Patho Final

Unilateral obstruction of the urinary tract may result in renin secretion, thereby leading to which manifestation?

Increased blood pressure

absorption of nutrients has villi/microvilli that secrete digestive enzymes

small intestine

Which meal choice is most likely to exacerbate an individual's celiac disease

spaghetti with meatballs and garlic bread

acidic environment

stomach

Then nurse us reviewing the lab results of a client with suspected nephrotic syndrome. The nurse anticipates the results to include

protein in the urine

After several months of persistent heartburn, an adult client has been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Which treatment regimen is likely to be prescribed for this client's GERD?

proton pump inhibitors, avoiding large meals, remaining upright after meals

What is the most common cancer of the kidney

renal cell carcinoma

A person has low sodium levels. Which response will this person's body initiate in the renal system

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

aldosterone normally causes us to ____________ sodium and water and __________________ potassium

retain sodium and water excrete potassium

A client is admitted to the hospital with a suspected diagnosis of strangulated bowel. The nurse anticipates the client will need:

surgery to release the bowel

A nurse observe that a client's urine is cola colored and considers which factor as a possible reason

the client's urine contains material from the degradation of red blood cells

Prior to undergoing diagnostic testing with contrast, it is recommended that older adult clients have their creatinine level checked. The rationale for this is to ensure the client:

will not undergo an acute kidney injury by decreasing renal blood flow

The initiating event in the development of nephrotic syndrome is a derangement in the glomerular membrane that causes increased permeability to which substance?

plasma protein

A client diagnosed with good pasture syndrome would require which therapy to remove proteins and autoantibodies from the system>

plasmapheresis

The nurse knows that which sign is one of the earliest manifestations of acute renal failure (ARF)?

polyuria

congestive heart failure would be an _________ cause of renal failure

pre renal

An 86-year-old female client has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of dehydration and hyponatremia after she curtailed her fluid intake to minimize urinary incontinence. The client's admitting laboratory results are suggestive of pre renal failure. The nurse should be assessing this client for which early sign of pre renal injury?

sharp decrease in urine output

what is associated with a hiatal hernia

- it is a condition in which the stomach herniates through an opening in the diaphragm -it can cause heartburn dysphagia and chest pain -it can be life threatening if it gets strangulated or incarcerated so that blood supply is cut off

The cause of gastric carcinomas has been influenced by which factors?

-Family history -Environmental factors -Strain of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

What are the purposes if the large intestine

-absorb water - absorb electrolytes -stores feces

Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) can cause derangement of calcium and phosphate metabolism. The nurse will monitor a client with CKD for which lab abnormality?

-decreased blood levels of calcium -impaired phosphate excretion

Which are manifestations of chronic kidney disease

-hyperkalemia -oliguria -uremia -metabolic acidosis

Which would be caused by post renal acute kidney injury

-increased hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule -decrease GFR

what are functions of the kidney

-maintain acid base balance -excrete wastes -filtration, reabsorption, active secretion -cleanse and maintain ECF volume

A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. The nurse is aware that the client may manifest?

-massive proteinuria -hyperlipidemia -lipiduria -generalized edema

liver dysfunction from cirrhosis

-portal hypertension can lead to development of esophageal varies and ascites -development of low albumin -decreased metabolism of hormones -decreased absorption of fat soluble vitamins -mental status changes from encephalopathy

A client has recently been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)glomerulonephritis. Knowing the treatment options, the nurse should anticipate educating the client (who has a positive renal biopsy result) on which medications usually prescribed?

-prednisone, a corticosteroid - captopril, an ACE inhibitor

Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes such as urea in the circulatory system is an early sign of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The nurse knowns that normal levels of urea in blood are approximately:

20 mg/dL

Which statement about the use of angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors an autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is accurate

ACE inhibitors may interrupt the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system to reduce renal vasoconstriction

what condition causes increased BUN and creatinine

Acute kidney injury (AKI)

A nurse is teaching a client diagnosed with Crohn's disease about potential complications. The most appropriate information for the nurse to include would be:

Fistula Formation

Given the fact that acute pancreatitis can result in severe, life-threatening complications, the nurse should be assessing the client for which complication?

Acute tubular necrosis

A client with history of alcohol abuse is brought to the emergency department after a weekend of heavy drinking, experiencing right upper quadrant pain, anorexia, nausea, jaundice and ascites. The nurse identifies these as manifestations of what disorder?

Alcoholic hepatitis

A client who has had an intestinal bypass has developed a kidney stone. Which type of kidney stone does the nurse recognize that this client will most likely be treated for?

Calcium

Why would RR be hyperkalemic from missing dialysis?

Cells in the nephron normally secrete potassium. When the kidney does not work, dialysis accomplishes this for the patient.

An older adult client has been placed on a broad spectrum antibiotic for a recurrent urinary tract infection. Which potential problem would the nurse anticipate in this client?

Colonization of Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

If Mr. Rumsfeld missed dialysis for several days, why do you think he has crackles (fluid) in his lungs?

Dialysis normally acts as the patient's kidneys to filter blood and remove fluid like the kidneys would. He now has excess fluid volume from missing dialysis which has ended up in his lungs

Which hormone is produced in the kidney

Erythropoeitin

Most common uncomplicated urinary tract infections are caused by ______________ that enter through the urethra

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Individuals with chronic renal failure often develop

Hypocalcemia

While teaching a family member about the development of hepatic encephalopathy, which cause is likely to be mentioned?

Neurotoxin accumulation

The client with substance use disorder was found unconscious after overdosing on heroin 2 days prior. Because of prolonged pressure on the muscles the client has developed myoglobinuria, causing which complication

Obstruction of the renal tubules with myoglobin and damaged tubular cells

Helicobacter pylori proteobacteria cause peptic ulceration by producing which substance that interferes with local protection of gastric acid

Toxins

An older adult client has been hospitalized for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis. Which characteristic of the client is most likely implicated in the etiology of this current health problem

Recently had a urinary tract infection

what best describes the function of the nephron

The resorption of water, electrolytes, and other substances from the bloodstream

A client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) will be managed with peritoneal dialysis. Which description of this type of dialysis is most accurate?

Treatment involves the introduction into the peritoneum of a sterile dialyzing solution, which is drained after a specified time

T/F static urine flow will predispose your patient to development of a UTI

True

A rare condition cause by gastrin-secreting tumor most commonly found in the small intestine or pancreas is called:

Zollinger- Ellison syndrome

Which individual likely faces the highest risk of developing chronic pancreatitis

a women who has 6 to 8 alcoholic beverages each evening

large intestine

absorbs water and stores feces

When explaining acute pancreatitis to a newly diagnosed client, the nurse will emphasize that the pathogenesis begins with an inflammatory process whereby:

activated pancreatic enzymes escape into surrounding tissues, causing auto-digestion of pancreatic tissue

what condition causes decreased GFR

acute glomerulonephritis

A 34-year-old women presents with an abrupt onset of shaking chills, moderate to high fever, and a constant ache in her lower back. She is also experiencing dysuria, urinary frequency, and a feeling of urgency. Her partner states that she has been very tired the last few days and that she looked like she may have the flu. What is most likely diagnosis?

acute pyelonephritis

The nurse suspects that a newborn infant who presents with bilateral flank masses, impaired lung development, and oliguria may be suffering from which disorder

autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Hospitalized neonates are at greatest risk of developing septicemia related to which procedure?

catheter-associated bacteriuria

The nurse caring for four male clients recognizes which client is at highest risk for developing post renal kidney failure

client with prostatic hyperplasia

An older adult client expresses concern about straining to pass stools that are small and hard. What term will the health care provider use to document this in this clients chart?

constipation

Loop of Henle

descending water reabsorption. Ascending electrolyte reabsorption

The nurse is instructing a client with advanced kidney disease (AKD) about a dietary regimen. Which restriction should the nurse be sure to include in the treatment plan to decrease the progress of renal impairment in people with AKD?

dietary protein

A client is beginning to recover from acute tubular necrosis. During which phase of acute kidney injury will the nurse assess an increase in urine output

diuretic phase

Several urine tests can be useful in establishing a diagnosis of acute renal failure (ARF). The nurse must consider that fractional excretion of sodium can be particularly affected by administration of which type of drug?

diuretics

what in the chart could explain the patient's confusion and asterisks

elevated ammonia

A client is admitted with chronic gastritis. The nurse expects which invasive test to be performed to establish the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

endoscopic biopsy

blocks trachea when swallowing

epiglottis

Glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

filtration

Distal Convoluted Tubule

further reabsorption in this area controlled by hormones like aldosterone and angiotensin 2 and ANP and BNP

Which client clinical manifestation most clearly suggests a need for diagnostic testing to rule out renal cell carcinoma

hematuria

A healthcare provider suspects a client may have developed pancreatitis. Which laboratory value will confirm this diagnosis

high serum amylase and lipase

The nurse is caring for a client with right upper quadrant pain secondary to acute choledocholithiasis. If the common bile duct becomes obstructed, which manifestation will the nurse expect?

hyperbilirubinemia

When caring for the client with acute pancreatitis, which alterations does the nurse recognize is consistent with the disease

hyperglycemia

The nurse is caring for the client with pancreatic cancer. The nurse monitors the client for which complication

hyperglycemia due to inability to synthesize insulin

A nurse is assessing a client for early manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD). which would the nurse expect the client to display?

hypertension

When caring for the client with Laennec cirrhosis, the nurse recognizes which pathophysiologic finding to be an expected etiology of jaundice

impaired uptake of bilirubin

The nurse is planning care for a client with urinary tract obstruction. The nurse includes assessment for which possible complication?

increased aloof pressure

An adult client has been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after reporting ongoing "heartburn" unrelieved with antacids. Which medication should the nurse anticipate being prescribed for this client?

PPI inhibitor

absorbs water and stores feces

large intestine

Chron's disease not only affects adults but also can occur in children. The nurse assesses for which major manifestation in children with Crohn's disease

malnutrition

proximal convoluted tubule

most water reabsorption

Reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with a serum creatinine level that remains in the normal range, is associated with which factor of normal age-related change

muscle mass

the functional unit of the kidney is the

nephron

The client has right upper quadrant pain caused by acute choledocholithiasis. The health care provider suspects the common bile duct is obstructed, based on which flowing lab value?

Bilirubin 15 mg/ dL

An older adult client presents with a perforation of a peptic ulcer. The nurse will monitor for signs and symptoms of which priority complication?

peritonitis

While assessing a peritoneal dialysis client in the home, the nurse notes that the fluid draining from the abdomen is cloudy, is white in color, and contains a strong odor. The nurse suspects this client has developed a serious complication known as:

peritonitis