Patho Module 1

Restoration of oxygen to oxygen-deprived tissues results in: a. chemical injury. b. establishment of normal cell metabolism. c. reperfusion injury. d. hypoxic injury.

reperfusion injury.

Death by suffocation can occur within minutes when inspired oxygen drops to less than: a. 16%. b. 5%. c. 30%. d. 80%.

5%

A contusion injury results in: a. entrance and exit wounds. b. the removal of superficial skin layers. c. bleeding in the skin or underlying tissues. d. tearing of the skin.

bleeding in the skin or underlying tissues.

Tissue ischemia and a decrease in mitochondrial oxygenation result in: a. calcium accumulation outside the cell. b. increased protein synthesis. c. cellular dehydration. d. decreased ATP production.

decreased ATP production.

Fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can result in: a. diabetes. b. cancer. c. myocardial infarction. d. mental retardation.

mental retardation

A direct result of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is: a. metabolic acidosis. b. tissue ischemia. c. all of the above. d. increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

metabolic acidosis.

Pathologic hyperplasia can lead to: a. phagocytosis. b. stem cell activation. c. enlargement of the uterus. d. metaplasia.

metaplasia

Which of the following molecules is likely to accumulate in any dead or dying tissues? a. Calcium b. Uric acid c. Protein d. Melanin

Calcium

The process by which cells program themselves to die is called: a. necrosis. b. pyknosis. c. apoptosis. d. karyolysis.

apoptosis

Why is carbon monoxide exposure a life-threatening condition? a. Carbon dioxide removal from the tissues is inhibited. b. Carbon monoxide causes the release of toxic amounts of iron from the tissues. c. Inhalation of carbon monoxide interferes with oxygen diffusion in the lungs. d. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin and prevents normal oxygen transport to tissues.

Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin and prevents normal oxygen transport to tissues.

Which of the following blunt injuries is most likely to result in severe external hemorrhage? a. Avulsion b. Abrasion c. Contusion d. Stab wound

Avulsion

Liquefactive necrosis typically occurs after severe hypoxic injury to which of the following organs? a. Heart b. Adrenals c. Pancreas d. Brain

Brain

Other than the liver, which of the following organs is most commonly affected by ethanol injury? a. Brain b. Stomach c. Kidneys d. Heart

Brain

Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell injury? a. Lipids b. Melanin c. Calcium d. Water

Calcium

What are the primary factors contributing to oncosis from hypoxic injury? a. Increase in ATP production and potassium movement out of the cell b. Accumulation of lipids and pigments in the cell c. Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus d. Decrease in ATP production and sodium movement into the cell

Decrease in ATP production and sodium movement into the cell

Which of the following molecules accumulates in liver cells as a result of alcohol abuse? a. Fat (lipids) b. Water c. Iron d. Protein

Fat (lipids)

The process of cellular atrophy may be accomplished through which of the following processes? a. Decreased cell division b. Loss of fluid c. Formation of autophagic vacuoles d. Inhibition of enzyme formation

Formation of autophagic vacuoles

Tattooing and stippling occur with which of the following types of injuries? a. Gunshot injuries b. Asphyxial injuries c. Blunt force injuries d. Infectious injuries

Gunshot injuries

During strangulation injuries, airway injury can be caused by a fracture of which bone? a. Occipital b. Clavicle c. Hyoid d. Cervical vertebra

Hyoid

Lead poisoning affects nervous system function by which of the following mechanisms? a. Lead interferes with neurotransmitter release. b. Lead blocks oxygen delivery to the brain by binding with hemoglobin. c. Lead inhibits fatty acid oxidation in the brainstem. d. Lead causes nervous tissue necrosis.

Lead interferes with neurotransmitter release.

Ethanol (alcohol) causes cell injury by which of the following mechanisms? a. Hypoxic injury b. Intracellular sodium loss c. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes d. Cellular dehydration

Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes

Which of the following organs is affected by Gaucher disease? a. Stomach, esophagus, and small intestines b. Central nervous system and eyes c. Liver, spleen, bone marrow d. Heart, peripheral arteries, long bones

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of which of the following organs? a. Skin b. Brain c. Skeletal muscles d. Liver

Skeletal muscles

Which of the following is a form of metaplasia that can occur in the human body? a. Epithelial cells of the bronchial lining are replaced with collagenous connective tissue. b. Adipose cells are replaced by cells that cannot store lipids. c. Squamous epithelial cells of the esophageal lining are replaced by glandular cells similar to those lining the stomach. d. Liver cells are replaced by squamous epithelial cells.

Squamous epithelial cells of the esophageal lining are replaced by glandular cells similar to those lining the stomach.

Which of the following is not an accepted theory of aging? a. Degeneration of extracellular materials such as collagen contributes to aging. b. Genetic mechanisms of aging are programmed in a cell's DNA. c. Cellular aging results from wear and tear over the course of a lifetime. d. The process of transcription during protein synthesis becomes more error-prone as a cell ages.

The process of transcription during protein synthesis becomes more error-prone as a cell ages.

Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum due to hypoxic injury results in: a. sodium accumulation. b. a decrease in protein synthesis. c. lactic acid production. d. the release of enzymes.

a decrease in protein synthesis.

Free radicals directly injure cells by each of the following mechanisms except: a. DNA fragmentation. b. lipid peroxidation. c. activation of lysosomal enzymes. d. alteration of proteins.

activation of lysosomal enzymes.

The postmortem decrease in body temperature is called: a. gangrene. b. algor mortis. c. livor mortis. d. rigor mortis.

algor mortis.

Lysosomal rupture during hypoxic injury leads to: a. cellular acidosis. b. autodigestion of cells. c. cellular adaptation. d. sodium influx.

autodigestion of cells.

Metaplasia occurs in response to: a. viral infection. b. increased workload. c. growth factor secretion. d. cell injury from noxious stimuli.

cell injury from noxious stimuli.

Atypical hyperplasia (dysplasia) is characterized by abnormal changes in all of the following except: a. cell secretions. b. cell size. c. cell organization. d. cell shape.

cell secretions.

The population group most vulnerable to lead poisoning is: a. male adolescents. b. the elderly. c. pregnant women. d. children.

children

Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in cervical: a. dysplasia. b. hormonal hyperplasia. c. atrophy. d. metaplasia.

dysplasia

In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood pressure (hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt through the process of: a. hyperplasia. b. atrophy. c. hypertrophy. d. dysplasia.

hypertrophy

The major mechanism of injury in drowning is: a. free radical injury. b. absorption of fluid from the lungs. c. electrolyte imbalances. d. hypoxemia.

hypoxemia

The most common cause of hypoxic injury is: a. free radicals. b. malnutrition. c. ischemia. d. chemical toxicity.

ischemia

Tay-Sachs disease results in the accumulation of: a. uric acid in the heart muscle. b. protein in the kidneys. c. lipids in the nerve cells of the brain. d. calcium in the liver.

lipids in the nerve cells of the brain.

Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to: a. treat disease. b. speed up cellular death. c. prevent cellular aging. d. protect cells from injury.

protect cells from injury.

Free radical injury can be caused by all of the following factors except: a. tissue reperfusion following ischemia. b. tissue damage by antioxidants. c. enzymatic metabolism of chemicals. d. radiation injury.

tissue damage by antioxidants.

In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in response to: a. decreased hormonal stimulation. b. ischemia. c. tissue loss or injury. d. puberty.

tissue loss or injury.