patho CH 16,18,19,20

A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis.

. False

A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock? a. Septic b. Cardiogenic c. Neurogenic d. Anaphylactic

Septic

Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100? a. Sitting BP 110/72, HR 118 b. Sitting BP 108/68, HR 102 c. Sitting BP 110/78, HR 98 d. Sitting BP 120/80, HR 100

Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118

The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is a. preload reduction. b. digitalis. c. β-antagonist agents. d. afterload reduction.

b

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of a. cardiomyopathy. b. β-hemolytic streptococcal infection. c. chronic intravenous drug abuse. d. viral infection with herpesvirus.

b. β-hemolytic streptococcal infection.

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is a. severe, crushing chest pain. b. dysrhythmias. c. pain radiating to the lower legs. d. ST-segment elevation.

d. ST-segment elevation.

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases a. stroke volume. b. preload. c. blood volume. d. afterload.

d. afterload.

A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is

d. serum potassium.

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at a. activating the parasympathetic system. b. decreasing myocardial oxygen demands. c. protecting the heart from further ischemia. d. reducing heart rate and blood pressure.

decreasing myocardial oxygen demands.

In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with a. reduced contractility. b. low cardiac output. c. high cardiac output. d. high afterload.

high cardiac output.

While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?

d. Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.

What results when systemic blood pressure is increased? a. Decreased vascular resistance b. Decreased cardiac output c. Hypovolemia d. Vasoconstriction

Vasoconstriction

Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock? a. Crystalloids b. Inotropic agents c. Vasoconstrictor agents d. 5% dextrose in water

a. Crystalloids

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with a. impaired cardiac filling. b. elevated myocardial oxygen consumption. c. cardiac hypertrophy. d. increased cardiac preload.

a. impaired cardiac filling.

A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

b. Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.

Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of

b. baroreceptor activity.

Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of _____ shock. a. hypovolemic b. cardiogenic c. anaphylactic d. septic

b. cardiogenic

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of a. myocardial infarction. b. hypertensive crisis. c. arthrosclerosis. d. angina.

b. hypertensive crisis.

Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n) a. cyanotic heart defect associated with right-to-left shunt. b. stricture of the aorta that impedes blood flow. c. communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. d. opening between the atria.

communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

Increased preload of the cardiac chambers may lead to which patient symptom? a. Excitability b. Decreased respiratory rate c. Decreased heart rate d. Edema

d. Edema

The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease.

false

A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock.

obstructive

The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of a. defective gap junctions. b. reentry mechanisms. c. triggered activity. d. enhanced automaticity.

reentry mechanisms.

A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shock. a. cardiogenic b. septic c. hypovolemic d. obstructive

septic

Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?

septic

A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience a. hypertension. b. syncope. c. increased pulse pressure. d. peripheral edema.

syncope

Pulse pressure is defined as

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a serious complication of septic shock characterized by abnormal clot formation in the microvasculature throughout the body. a. False b. True

true

Patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class? a. Class IV b. Class III c. Class I d. Class II

Class I

A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient's symptomology is most likely related to a. hypotension. b. deep vein thrombosis. c. hypertension. d. angina.

hypotension.

Cardiogenic shock is characterized by a. reduced systemic vascular resistance. b. elevated SvO2. c. reduced cardiac output. d. hypovolemia.

reduced cardiac output.

Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension. a. primary b. malignant c. secondary d. orthostatic

secondary