Patho Final Review

A student states, "It seems like helper T cells do a lot more than just 'help' the cellular immunity process". Which of the following responses listed below best conveys an aspect of the role of CD4+ helper T cells in immunity?

"Helper T cells play a major role in stimulating and regulating the whole process."

A client diagnosed with type 2 diabetes has been instructed about managing his condition with diet. The nurse determines further teaching is necessary when the client states

"I must avoid all candies and cookies, but can eat unlimited amounts of pasta and breads."

The mother of a newborn infant questions why her baby needs a vitamin K injection immediately after birth. The best response by the nurse would be:

"Infants are not born with the normal intestinal bacteria that synthesize vitamin K for clotting."

A client who had a pulmonary embolism is receiving IV heparin and has just begun taking his first dose of warfarin (Coumadin). The client asks the nurse, "How long will this pill take in order to prevent me from developing more clots. I would like to go home soon." The nurse responds:

"It usually takes 2 to 3 days for warfarin to become therapeutic, meaning your blood will be thin enough to prevent further clot formation."

A client stepped on a nail at work. The emergency room physician prescribes a tetanus "booster" shot. The client asks the nurse, "If I have already been vaccinated for tetanus why do I need to have another shot?" How should the nurse respond?

"The booster shot will stimulate your immune system's memory, causing an immediate rise in antibodies to protect you from an infection."

Which of the following teaching points would be most appropriate for a group of older adults who are concerned about their cardiac health?

"The plaque that builds up in your heart vessels obstructs the normal flow of blood and can even break loose and lodge itself in a vessel."

A nurse is teaching a class on health promotion and includes information about the risk from ultraviolet radiation. Which of the following should be included? Select all that apply.

-Ultraviolet radiation damages DNA -Ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of skin cancer

The nurse is assessing a female patient with a hemoglobin of 6.8g/dL. Which of the following symptoms would the nurse expect to find? Select all that apply.

-dyspnea -faintness -headache

Two years after chemotherapy and radiation therapy for lung cancer, a 72 year old patient notices that they seem to be extremely tired all the time. The physician suspects the patient may have developed aplastic anemia. The nurse assessing the patient will likely find which of the following clinical manifestations of aplastic anemia? Select all that apply.

-excess bleeding from gums and nose -complaints of weakness and fatigue -small spots of skin hemorrhages over entire body

The nurse is studying hemostasis. She knows that which of the following are TRUE? Select all that apply.

-hemostasis occurs in established stages -hemostasis results in the formation of a platelet plug -vessel constriction or spasm is a factor in effective hemostasis -hemostasis refers to the body's ability to control bleeding

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. Which of the following signs and symptoms are most likely to be seen in this client? Select all that apply.

-hypertension -diarrhea -weight loss -tremor

The nurse is educating a client with hyperthyroidism who has recovered from thyrotoxicosis (thyroid storm) and is preparing for discharge. What can the nurse inform the client that this hypermetabolic state can be caused by in order to decrease exacerbation? Select all that apply.

-manipulation of the thyroid gland -physical or emotional trauma -stress

A teenager is diagnosed with hypertension. The nurse knows that risk factors for hypertension in children and adolescents include which of these? Select all that apply

-obesity -inactive lifestyle -high salt consumption

A client admitted to the hospital with elevated blood glucose is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. What characteristics commonly differentiate type 1 diabetes mellitus from type 2 diabetes mellitus? Select all that apply.

-onset before age 20 -abrupt onset of symptoms -autoimmune beta cell damage

A nurse is planning a community education program on lifestyle modification to manage hypertension. Which of the following topics should be included in the teaching plan? Select all that apply.

-stop smoking -consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products -reduce dietary sodium intake -limit alcohol consumption

Which of the following patients are at risk for impaired normal red blood cell (RBC) destruction? Select all that apply

-the patient whose spleen was damaged in an automobile accident -the patient diagnosed with chronic cirrhosis of the liver -the patient whose biopsy revealed cancer cells in numerous lymph nodes

Oxygen has been prescribed for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Select the most appropriate treatment for the client.

1 to 2L/min via nasal cannula

A woman with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes has been admitted to a hospital unit for the treatment of ketoacidosis. Place the following events in the pathophysiology of ketoacidosis in the correct chronological order. Use all the options.

1. Decrease in pH 2. Breakdown of triglycerides 3. low serum insulin levels 4. production of fatty acids and glycerol 5. Ketone production by the liver

How many days do erythrocytes live in circulation?

120 days

The nurse is monitoring hourly urine output of a client diagnosed with hypovolemic shock. The nurse is most concerned if the client's output is:

20 mL/Hour

In hypovolemic shock, renal perfusion and urinary output decline. The nurse will monitor urinary output and knows that output below which of the following levels indicates inadequate renal perfusion?

20 ml/hour

A child diagnosed with Down syndrome has experienced a chromosomal abnormally involving which trisomy?

21

Which of the following clients are at high risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy?

44 year old noncompliant female who forgets to take her hypertensive medications

The physician suspects a client may have Klinefelter syndrome. To confirm the diagnosis, the chromosome pattern would identify:

47, XXY

A mother who has one mutant allele on the X chromosome and one normal allele asks the nurse what the percentage is of passing it on to a daughter to be a carrier. The best response would be:

50%

A nurse is providing care for several clients on a neurological unit of a hospital. With which of the following clients would the nurse be justified in predicting a problem with thermoregulation?

66 year old male with damage to his thalamus secondary to a cerebral vascular accident

After receiving change-of-shift report about the following four patients, which patient should the nurse assess first?

70-year-old returning from PACU following partial thyroidectomy who is extremely agitated, has an irregular pulse rate of 134, and an elevated temperature of 103.20 F

The nurse is caring for the following group of clients. Select the client most likely to be diagnosed with respiratory alkalosis.

A 26-year-old female with anxiety who has been hyperventilating

Which patient is at greatest risk for decreased wound healing?

A 30 year old patient with type 1 diabetes and a foot ulcer

A nurse is evaluating patients for the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Which of the following patients has the highest risk?

A 45 year old obese woman with a sedentary lifestyle

A client is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and is exhibiting weight loss, diarrhea, and tachycardia. What does the nurse understand that these clinical manifestations are related to?

A hypermetabolic state

The client tells the provider he has lower back pain. Although most abdominal aneurysms are asymptomatic, the provider examines the client for which of the following initial signs of this condition?

A pulsating mass in the abdomen

A patient exhibiting problems with their thyroid has been scheduled for a radioactive scan. From the following list of patients, which would the nurse question as to whether this would be a safe procedure for this patient?

A young female patient who has been trying to get pregnant

Which of the following is the process during which cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient?

Active transport

A 35-year-old client is diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI) and is started on hemodialysis. The client is concerned with the diagnosis and wants to know what to expect in the progression of this disorder. Which statement best addresses the client's concern?

Acute kidney injury is abrupt in onset and often reversible if recognized early and treated appropriately

The critical care nurse has just admitted a client with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) whose blood glucose level is 877 mg/dL. The client's breath has a fruity odor and the client is confused. Which of these does the nurse set as the priority at this time?

Administration of intravenous fluids

According to Hans Selye, which of the following is the correct order of stages of the general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm, Resistance, exhaustion

Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein?

Albumin

The nurse is caring for a client who is now 2 days post near-drowning. The focused assessment would involve which of the following areas of the lung involved in gas exchange?

Alveoli

The nurse is caring for four clients. Select the client who is at greatest risk for decreased wound healing.

An 80 year old diabetic client with foot ulcer

Which of the following is an example of wound healing by secondary intention?

An infected burn of the arm

Which of the following types of pharmacological therapy does the nurse anticipate administering to a patient for treatment of a spastic bladder in order to decrease bladder hyperactivity?

Anticholinergic medications

Which of the following statements is true regarding drug therapy and its effects on the body?

Antineoplastic cells directly damage cells

Which of the following can the nurse tell a patient about antipyretic drugs during fever?

Antipyretics helps to protect the body

Which substance, released by the atria, causes vasodilation of the afferent and efferent arterioles, which results in an increase in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A patient with a 25-year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. Physical assessment reveals an increased anterior-posterior chest diameter. Which of the following terms should the nurse use to document this finding?

Barrel chest

The nurse is caring for a patient who has had acute blood loss from ruptured esophageal varices. Which of the following does the nurse recognize is an early sign of prerenal failure?

Baseline urine output of 50 mL/hr that is now 10 mL/hr

A patent is diagnosed with an adenoma. The nursing student identifies this as being which of the following?

Benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

Which one of the following is an AIDS-defining condition?

CD4+ count less than 200 cells/microliter of blood

The nurse recognizes the role of the lungs in acid-base balance is regulation of which of the following?

CO2

A patient who was recently diagnosed with cancer and is worried that his cancer might spread asks the nurse how cancer spreads? Which of the following would be the nurse's best response?

Cancer spreads through the lymph channels and the blood vessels

Select the correct sequence of blood return to the heart

Capillaries, venules, veins, right atrium

Which complication of acromegaly can be life threatening?

Cardiac structures increase in size

Marfan syndrome, which is a connective tissue disorder, affects several organ systems. The most life-threatening aspects of the disorder are caused by defects in which of the following systems?

Cardiovascular

Which of the following is a function of plasma?

Carrying nutrients

Which of the following happens when a cell is confronted with a decrease in work demands?

Cell becomes smaller

A patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease has metaplasia. Which of the following is the cause?

Cells are replaces in response to chronic irritation

A 20-year-old female comes to the clinic for an annual exam. She reports having unprotected sexual intercourse with several men over the last year. Blood tests reveal that she is positive for human papillomavirus. The nurse teaches the patient about which of the following complications that may occur because of the infection?

Cervical cancer

The nurse determines that the client has clubbing of the fingertips. Which is the best intervention?

Check the patients O2 saturation level

Which of the following statement is not true concerning chromosomes?

Chromosomes do not retain integrity between cell divisions

A woman gives birth to a small infant with a malformed skull. The infant grows abnormally slowly and shows signs of substantial cognitive and intellectual deficits. The child also has facial abnormalities that become more striking as it develops. What might you expect to find in the mother's pregnancy history?

Chronic alcohol use

Abnormalities of body structure, function or metabolism that are present at birth are known as which of the following?

Congenital

Marfan syndrome is a single-gene disorder that affects which type of tissue?

Connective

Which disorder is a result of excess cortisol?

Cushing syndrome

Which manifestation of left-sided heart failure can be diagnosed by examination of the lips and mucous membranes?

Cyanosis

The nurse is providing care for a client with a diagnosis of cirrhosis, and she notes that the client's sclerae are jaundiced. The nurse recalls that jaundice is a pigment that can accumulate in which part of the cell?

Cytoplasm

Which of the types of T cells is responsible for destroying pathogens by punching holes in their cell membrane and by secreting cytokines/lymphokines?

Cytotoxic T cells

A nurse is the emergency department admits a male client who has experienced severe frostbite to his hands and toes after becoming lost on a ski hill. The nurse recognizes that which of the following phenomena has contributed to his tissue damage?

Decreased blood flow has induced hypoxia

The nurse is caring for a client who has a low levels of T lymphocytes. The nurse plans care for a client with which of the following?

Decreased immune response

A woman complains to the nurse that she has developed a yeast infection. The woman does not understand how she could get a yeast infection since she has been on antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. What is the rationale for this patient's complaint?

Destroying one type of resident flora (bacteria) can allow over proliferation of another competing type (yeast).

When explaining to a patient why they only had minimal muscle damage following 99% occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, the nurse will explain this is primarily due to:

Development of collateral circulation that build channels between some of the smaller arteries usually when the flow is decreased gradually.

The nurse caring for a client with a large leg wound notes that the client's past medical history includes diabetes, chronic atrial fibrillation, asthma controlled by maintaninence medication, and neuropathy. Which one has the greatest potential to negatively impact the healing of the client's wound?

Diabetes

A pancreatitis patient is admitted with weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. To maintain nutrition, the physician orders parental nutrition to be started. Knowing that a major side effect of parenteral nutrition is a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, the nurse should assess the patient for which clinical manifestations (listed below)?

Dry lips, excess urine output, and seizures

Which statement is true concerning chromosomes?

Each human somatic cell has 23 pairs of different chromosomes

A 16-year-old male client who has been diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis asks the health care provider what caused the condition. The best response would be:

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

When caring for a client with anemia and a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs), the nurse recognizes which of these hormones will stimulate the bone marrow to produce additional RBCs?

Erythropoietin

Which of the following is the most common cause of lower uncomplicated urinary tract infections?

Escherichia coli

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is unlike other teratogens in that the harmful effects on the fetus:

Extend throughout the pregnancy

The nurse is caring for a patient with a tumor obstructing the lymphatic system. For which of the following consequences does the nurse assess?

Fluid accumulating in the interstitial spaces distal to the tumor

A 48 year-old man who has been HIV positive for 6 years has just learned that he has been diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma (KS). Which of the following facts most accurately conveys an aspect of his diagnosis?

He is likely to have lesions on his skin, mouth, or GI tract

A patient is diagnosed with leukemia. The student nurse working with this patient correctly identifies this type of cancer to be which of the following?

Hematologic cancer

Select the statement that best describes apoptosis?

Highly selective in eliminating injured or aged cells

Select the statement that best explains the function of hormone receptors

Hormone receptors recognize a specific hormone and translate the signal into a cellular response

A patient asks why her breasts are enlarged during pregnancy? Which of the following is the best answer?

Hyperplasia due to estrogen stimulation

The nurse explains to the hypertensive client that the increased workload required to pump blood against an elevated arterial pressure results in a progressive increase in left ventricular muscle mass. This is an example of which of the following?

Hypertrophy

A patient is admitted with an alteration in arterial blood gases. Cellular injury is most likely to result from which of the following aspects of this abnormality?

Hypoxia

An oncologist has ordered a bone marrow biopsy for a client and is explaining the reasons for the test and what the client might expect during the test. Which of the following explanations best reflects an aspect of a bone marrow biopsy?

I need to get samples of the types of blood cells that your body is producing

A neighbor is complaining to a friend (who happens to be a nurse) about several changes in their body. Which of the following complaints raises a "red flag" because it could be a sign of epithelial cell bladder cancer?

I noticed my urine is pinkish red, but i'm not having any pain when I pee

A client has been diagnosed with chronic obstructive arterial disease. Which client statement indicates she understands how to manage this disease?

I should have my LDL monitored

A client is diagnosed with Addison's disease. What statement by the client indicates an understanding of the discharge instructions by the nurse?

I will have to take my medication for the rest of my life

A nurse is performing client health education with a 68-year-old man who has recently been diagnosed with heart failure. Which of the following statements demonstrates an accurate understanding of his new diagnosis?

I'm trying to think of ways that I can cut down the amount of salt that I usually eat

The nurse is teaching a group of college students about reducing the risk of HIV transmission during sexual relations. The nurse makes which of the following appropriate teaching points?

If a person has a sexually transmitted disease (STD), there is an increased risk for HIV infection

Which of the following immunoglobulins (Ig) is released in response to allergy or parasitic infections?

IgE

Three days ago, a mother delivered her full-term infant who had been identified as having an in utero infection. The infant is receiving antibiotic and phototherapy, and the mother is breastfeeding. Which of the following types of immunoglobulins could most reasonably be expected to predominate in the infant's immune system?

IgG, IgA, IgM

Which of thee following is the main job of lymphocytes?

Immune reaction

A patient tells the nurse that he is receiving cancer treatment that involves strengthening the immune system. The nurse documents that the patient is receiving which of the following?

Immunotherapy

The patient who has been admitted with a problem with his bladder has a postvoid residual (PVR) of 250 ml. The nurse understands that this indicates which of the following?

Inadequate bladder emptying

Ventilation is driven by which alteration in arterial blood?

Increased PCO2

Which of the following data would a clinician consider as most indicative of acute renal failure?

Increased nitrogenous waste levels; decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

A nurse is teaching a patient with newly diagnosed hypertension about antihypertensive drug therapy. The nurse determines that the patient understands when the patient correctly describes which of the following as the mechanism of action of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor?

Inhibition of the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, decreasing angiotensin II levels and reducing its effect on vasoconstriction

The diagnosis of type 1 diabetes would be confirmed by:

Insulin is not available for use by the body

Which of the following statements is true concerning DNA structure and function?

It is very stable

Which of the following is the primary advantage of targeted cancer therapy?

It uses drugs that selectively attack malignant cancer cells

A nursing instructor sees the need for further instruction when one student makes which of the following statements concerning cancer?

Malignant neoplasms tend to grow slowly

A nurse is caring for an infant born with a cleft lip and palate. The priority of care would address:

Malnutrition

A nursing instructor who is teaching students about the effects of cancer identifies a need for further instruction when one of the students says which of the following?

Many body function are not affected by cancer

A biochemical event, such as nucleotide change, deletion, or insertion, that produces a new allele is called which of the following?

Mutation

Which of the following types of immunity is achieved by an infant from its mother through antibodies transferred in utero or in breast milk

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A school nurse is teaching a class on immunity. Which statement contains an accurate explanation about cellular defenses?

Neutrophils engulf invading organisms where lysosomes break them down

A nurse orienting to the surgical suite is studying medications that affect platelet function and notes that the most common medications are which of the following?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and aspirin

A nursing instructor is explaining the role of vascular smooth muscle cells in relation to increases in systemic circulation. During discussion, which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for contraction of the entire muscle cell layer thus resulting in decrease vessel lumen radius?

Norepinephrine

A client with a long history of stable angina suddenly experiences substernal pain that radiates to the left arm, neck, and jaw. He describes the pain as severe and feels as if he is suffocating. He has taken nitroglycerin and not experienced any relief. The client is most likely experiencing:

Onset of STEMI

Which of the following best describes the consumption of a foreign substance, such as bacteria, in a cell?

Phagocytosis

A client tells the nurse that the doctor told her she has too many red blood cells accompanied by elevated white cells and platelet counts. The nurse recognizes this as:

Polycythemia vera

Which goal is a priority for a nurse caring for a patient diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension?

Preventing falls

A female client tells the health care provider that she has recently been experiencing episodes of changes occuring in the color of her fingertips especially when she experiences cold temperatures. She further states that the tips become pale, turn a bluish color, and then become reddened. The client is most likely experiencing:

Raynaud phenomenon

A client in the acute stage of inflammation will experience vasodilation of the arterioles and congestion in the capillary beds. The nurse would assess the client's skin for:

Redness

Which of the following is the best modality to diagnose hypertension?

Repeated blood pressure determinations

Which of the following is the correct sequence for blood flow through the heart?

Right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium mitral valve left ventricle aorta

Which of the following health problems may be identified by a TORCH screening test?

Rubella and herpes

Which of the following types of epithelium is found in the lining of blood vessels, lymph nodes, and alveoli of the lungs?

Simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following is called the pacemaker of the heart?

Sinoatrial (SA) node

The first physical line of defense in innate immunity is:

Skin and mucous membranes

When caring for patients with disorders of sodium balance, the nurse asks the provider which of the following findings are consistent with hypernatremia?

Sodium 158 mEq/L and serum osmolality of 320 mOsm/kg Correct

A client with a known history of intravenous drug abuse has been diagnosed with infective endocarditis. Select the most likely cause of infection.

Staphylococcus aureus

A client with pneumonia is admitted with these vital signs: temperature 99.7ºF, pulse 80 beats/min, respirations 18/minute, and BP 120/80 mmHg. Which set of vital signs does the nurse anticipate when the client begins to shiver and requests another blanket several hours later?

T 100.9ºF, P 90/min, R 20/min, BP 126/80 mmHg

Which of the following explains how T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes differ?

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland; B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.

A 42-year-old female client with breast cancer has a tumor that is minimal in size and extension, has minimal regional lymph nodes involved, and has no distant metastasis. Using the TNM system the tumor is staged as:

T1, N1, and M0

A client arrives in the clinic and states to the nurse, "I am tired all the time and have gained weight. My hair is so dry it is breaking." The nurse assesses that the client's face is puffy with edematous eyelids and the outer third of the eyebrows are thinning. What lab test will the nurse prepare the client for that is characteristic of this disorder?

T4 and TSH

The client has just been diagnosed with bladder cancer and asks the nurse what causes it. Which of the following would be the nurse's best response to the client?

The cause is unknown."

The nurse is caring for the following clients. Select the client at highest risk for the development of atelectasis

The client who is postop total knee replacement and receiving client-controlled analgesia

What is the nurse's expectation about a client's ability to compensate for a metabolic blood gas disorder?

The client will compensate with the respiratory system

The nurse teaches the client with end-stage kidney disease who has developed anemia that the reason anemia has developed is which of these?

The damaged kidney is unable to produce erythropoietin.

Which of the following statements is true concerning gene expression?

The degree to which a gene is active is called gene expression

A person's genotype can best be described as which of the following?

The genetic makeup of an individual

A newborn is screened for congenital hypothyroidism and is found to have the disorder. When educating the mother about the importance of the infant's taking thyroid hormone supplement, what should be included in the education?

The infant will have dosage levels adjusted as he grows

A 9-year-old child has been home from summer camp for 2 weeks and complains of sore throat, low-grade fever, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. After testing, it is determined the child has Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated infectious mononucleosis. The parent asks the nurse how the child acquired this type of infection. Which of the following is the nurse's best response?

The infection is acquired primarily through contact with infected oral secretions

A patient's history and physical indicate that the patient is a carrier of sickle cell anemia. The nurse anticipates which of the following?

The patient can transmit the disorder but does not exhibit symptoms

A patient is managing his type 2 diabetes with exercise and diet. He has a fasting blood sugar level (FBS) of 80 mg/dL and a hemoglobin A1C of 5%. Based on these findings, which of the following can the nurse assume?

The patient is achieving normal glycemic control

Which of the following patients should have a feeling of bladder fullness?

The patient with 200 mL of urine in their bladder

A 62 year old male collapsed while unloading a truck of heavy sacks of feed for his cattle. When he arrived in the Emergency Department, blood gasses reveal a slightly acidic blood sample. The nurse caring for this patient is not surprise with this result based on which of the following pathophysiological rationales?

The skeletal muscles are producing large amounts of lactic acid and release it into the bloodstream during heavy work/exercise.

A client has been diagnosed with aortic stenosis and asks the nurse what this means. The most appropriate response would be:

The valve opening is narrowed and produces increased resistance to blood flow out of the left ventricle and into the aorta

Following a biopsy, a 54 year-old man has been diagnosed as having a benign neoplastic tumor. Which of the following characteristics most likely applies to his tumor?

The well-differentiated, neoplastic cells are clustered together in a single mass

Which of the following statements would a nurse tell a patient that best describes a lab finding of metaplasia?

This is a change in cell form as it adapts to increased work demands or threats to survival

A patient has suffered an electrical injury to the hand. Which of the following will the nurse expect to find?

Tissue damage at the skin site where the current entered the body

When the mother of an adolescent with Turner syndrome asks the nurse why the physician is prescribing estrogen therapy, the nurse tells the mother which of the following?

To promote secondary sex characteristics

Bruising of the skin is a manifestation of bleeding disorders in patients with CKD? T/F

True

The nursing student studying about cancer says the following: "A neoplasm, benign or malignant, represents a new growth." This statement is considered to be which of the following?

True

Which of the following vessel layers is made primarily of muscle?

Tunica media

The provider is doing genetic counseling with a patient. He explains that which of the following conditions affects only females?

Turner syndrome

The type of hypersensitivity reaction that is mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or tissues is also known as which of the following types of hypersensitivity reaction?

Type II

The nurse is caring for a client who is a strict vegetarian; the client is at greatest risk for the development of

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

The nurse is reviewing the complete blood count (CBC) and white blood cell (WBC) differential of a client admitted with lower right abdominal pain. Which laboratory results are the most important for the nurse to communicate to the health care provider?

White blood cells (WBCs) 18,500/uL

The client with chronic kidney disease asks the nurse why he must take active vitamin D (calcitriol) as a medication. Which of these is the most appropriate response by the nurse?

With renal disease vitamin D is unable to be transformed to its active form

The nurse is caring for a client who has just learned that he is HIV positive. The client asks the nurse how long he has been able to infect others. Select the best response by the nurse.

You can infect others before the HIV antibody is detectable in your blood

The parents of a child diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF) ask about the risk of any future children having the condition. How should the nurse respond?

You have a 25% chance that your next child will have CF

A patient has been exercising his arms repeatedly. Which of the following explains the increase in the size of the arms?

Your cells have hypertrophied in response to increased workload

A mother is diagnosed with a bacterial infection and is worried that her newborn infant will also contract the infection. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching plan for the client?

Your newborn has maternal IgG antibodies that were transferred through the placenta before birth, providing some protection from infection

A client is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of pericarditis. The nurse is teaching the patient about the anatomical location of the infection. The nurse evaluates the effectiveness of the teaching when the client correctly identifies which of the following as the location of the pericardium?

a membranous sac that encloses the heart

The nurse observes a client care technician obtain a blood pressure on an obese client using a BP cuff that is too small. The nurse is aware that this will result in

a reading that is too high

A client recovered from influenza two days ago and informs the nurse that she is feeling better but now has a fever, chills, pain when breathing, and a productive cough. What complication does the nurse anticipate the client will be treated for?

a secondary bacterial pneumonia

The nurse is caring for a 42-year-old male client who is admitted for treatment of heart failure. He has abnormally large hands and feet and a broad face with a protruding jaw. Based on these signs and symptoms, the nurse identifies which of the following endocrine disturbances as the most likely cause for these physical changes?

acromegaly

A client is transported to the emergency department in respiratory distress after eating peanuts. The following interventions are ordered by the health care provider. Which intervention should the nurse complete first?

administer epinephrine (adrenaline)

Anticoagulant drugs prevent thromboembolic disorders. How does warfarin, one of the anticoagulant drugs, act on the body?

alters vitamin K, reducing its ability to participate in the coagulation of the blood

A 20-year-old male client is experiencing a severe immunologically mediated reaction in which histamines have been released into the blood. Select the type of reaction most likely occurring with this client.

anaphylactic shock

The nurse determines that teaching has been effective when a client diagnosed with chronic stable angina states:

angina may result from exertional activity or emotional stress and be relieved within minutes by rest or by nitroglycerin

A client has developed a tumor of the posterior pituitary gland. The client is at risk for problems with secretions of:

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

A group of nursing students studying platelet disorders lists which of the following potential causes of thrombocytopenia that affect bone marrow function? Select all the apply.

aplastic anemia radiation therapy leukemia chemotherapy

A client is suffering from severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and has been admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia. Which of the following would be the most likely cause for the development of pneumonia?

aspiration

An elderly client recently had a cerebrovascular accident that resulted in dysphagia. Which of the following is the nurse's greatest concern while feeding this client?

aspiration

The nurse is preparing to auscultate for a mitral valve stenosis murmur Where is the best location to place the stethoscope?

at the apex of the heart

The nursing instructor, when teaching the students about coronary artery disease (CAD), identifies which of the following as the main cause of CAD?

atherosclerosis

Dysrhythmias can occur in patients with heart failure. The dysrhythmia that occurs most frequently in heart failure is which of the following?

atrial fibrillation

The father of a 2-year-old boy recently diagnosed with hemophilia A asks the nurse how to prevent complications for his son. The best response would be:

avoid administering aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Select the response that best describes the pressure-sensitive receptors that respond to changes in the stretch of the vessel wall.

baroreceptors

A client's echocardiogram identified a narrowed valve that has resulted in a decreased blood flow between the left atria and left ventricle. The nurse would interpret this as the:

bicuspid valve

The nurse reviews the lab results of a client who has a thrombocyte count of 60,000/uL. The client is at risk for

bleeding

The nurse and nursing student are caring for a client undergoing a severe stressor with release of epinephrine into the bloodstream. Which of these effects on blood glucose levels does the nurse teach the student epinephrine will cause?

blood glucose will elevate

A nursing student has learned in class that with abdominal cancer the tumor may compress the viscera, which will cause which of the following?

bowel obstruction

When caring for the client with diabetic ketoacidosis, the nurse recognizes that fatty acids and ketones may be used for energy by most organs. Which of these organs does the nurse recognize is reliant on glucose as the major energy source?

brain

The nurse is caring for a client who has just experienced an acute myocardial infarction and is diagnosed with "pump failure." The nurse is aware that the client is experiencing which type of shock?

cardiogenic

When caring for a patient with hyperkalemia, the nurse prioritizes assessment of which of the following body systems?

cardiovascular

Which is the most common gram-negative bladder infection found in hospitalized clients?

catheter-induced infection

A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Which of the following symptoms would most likely be present?

chest pain and dyspnea

An elderly client asks the nurse why so many older people develop anemia. The best response would be

chronic disease

Which of the following criteria about insulin would prompt a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes?

complete failure of insulin secretion

The nursing student was initially overwhelmed with the demands of nursing school. The student implemented a plan of getting adequate sleep and nutrition to adapt to the new demands. These strategies are known as which of the following?

coping mechanisms

A client with primary lung disease has developed right heart failure. The health care provider would document this as:

cor pulmonale

A client is diagnosed with adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency (ACTH) and is to begin replacement therapy. Regarding which type of replacement will the nurse educate the client?

cortisol replacement therapy

Which manifestation of left-sided heart failure can be diagnosed by examination of the lips and mucous membranes?

cyanosis

During the admission interview the client, who is admitted with bacterial pneumonia, reveals a 20 pack per year smoking history. The nurse relates the possible cause of this pneumonia to the decreased defense of the pulmonary system caused by cigarette smoking. Smoking affects the pulmonary defense system by which of these?

damage or destruction of cilia

Which physiologic change in the elderly population contributes to urinary incontinence?

decline in detrusor muscle function

A client has been prescribed a thiazide diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), for the initial treatment of hypertension. What effect does the nurse know this drug will have to decrease blood pressure?

decrease vascular volume

A patient who experienced an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) received fibrinolytic therapy with streptokinase. Which of the following manifestations alerts the nurse to a developing complication?

decreased level of consciousness

A client has been diagnosed with metabolic acidosis. What assessment finding does the nurse expect?

decreased pH below 7.35

A patient experiences an increase in thyroid hormone as a result of a thyroid tumor. Which of the following hormonal responses demonstrates the negative feedback mechanism?

decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

The client has been diagnosed with impaired blood flow in the deep venous channels of her legs. The nurse explains that which of the following is the most common cause of this condition?

deep vein thrombosis

The nurse is explaining to the parents of a 23-week premature infant the reason their baby needs to be on mechanical ventilation. The education is successful when the parents state that they understand their baby was born before the type II alveolar cells could mature which has caused a

deficiency of surfactant

The nurse is instructing a patient with advanced kidney disease (AKD) about a dietary regimen. Which of the following restrictions should the nurse be sure to include in the treatment plan to decrease the progress of renal impairment in people with AKD?

dietary protein

Select the option that most accurately describes the process resulting in specialized cells.

differentiation

Your ESRD patient is receiving two units of packed red blood cells for anemia (Hgb of 8.2). Twenty minutes into the first transfusion, the nurse observes the patient has a flushed face, hives over upper body trunk, and is complaining of pain in lower back. His vital signs include pulse rate of 110 and BP drop to 95/56. What is the nurse's priority action?

discontinue the transfusion and begin an infusion of normal saline

An elderly patient is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. For which of the following clinical manifestations should the nurse assess?

dizziness and fainting

A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and started on intravenous heparin therapy. Seven days later, the client's lab values identify a rapid decrease in platelets. The health care provider recognizes this as:

drug-induced thrombocytopenia

Which laboratory findings should you expect to see in a patient diagnosed with nephritic syndrome?

elevated urine protein and hypoalbuminemia

The nurse is caring for a client with suspected dehydration. Which of these results does the nurse recognize will help confirm this diagnosis?

elevated urine specific gravity

The pulmonary rehabilitation specialist is educating medical students on a respiratory disease process that causes a severe compromise in exhalation due to air trapping. Air trapping is caused by the loss of elastic recoil, especially in the alveoli, which occurs after overstretching in which of the following diseases?

emphysema

The nurse is caring for a client with a condition of deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). When assessing the client, which of these findings does the nurse anticipate?

excessive urine output

A teratogenic environmental agent can cause birth defects when:

exposed during early pregnancy

A nurse's hand-off reports states that the patient has pyrexia. The nurse plans care for the patient with which of the following events?

fever

Raynaud disease or phenonemon is a functional disorder caused by intense vasospasm of the arteries and arterioles in which of the following?

fingers

The healthcare provider suspects a newly admitted client may have a hemothorax. The client most likely experienced

fractured or dislocated ribs

The most critical time for teratogenic influence in embryonic development is which one of the following?

from day 15 to day 60 after conception

The nurse is caring for a client who received regular insulin at 7 am. Four hours later the nurse finds the client diaphoretic, cool, and clammy. Which of these interventions is the priority?

give the client a concentrated carbohydrate

After exposure to poison ivy, the client has hives on his trunk and extremities. In an effort to decrease his immune response the practitioner places him on which of the following medications?

glucocorticoid

A 25-year-old female client exhibits exophthalmos of both eyes. The health care provider recognizes this as a manifestation of:

graves disease

The nurse is performing an assessment for a client who has hyperthyroidism that is untreated. When obtaining vital signs, what is the expected finding?

heart rate 110 and bounding

The nurse is caring for a client with diabetes. Which of these findings is cause for concern leading the nurse to initiate client education?

hemoglobin A1C level is 8.7

The health care provider is discussing major risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) with a client. The most important information for the provider to include would be:

history of cigarette smoking and elevated blood pressure

The nurse is teaching a client diagnosed with Addison disease about the importance of lifetime oral replacement therapy. Select the pharmacologic agent that would be prescribed.

hydrocortisone

A nurse is assessing a patient who is a body builder. The nurse documents the increased size of the patient's muscle as resulting from which of the following?

hypertrophy

Increased cardiac workload with left heart failure can result in which of the following change to the myocardial cells?

hypertrophy

A patient who has donated a kidney to his son asks what will happen to the patient's remaining kidney? Which of the following is the nurse's best response?

hypertrophy will occur as the kidneys workload increases

The physician is assessing a client with a preliminary diagnosis of endocrine disorder. Further assessment findings identify abnormalities with emotion, pain, body temperature, and neural input. The physician determines the need to further assess the:

hypothalamus

A 20-year-old college student has a pelvic fracture and a severed leg from a motorcycle accident. She lost several units of blood. When the student arrived in the emergency department, her blood pressure was very low, her pulse was high, and her skin was pale. The nurse knows that this patient has developed which of the following types of shock?

hypovolemic

(see full question) A nurse is monitoring a patient with anemia and low oxygen levels. The nurse knows that which of the following stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin?

hypoxia

While being on subcutaneous heparin injections for deep vein thrombosis during her latter pregnancy, a patient begins to experience major side effects. Her OB physician has called in a specialist who thinks the patient is experiencing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The nurse should anticipate which of the following orders?

immediately discontinue the heparin therapy

The health care team is developing a plan of care for a client diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF). The primary treatment goal would be:

improving quality of life by relieving symptoms

When the nurse is performing a health history for a client who is being admitted for hyperthyroidism, what symptoms does the client report that the nurse would find associated with this disorder?

increase in appetite

A nurse is caring for a patient who has a recent history of passing calcium urinary stones. Which of the following is a priority nursing consideration for this patient?

increase in blood pressure

A client is experiencing the early stages of an inflammatory process and develops leukocytosis. The nurse recognizes this as an:

increase in circulating neutrophils

The client is receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following lab results would the provider expect to see?

increased blood glucose

A patient who has been awaiting the results of a bone marrow biopsy for several days is experiencing stress as a result of uncertainty and the possibility that abnormal cell growth may be detected. A physical examination and blood work would most likely yield which of the following results?

increased blood pressure and heart rate; increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A client has experienced sympathetic nervous stimulation of the heart. The nurse is aware that the client may manifest which of the following?

increased heart rate and increased contractility

A nurse is teaching a client about the effects of UV radiation. Exposure to UV radiation would place the client at greatest risk for?

increased risk of cancer

A child has developed respiratory stridor and is displaying a crowing sound. The parents ask the nurse what is causing this sound. The best response would be:

increased turbulence of air moving through the obstructed airways

The nursing student studying about cancer growth correctly identifies "cell proliferation" to mean which of the following?

increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division

A patient is to receive a radiocontrast media as part of a diagnostic scan. Which of the following is intended to reduce the nephrotoxic effects of the radiocontrast media?

increasing the normal saline intravenous infusion rate to 125mL/hour

The nurse notes that the client has a decreased neutrophil count. The nurse recognizes that the client is at risk for which of the following?

infection

Which one of the following is the usual cause of acute pyelonephritis?

infection

A client has just been told that he has an infection of the inner surface of the heart. He is also told that the bacteria has invaded his heart valves. What term is used for this disease process?

infective endocarditis

Select the most appropriate intervention for the nurse to teach a client diagnosed with distal symmetric neuropathy related to diabetes.

inspect the feet for blisters daily

The nurse is assessing a client diagnosed with anemia and notes that the client's skin and mucous membranes are pale. The nurse interprets this as:

insufficient hemoglobin

A client who has suffered a myocardial infarction is being treated in the emergency room. His pain remains severe even though he was given nitrates and oxygen. The physician now orders morphine for the pain. What method should the nurse to administer the morphine?

intravenous

A female patient comes to the clinic with symptoms of fatigue and heavy menses over the last 6 months. Laboratory tests reveal a microcytic hemochromic anemia. Based on these results, the nurse anticipates teaching the patient about which type of anemia?

iron deficiency anemia

A patient was recently diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. The nurse anticipates which of the following treatments to be prescribed?

iron supplementation and dietary teaching

A patient who has undergone radiation therapy is expected to have some necrosis of cells. Necrosis is which of the following types of side effect?

irreversible cell damage

Which of the following is the greatest diagnostic limitation of an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

it documents only current cardiac function

The heart is a four-chambered pump. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circulation?

left ventricle

The nurse has just completed teaching a client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes about rapid-acting insulin. The nurse determines that teaching was effective when the client selects:

lispro

A patient with distal symmetric polyneuropathy usually begins by complaining of:

loss of feeling or touch in the feet

The nurse is conducting patient education for a client who is scheduled to undergo diagnostic testing for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The nurse includes information on which of the following?

lymph node biopsy

A patient who has just recently been diagnosed with cancer asks the nurse what tumor markers are. Which of the following would be the nurse's best response?

markers are antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells

The nurse is reviewing the following lab results of a client diagnosed with renal failure: pH: 7.24 PCO2: 38 mm Hg HCO3:18 mEq/L The nurse would interpret this as:

metabolic acidosis

The nurse is administering a unit of packed red blood cells to a patient and piggybacks the unit of blood through a solution of 0.9% NaCl. Blood cells placed in a solution of 0.9% saline will do which of the following?

neither shrink nor swell

A child has a congenital condition in which the thymus gland is absent. What should the nurse include in the education of care of this patient to the parents?

observe and report signs and symptoms of infection

On a routine physical exam visit, the physician mentions that they hear a new murmur. The patient gets worried and asks, "What does this mean?" The physician responds:

one of your heart valves is not opening properly. We need to do an echocardiogram to see which valve is having problems

A client with severe hypoglycemia is unconscious. Which method of providing glucose be avoided?

orange juice orally

The nurse is caring for a client with metabolic alkalosis. Which of these arterial blood gas results supports this diagnosis?

pH of 7.50 and HCO3 of 45 mEq/L

Which of the following individuals is at greatest risk for developing a venous thrombosis resulting from venous stasis?

patient on bed rest

A nurse is caring for a patient in spinal shock. Which of the following interventions is appropriate in relation to the patient's urinary status?

perform intermittent catheterization

A 75-year-old patient with a history of heart valve replacement arrives at the outpatient clinic with multiple red pinpoint lesions. The nurse identifies the lesions as being which of the following?

petechiae

A nurse is caring for a patient who recently received GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors and is concerned that the patient has developed thrombocytopenia as demonstrated by which of the following?

platelet count less than 50,000/uL

The nurse is caring for a client with leukemia that is having difficulty with blood clotting after having several transfusions with packed red blood cells. What does the nurse anticipate infusing for this client to assist with controlling the bleeding?

platelets

Which one of the following would the nurse see as being liable to cause the most serious long-term problems?

polycystic kidney disease

A patient in renal failure has marked decrease in renal blood flow caused by hypovolemia, caused by gastrointestinal bleeding. The nurse is aware that this form of renal failure can be reversed if the bleeding is under control. Which of the following forms of acute renal injury does this patient have?

prerenal failure

The nurse is reviewing the diagnosis of four male clients. Select the diagnosis that places the clients at risk for developing postrenal kidney failure.

prostatic hyperplasia

The nurse would be most concerned when the glomerular filtrate contains:

protein

Reviewing pathology for an exam on pulmonary vasculature, the nursing student states that blood enters the right side of the heart via vena cava's, then to the right atrium, right ventricle, and then which vessel carries the deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary system?

pulmonary artery

A client has been diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The nurse is planning care and recognizes that the client is most at risk for:

pulmonary embolism

A woman in her 28th week of pregnancy tests positive for gestational diabetes mellitus and begins to follow a nutritional plan at home. What result at the follow-up visit indicates a successful outcome?

random blood glucose 85 mg/dl

The nurse recognizes that acute renal injury is characterized by which of the following?

rapid decline in renal function

A client who has been diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse asks the nurse if there are any dietary modifications that should be incorporated into her lifestyle. The best response would be:

refraining from caffeine, alcohol, and cigarettes may be sufficient to control symptoms

A client has had an acute myocardial infarction. The brother of the client has a history of angina. The client asks how they will know if the brother's pain is angina or if the brother is actually having an MI. Which statement is correct?

rest and intake of nitroglycerin relieve chest pain with angina; they do not relieve chest pain with an MI

A 20-year-old college student being treated for a kidney infection developed a temperature of 104ºF in spite of treatment with antibiotics. Her pulse was high, her blood pressure was low, and her skin was hot, dry, and flushed. The nurse knows that this patient most likely is experiencing which of the following types of shock?

septic

The GFR is considered to be the best measure of renal function. What is used to estimate the GFR?

serum creatinine

A child is brought to the emergency department struggling to breathe with a prolonged bronchospasm and severe hypoxemia. Assessment revealed the use of accessory muscles, a weak cough, audible wheezing sound, moist skin, and tachycardia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

severe asthma attack

An 86-year-old female client has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of dehydration and hyponatremia after she curtailed her fluid intake to minimize urinary incontinence. The client's admitting laboratory results are suggestive of prerenal failure. The nurse should be assessing this client for which of the following early signs of prerenal injury?

sharp decrease in urine output

A client with heart failure asks, "Why am I taking a 'water pill when it's my heart that is having a problem?" While educating the client about the Frank-Starling mechanism, which of the following explanations is most appropriate to share?

since your heart is not pumping efficiently, the kidneys are getting less blood flow; therefore, the kidneys are holding on to sodium and water

A client with heart failure asks, "Why am I taking a 'water pill9 when it's my heart that is having a problem?" While educating the client about the Frank-Starling mechanism, which of the following explanations is most appropriate to share?

since your heart is not pumping efficiently, the kidneys are getting less blood flow; therefore, the kidneys are holding on to sodium and waters

When red blood cells age, which of the following organs are responsible for their destruction?

spleen

A client has developed bacterial pneumonia and is admitted to the hospital. The nurse obtains sputum cultures upon admission. What bacteria does the nurse anticipate finding when the results are complete?

streptococcus pneumonia

The nurse is teaching a client with diabetes and the family about the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. The client asks what produces signs and symptoms of headache, disturbed behavior, coma, and seizures. The best response would be:

the brain relies on blood glucose as its main energy source

A mother who is with her son when a cast is removed from his arm asks the nurse "What is wrong with my son's arm? It looks so small!" Which of the following is the nurse's best response?

the cells have atrophied due to lack of use and will regain their size as he starts to use the arm

A client is managing his diabetes with exercise and diet. The health care provider reviews the client's most recent lab results: fasting blood sugar level at 80 mg/dL and a hemoglobin A1C of 5%. Select the response that best identifies the client.

the client is achieving normal glycemic control

The nurse is educating a newly diagnosed client with Hashimoto thyroiditis who is to be discharged from the acute care facility. What should the nurse be sure to include in the education to prevent complications?

the client should be informed about the signs and symptoms of severe hypothyroidism and the need for early intervention

The health care provider is reviewing lab results of a client diagnosed with heart failure. The provider notes that the client's ANP and BNP levels have been increasing and remain significantly elevated. These results would be interpreted as:

the condition is getting progressively worse

As part of their orientation to a cardiac care unit, a group of recent nursing graduates is receiving a refresher in cardiac physiology from the unit educator. Which of the following teaching points best captures a component of cardiac function?

the diastolic phase is characterized by relaxation of ventricles and their filling with blood

The nursing instructor is teaching the students about rheumatic fever. She tells the students that it is an important cause of heart disease and is very serious mainly for which reason?

the disabling effects that result from involvement of heart valves

The nurse is caring for a 2-day-old newborn infant who appears lethargic and has a yellowish tint to the skin. Select the most likely cause of this newborn's signs and symptoms.

the inability of the immature liver to conjugate bilirubin

A 42-year-old male client recently diagnosed with liver cancer is noted as at high risk for bleeding abnormalities. The nurse recognizes this risk as a result of:

the reduction of clotting factors synthesized in the liver

The number of mitochondria in a given cell type is largely determined by:

the type of activity the cell performs

The nurse is teaching a new diabetic about fingerstick blood glucose testing. When the client obtains a pre-meal fingerstick reading of 206 mg/dL, which teaching by the nurse is most appropriate?

this is an elevated reading, lets talk about adherence to insulin and diet

A heart failure client has an echocardiogram performed revealing an ejection fraction (EF) of 40%. The nurse knows this EF is below normal and explains to the client:

this means your heart is not pumping as much blood out of the heart with each beat

A client who has just undergone a thyroidectomy is experiencing high fever, tachycardia, and extreme restlessness. The nurse would interpret these manifestations as:

thyroid crisis

When educating a student who lives in a crowded apartment and diagnosed with tuberculosis, the college school nurse will emphasize:

to destroy this bacterium, you must strictly adhere to a long-term drug regimen

The nurse explains to a client in labor who has demonstrated ineffective contractions impeding progression of labor that the health care provider has added oxytocin infusion to the orders. Which of these does the nurse teach the client is the purpose of oxytocin?

to stimulate contraction of the uterus

The person's phenotype can best be described as which of the following?

traits that are observable or apparent

A client with a suspected MI is brought to the emergency department by ambulance. The nurse caring for this client would expect to receive an order for which laboratory test to confirm a diagnosis of MI?

troponin level

A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of gout in the right foot and a kidney stone in the left ureter. The nurse recognizes that these conditions may have resulted from accumulation of:

uric acid

Gout and the development of kidney stones are often attributed to high levels of what compound?

uric acid

A patient is told that she has cardiac valve leaflets, or cusps, that are floppy and fail to shut completely, permitting blood flow even when the valve should be completely closed. The nurse knows that this condition can lead to heart failure and is referred to as which of the following?

valvular regurgitation

A patient in the hospital following a repair of a left hip fracture is refusing to wear the intermittent pneumatic compression stockings ordered by the physician. The nurse explains to the patient that the compression stockings are essential in preventing which of the following?

venous thrombosis

The cardiac cycle describes the pumping action of the heart. Which statement is correct about systole?

ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart

The nurse is caring for a client with diabetes who has developed gastroparesis. Which of these symptoms does the nurse expect the client to report?

vomiting after eating

Many different proteins, enzymes, and hormones are involved in maintaining hemostasis. Which protein is required for platelet adhesion?

von Willebrand factor

The 40-year-old nurse is concerned that her job requires her to stand most of the day. Which of the following therapies could be implemented to prevent tissue injury?

wearing correctly fitted, elastic support stockings

A patient is diagnosed with right-sided heart failure. The nurse knows that a frequent sign of this type of failure is peripheral edema, evidenced by which of the following?

weight gain

A nurse is caring for a client in the intensive care unit who has sustained severe trauma and now has developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The nurse is aware that the client is experiencing:

widespread coagulation and bleeding in the vascular compartment

A client is prescribed an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor for treatment of hypertension. What expected outcome does the nurse expect this medication will have?

will prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A client experienced asymptomatic UTIs while pregnant. The client asks the nurse if this places her at any risk for complications. Which would be the best response by the nurse?

you are at risk for developing acute pyelonephritis

A client with a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus states, "I am really worried that I might need to take injections. Is there something I can do to avoid that?" What is the best response by the nurse?

you could regulate your diet, exercise regularly, and lose weight

A client asks why he has not had major heart damage since his cardiac catheterization revealed he has 98% blockage of the right coronary artery. The nurse's best response is:

you have small channels between some of your arteries, so you can get blood from a patent artery to one severely blocked

A patient with persistent primary hypertension remains apathetic about his high blood pressure, stating, "I don't feel sick, and it doesn't seem to be causing me any problems that I can tell." How would the nurse best respond to this patient's statement?

you may not sense any problems, but it really increases your risk of heart disease and stroke

Which clients are showing manifestations of infection? Select all that apply.

• A 2-month-old, temperature 38.3°C (100.4°F), lethargy, poor feeding, and cyanosis • A 75-year-old, temperature 37.3°C (99.2°F), declining mental status, weakness and fatigue • A 25-year-old, temperature 40°C (104°F), sweating, shivering, states generalized pain

A client has been diagnosed with dysfunction of the anterior pituitary gland. The nurse is aware that which of the following hormones may be affected? Select all that apply.

• Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) • Growth hormone (GH) • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The nursing students have learned in class that causes of urinary obstruction and urinary incontinence include which of the following? Select all that apply.

• Structural changes in the bladder • Structural changes in the urethra • Impairment of neurologic control of bladder function