perfusion mismatch

In right-sided heart failure, peripheral edema is evidenced by:

weight gain.