Patho Ch. 15 & 16 quiz

Chronic stable angina, associated with inadequate blood flow to meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium, is caused by: Select one: a. Fixed coronary obstruction b. Excessive endothelial relaxing factors c. Increased collateral circulation d. Intermittent vessel vasospasms

A. fixed coronary obstruction

The plaques in a client's coronary arteries are plentiful, and most have small- to moderate-sized lipid cores with thick fibrous caps. This form of atherosclerosis is most closely associated with which of the following diagnoses? Select one: a. Stable angina b. ST-segment elevation MI c. Unstable angina d. Non-ST-segment elevation MI

A. stable angina

Clients with ischemic coronary vessel disease and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are classified as low or high risk for acute myocardial infarction based on characteristics that include significant: Select one: a. Heart murmurs b. ECG changes c. Pulmonary disease d. Pericardial effusion

B. ECG changes

A client has entered hypovolemic shock after massive blood loss in a car accident. Many of the client's peripheral blood vessels have consequently collapsed. How does the Laplace law account for this pathophysiologic phenomenon? Select one: a. Decreases in wall tension and blood pressure have caused a sudden increase in vessel radii. b. Decreasing vessel radii has caused a decrease in blood pressure. c. Blood pressure is no longer able to overcome vessel wall tension. d. Wall thickness of small vessels has decreased due to hypotension.

C. Blood pressure is no longer able to overcome vessel wall tension

Which of the following statements about vascular compliance is accurate? Select one: a. Arteries have thick muscular walls that constrict tightly, thereby ejecting blood without storing it for later use. b. A continuous flow through the capillaries occurs primarily during systole. c. Veins can act as a reservoir for storing large quantities of blood. d. Arteries are much more distensible than veins.

C. Veins can act as a reservoir for storing large quantities of blood

A client has had a myocardial infarction (MI) that damaged the right atrium, which has interfered with the SA node. The compensatory mechanism, the AV node, becomes the pacemaker of the heart and beats how many times/minute? Select one: a. 45 to 50 beats/minute b. 55 to 60 beats/minute c. 21 to 30 beats/minute d. 10 to 20 beats/minute

a. 45 to 50 beats/minute

Which elevated serum marker for systemic inflammation is now considered a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and vascular disease? Select one: a. C-reactive protein b. Leukocytosis c. Serum lipoprotein d. Homocysteine

a. C-reactive protein

A nurse is recording the blood pressure of four clients. Client 1: 130/90 mm Hg while lying and 121/90 mm Hg upon standing Client 2: 118/80 mm Hg while lying and 120/80 mm Hg upon standing Client 3: 140/90 mm Hg while lying and 130/80 mm Hg upon standing Client 4: 112/76 mm Hg while lying and 112/70 mm Hg upon standing Select one: a. Client 3 b. Client 1 c. Client 4 d. Client 2

a. Client 3

A nurse hears a bruit while assessing the carotid artery of a client. What could be the reason behind the bruit? Select one: a. Turbulent blood flow in the artery Correct b. Problems in the tricuspid valve c. Decreased blood flow in the artery d. None of the above

a. Turbulent blood flow in the artery

A nurse hears a bruit while assessing the carotid artery of a client. What could be the reason behind the bruit? Select one: a. Turbulent blood flow in the artery b. Problems in the tricuspid valve c. Decreased blood flow in the artery d. None of the above

a. Turbulent blood flow in the artery

Atherosclerotic plaque is most likely to be unstable and vulnerable to rupture when the plaque has a thin fibrous cap over a: Select one: a. Large lipid coreI b. Red thrombus c. Calcified lesion d. Vessel wall injury

a. large lipid corel

Which is the optimal level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol? Select one: a. 110 mg/dL b. 70 mg/dL c. 170 mg/dL d. 135 mg/dL

b. 70 mg/dL

A large increase in heart rate can cause: a. Increased blood viscosity b. Decreased stroke volume c. Loss of action potential d. Reduced cardiac contractility

b. Decreased stroke volume

A client asks why he has not had major heart damage since his cardiac catheterization revealed he has 98% blockage of the right coronary artery. The nurse's best response is: Select one: a. With this amount of blockage, your red blood cells get through the vessel one-by-one and supply oxygen to the muscle b. You have small channels between some of your arteries, so you can get blood from a patent artery to one severely blocked c. You are just a lucky person since most people would have had a massive heart attack by now d. You must have been taking a blood thinner for a long time

b. You have small channels between some of your arteries, so you can get blood from a patent artery to one severely blocked

A client reports severe chest pain and a rapid heart rate. A nurse observes a blood pressure difference in the left and right arms. Which difference in blood pressure indicates an aortic dissection? Select one: a. 5 mm Hg b. 15 mm Hg c. 20 mm Hg d. 10 mm Hg

c. 20 mm Hg

Preload represents the volume work of the heart and is largely determined by: Select one: a. Ventricular emptying b. Force of contraction c. Venous blood return d. Vascular resistance

c. venous blood return

A nurse is reviewing the ankle-brachial index of four clients who are suspected of having peripheral artery disease (PAD). Client 1: 0.6 Client 2: 1.0 Client 3: 1.3 Client 4: 0.95 Which client has developed moderate PAD? Select one: a. Client 3 b. Client 4 c. Client 2 d. Client 1

d. Client 1

Which wave in the electrocardiogram represents ventricular repolarization? Select one: a. P wave b. Q wave c. S wave d. T wave

d. T wave

The most important complication of atherosclerosis that may cause occlusion of small heart vessels is: Select one: a. Fatty streaks b. Ulceration c. Fibrous plaque d. Thrombosis

d. Thrombosis

A client asks, "Why do I have clogged arteries but my neighbor has higher 'bad cholesterol' levels and yet he is just fine?"The health care provider bases the reply on which of the following physiological principles about lipoprotein? Select one: a. Your neighbor has larger 'bad cholesterol' particles that can move into blood vessels but park in joints/tendons. b. Your neighbor probably has higher amounts of good cholesterol (HDL) as well c. You must have a genetic predisposition to having clogged arteries d. You more than likely have small, dense type of 'bad cholesterol' (LDL)

d. You more than likely have small, dense type of 'bad cholesterol' (LDL)

A nurse is teaching a client who has cardiovascular disease about the dietary sources of cholesterol and their effects on the body. Which statement made by the client indicates the need for further teaching? Select one: a. "I should avoid using peanut and canola oil." b. "I can have salmon and sardines in my diet." c. "I can have oatmeal and flaxseeds daily." d. "I can use sesame and safflower oil for cooking."

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The parasympathetic nervous system causes a slowing of the heart rate by increasing: Select one: a. Cardioinhibitory center b. Smooth muscle tone c. Vessel constriction d. Norepinephrine

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