Patho NAT 503 Module 2

The cellular structure that contains DNA is called the: A. cytoplasm. B. nucleus. C. ribosome. D. histone.

B. nucleus.

Somatic death refers to death A. of a body organ. B. of the entire organism. C. of nerve cells. D. secondary to brain damage.

B. of the entire organism.

The main principle of the fluid mosaic model is that: A. fluids can move easily in and out of cells. B. proteins float in a fluid lipid bilayer. C. cell membranes consist mainly of fluid. D. the body consists mainly of water.

B. proteins float in a fluid lipid bilayer.

The benefit of glycolysis is that this second stage of catabolism supplies A. ATP to meet energy needs of the body. B. pyruvate to the citric acid cycle. C. energy for oxidative phosphorylation. D. lactate during anaerobic conditions.

B. pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

Carbon monoxide injures cells by A. destruction of cellular membranes. B. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin. C. promotion of free radicals. D. crystallization of cellular organelles.

B. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.

GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) function to A. activate receptors on the extracellular surface. B. degrade second-messenger molecules. C. activate intracellular enzyme systems. D. synthesize ATP.

C. activate intracellular enzyme systems.

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except A. ischemic injury from vasoconstriction. B. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation. C. decreased blood viscosity. D. crystallization of cellular components.

C. decreased blood viscosity.

Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers, because they are A. polar. B. charged. C. insoluble. D. amphipathic.

D. amphipathic.

Coagulative necrosis is caused by A. dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. B. trauma or pancreatitis. C. lung tissue damage. D. interrupted blood supply.

D. interrupted blood supply.

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is A. hydropic swelling. B. lactate production. C. metaplasia. D. intracellular accumulations.

D. intracellular accumulations.

Ion channels open and close in response to all the following except A. mechanical pressure. B. ligand binding. C. voltage changes. D. temperature changes

D. temperature changes

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is A. decreased functional reserve. B. diseased function. C. programmed senescence. D. senility.

A. decreased functional reserve.

Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they (Select all that apply.) A. enter the host cell. B. directly produce free radicals. C. use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate. D. do not induce an immune response. E. Correct Answer do not produce toxins.

A. enter the host cell. C. use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate. E. Correct Answer do not produce toxins.

The cardiac drug digitalis enhances myocardial contraction, because it A. increases intracellular calcium level in cardiac cells. B. inhibits sodium from entering cardiac cells. C. enhances the sodium-potassium pump. D. increases the sodium gradient across the cell membrane.

A. increases intracellular calcium level in cardiac cells.

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except A. necrosis. B. metaplasia. C. atrophy. D. hyperplasia.

A. necrosis.

Metaplasia is A. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. B. the transformation of a cell type to malignancy. C. an irreversible cellular adaptation. D. the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements.

A. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

The organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP is the A. mitochondria. B. ribosome. C. lysosome. D. nucleus.

A. mitochondria.

What is a cytoskeleton? A. Cellular debris from a dead cell B. The proteins in a cell membrane C. A protein network inside a cell D. The result of phagocytosis

C. A protein network inside a cell

Which form of molecular transport requires energy in the form of ATP? A. Passive transport B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. Osmosis

C. Active transport

Transport channels, receptors, and cell adhesion molecules all are found in cell membranes and they are made primarily of: A. lipids. B. carbohydrates. C. proteins. D. nucleic acids.

C. proteins.

Signaling molecules such as hormones and growth factors influence their target cells by binding to their: A. lipids. B. organelles. C. receptors. D. cytoskeleton.

C. receptors.

Reperfusion injury to cells A. results in very little cellular damage. B. results from calcium deficiency in cells. C. occurs following nutritional injury. D. involves formation of free radicals.

D. involves formation of free radicals.

The chief function of the Golgi apparatus is: A. enzyme storage and degradation. B. lipid synthesis and metabolism. C. disposal of phagocytized particles. D. packaging proteins into secretory vesicles.

D. packaging proteins into secretory vesicles.

Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have A. receptors for neurotransmitters. B. tight junctions. C. ligand-gated channels. D. voltage-gated channels.

D. voltage-gated channels.

During conditions of prolonged insufficient oxygen availability (e.g., respiratory or cardiovascular disease) anaerobic glycolysis accumulated pyruvate can lead to lactic acidosis. True False

TRUE

Bacteria cause injury to cells by (Select all that apply.) A. producing exotoxins. B. producing endotoxins. C. producing destructive enzymes. D. reproducing inside of host cells altering cellular function. E. evoking an immune reaction.

A, B, C, E

Infectious injury often results from (Select all that apply.) A. exotoxins. B. endotoxins. C. self-destruction of cells. D. anti-inflammatory reactions. E. enzymes from white blood cells.

A, B, C, E

Under aerobic conditions, what process produces most of the energy for the cell? A. Oxidative phosphorylation B. Glycolysis C. Active transport D. Passive transport

A. Oxidative phosphorylation

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the A. membrane. B. DNA. C. RNA. D. ribosomes.

B. DNA.

Which one of these cellular processes can operate without oxygen? A. Oxidative phosphorylation B. Glycolysis C. Citric acid cycle D. Krebs cycle

B. Glycolysis

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular A. atrophy. B. death. C. proliferation. D. mutation.

B. death.

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is A. anaplasia. B. dysplasia. C. metaplasia. D. hyperplasia.

B. dysplasia.

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed A. atrophy. B. hypertrophy. C. metaplasia D. inflammation.

B. hypertrophy.

Ribosomes are very important organelles within the cell that have the function of A. detoxifying substances. B. synthesizing proteins. C. converting energy to forms that can be used. D. coding for protein synthesis.

B. synthesizing proteins.

The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by A. extracellular sodium ion concentration. B. the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions. C. activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. D. activity of energy-dependent membrane pumps.

B. the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions.

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is A. the body can generally produce elements essential for nutritional balance. B. obese individuals are generally nutritionally healthy. C. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types. D. a normal BMI indicates nutritional health

C. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types.

Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is because of A. activation of the Na+-K+ pump. B. influx of calcium. C. efflux of potassium. D. influx of sodium.

C. efflux of potassium.

Cell-to-cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is called _____ signaling. A. synaptic B. paracrine C. endocrine D.autocrine

C. endocrine

An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would A. hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential. B. make it more difficult to reach threshold and produce an action potential. C. hypopolarize the resting membrane potential. D. alter the threshold potential.

C. hypopolarize the resting membrane potential.

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. A. coagulative B. caseous C. liquefactive D. fat

C. liquefactive

Movement of water through a membrane that separates two compartments with unequal concentration is called: A. facilitated diffusion. B. active transport. T C. osmosis. D. endocytosis.

C. osmosis.

The phase of cellular metabolism in which energy is released during breakdown of nutrient sources is anabolism. True False

FALSE

Some individuals inherit a gene that results in dangerously high blood cholesterol caused by impaired endocytosis of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). True False

True

Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form A. CO2 and H2O. B. 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate. C. 30 ATP. D. oxygen.

B. 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate.

Why is ongoing synthesis of ATP necessary for cell survival? A. ATP is synthesized by mitochondria and released into the cytoplasm. B. ATP provides energy for ion pumping and other cellular processes. C. ATP is the genetic material of the cell. D. ATP is an enzyme necessary for glucose metabolism.

B. ATP provides energy for ion pumping and other cellular processes.

The chief function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is: A. enzyme storage and degradation. B. lipid synthesis and metabolism. C. disposal of phagocytized particles. D. packaging proteins into secretory vesicles.

B. lipid synthesis and metabolism.

Gap junctions are connecting channels that allow passage of small molecules from one cell to the next and are especially important for A. distance signaling. B. tissues requiring synchronized function. C. communication within a cell. D. passage of large molecules.

B. tissues requiring synchronized function.