PATHO UNIT 2 (Chapters 7-12)

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: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 68) Dexamethasone is a drug used to suppress the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland. Two patients with hypersecretion of cortisol are given dexamethasone. Anika's cortisol secretion level falls to normal after the medication, but Bonnie's cortisol secretion remains elevated. Which patient has primary hypercortisolism, also known as Cushing's syndrome? Explain your reasoning.

: Dexamethasone suppresses the pituitary's activity, the secretion of ACTH, which then allowed Anika's level to decline. Since Bonnie's level did not decline, this shows that the hypersecretion is NOT due to ACTH, thus it must be coming from the adrenal gland. This is the definition of a primary hypersecretion—an elevated amount from the last gland in the reflex pathway. Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the part of the neuron to its description (answers may be used more than once). A. dendrites B. axon C. cell body 108) where most graded potentials originate

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 74) These are probably the oldest sensory receptors as evidenced by their existence in primitive animals that do not have formalized nervous systems.

: A Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) anterior pituitary

: A Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match each term with the appropriate description. A. peptide hormone B. steroid hormone C. amino acid-derived hormone D. anterior pituitary E. hypothalamus F. posterior pituitary 16) lipophobic molecule that interacts with receptors on cell surface

: A Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) STH.

: A Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) Which is the correctly written Nernst equation? A) 61/z × log [ion]out / [ion]in B) 61/z × log [ion]in / [ion]out C) log 61/z × [ion]in / [ion]out D) log 61/z × [ion]out / [ion]in

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) Which ion(s) is/are higher in concentration inside the cell compared to outside? A) potassium B) sodium C) chloride D) calcium E) More than one of the answers is correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) In the membrane of a resting nerve cell, when chemically gated Cl- channels open, A) Cl- ions enter the cell. B) Cl- ions leave the cell. C) the cell becomes depolarized. D) Cl- ions enter the cell and the cell becomes depolarized. E) Cl- ions leave the cell and the cell becomes depolarized.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 56) The term hyperkalemia specifically indicates too much potassium in which fluid compartment? A) blood B) intracellular C) interstitial D) extracellular E) All of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the type of signal to its description (answers may be used more than once). A. graded potential B. action potential C. both 110) may be hyperpolarizing

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) All of the following must occur before a second action potential can begin, EXCEPT A) the Na+ and K+ ions that moved in/out of the cell must move back to their original compartments. B) the Na+ inactivation gate must open and the Na+ activation gate must close. C) the absolute refractory period must occur. D) the Na+ and K+ ions that moved in/out of the cell must move back to their original compartments; the Na+ inactivation gate must open; and the Na+ activation gate must close. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) The rising phase of the action potential is due to A) Na+ flow into the cell only. B) Na+ flow out of the cell only. C) K+ flow out of the cell only. D) K+ flow into the cell only. E) Na+ flow out of the cell and K+ flow into the cell.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 143) How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-gated sodium channels remained inactivated? A) It would be longer than normal. B) It would be shorter than normal. C) It would be the same whether the channels remained inactivated or not. D) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 54) Hormones acting through signal transduction pathways elicit a ________ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects. A) faster B) slower C) equal

: A Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 9 The Central Nervous System 1) The first multicellular animals to develop neurons were A) jellyfish and sea anemones. B) flatworms and sea urchins. C) segmented worms and sea horses. D) mollusks and sea stars. E) fish and sea monkeys.

: A Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically responds to it. A. chemoreceptor B. mechanoreceptor 75) oxygen

: A Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a chemoreceptor? A) oxygen B) cell stretch C) photon of light D) cold temperature E) vibration

: A Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 76) pH

: A Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 12) A decrease in ones perception of a stimulus whose intensity has not changed due to higher neural inhibition is A) habituation. B) convergence. C) divergence. D) adaptation.

: A Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) Phasic receptors A) are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity. B) slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus. C) are attune to parameters that the body must continuously assess. D) once threshold is reached by a stimulus will always generate action potentials.

: A Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) Hormones are not typically considered to be cytokines because hormones are ________ like cytokines. A) synthesized in advance and stored, not B) not peptides C) not effective in small amounts D) secreted into the blood, not E) secreted by cells, not

: A Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 163) The basis of neural integration is A) addition of postsynaptic potentials overlapping in time and space. B) command signals from central pattern generators. C) spontaneous activity in pacemaker neurons. D) the area under the curve of postsynaptic potentials overlapping in time and space.

: A Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) In the lever system that characterizes the interaction between bones and muscle, the bones act as the ________ whereas the joints form the ________. A) lever, fulcrums B) fulcrum, levers C) lever, pulleys D) fulcrum, pulleys

: A Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) In order for the bicep muscle to shorten, the force applied by the muscle must be ________ the load applied at the hand. A) greater than B) less than C) equal to

: A Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.14

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) The brain and spinal cord together compose the A) central nervous system. B) autonomic division system. C) somatic motor division of the nervous system. D) peripheral nervous system. E) visceral nervous system.

: A Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The origin is the end of the skeletal muscle that attaches to the A) more stationary bone. B) more mobile bone. C) tendon. D) ligament.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) A motor unit consists of A) one neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it controls. B) one skeletal muscle fiber and all the neurons that control that fiber. C) one skeletal muscle fiber and the neuron that controls that fiber. D) one axon terminal branch and the myofibrils it controls.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) The H zone contains A) thick filaments. B) thin filaments only. C) actin only. D) thick and thin filaments.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) The function of the titin protein is to A) stabilize the position of the contractile filaments. B) pull Z lines together during contraction. C) interact with actin during contraction. D) release calcium during contraction. E) cover the myosin binding site on the actin molecule.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) ________ is composed of multiple globular molecules polymerized to form long chains or filaments. A) Actin B) Tropomyosin C) Troponin D) Myosin E) Titin

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match from the following list. A. A band B. I band C. Z disk D. H zone E. M line 59) The band with the most overlap between thick and thin filaments, which unevenly scatters light leading to its' dark appearance.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the structures with the accurate description. A. muscle fiber B. fascicle C. sarcolemma D. myofibril E. t-tubules 53) a single muscle cell

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) As ATP binds to the myosin head at the beginning of a muscle contraction cycle, the myosin head immediately A) detaches from actin. B) initiates binding with actin. C) tightens its bond to actin. D) swivels.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 83) The force generated by a single muscle fiber can be increased by A) increasing frequency of action potentials only. B) increasing muscle length beyond optimal only. C) increasing the asynchrony of recruitment only. D) increasing frequency of action potentials and increasing muscle length beyond optimal only.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 81) The factor(s) that determine the duration of a twitch in various types of fibers is the speed of the A) removal of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm only. B) hydrolysis of ATP only. C) movement of Na+ across their membranes only. D) removal of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm and hydrolysis of ATP. E) removal of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm and hydrolysis of ATP and movement of Na+ across their membranes.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) The cause of skeletal muscle fatigue during extended submaximal exercise is primarily a(n) A) depletion of glycogen stores. B) depletion of creatine stores. C) increased inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration. D) depletion of K+ stores.

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) Which fibers generate more force? A) fast-twitch fibers B) slow-twitch fibers

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) Which fibers fatigue sooner? A) fast-twitch fibers B) slow-twitch fibers

: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 85) An important difference between single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle is the A) numerous gap junctions in single-unit smooth muscle, which allow many cells to work together as a sheet. B) longer actin and myosin filaments in multiunit smooth muscle, which allow coordination of contraction. C) ability of single-unit fibers to change into multiunit fibers when advantageous. D) closely controlled individual fibers in single-unit smooth muscle to allow fine control and graded contractions by selective activation.

: A Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) The calcium release channel in the smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum that is opened by increases in phospholipase C activity is the A) inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor channel. B) ryanodine receptor. C) dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor. D) voltage-gated Ca2+ channel. E) Ca2+-ATPase.

: A Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.18

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) Chronic pain is A) only pathological. B) only treated by analgesic drugs. C) only the result of short-term changes in the nervous system. D) pathological and treated by analgesic drugs.

: A Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) Beta-endorphin is produced from the same prohormone as A) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). B) insulin. C) aldosterone. D) thyroxine. E) glucagon.

: A Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) In addition to temperature, cold receptors respond to A) menthol. B) capsaicin. C) alcohol. D) water.

: A Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) temperature

: A Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) Most preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 33) It is important during stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight).

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) The ganglia are found in a chain that runs close to the spinal cord or along the descending aorta.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the A) sympathetic division. B) parasympathetic division. C) craniosacral division. D) intramural division. E) somatomotor division.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic agonist B. parasympathetic agonist 51) pupil dilation

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic agonist B. parasympathetic agonist 53) decreased activity in digestive tract

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic agonist B. parasympathetic agonist 54) fat breakdown

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) It releases norepinephrine at the neuroeffector synapse.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) The adrenal medulla is closely allied with this system.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) Sweat glands contain A) cholinergic receptors. B) alpha receptors. C) beta receptors. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 49) The drug Chantix®, which treats nicotine addiction, is an ________ for the nicotine receptor. A) agonist B) antagonist

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic antagonist B. parasympathetic antagonist 56) blocks secretion of adrenal catecholamines

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic antagonist B. parasympathetic antagonist 58) blocks sweating

: A Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) Symptoms of the fight-or-flight reaction include all of these EXCEPT A) hunger. B) pounding heart. C) sweating palms. D) increased blood pressure. E) pupillary dilation.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) For the structures listed below, choose one of the following: A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter 80) cerebral cortex

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) basal ganglia

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 81) limbic system

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) The most primitive region of the cerebrum is probably the A) limbic system. B) basal nuclei. C) corpus callosum. D) reticular system. E) pons.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis? A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pituitary gland D) brain stem E) medulla

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) The brain area acknowledged as the center for emotions is the A) amygdala. B) hypothalamus. C) suprachiasmatic nucleus. D) pons. E) cerebellum.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 50) receives sensory input from the inner ear's receptors for equilibrium and balance

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match these functions with the correct brain area. A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. reticular formation 76) contains corticospinal tracts, the pyramids, and control centers for breathing, swallowing, and blood pressure

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The majority of hormones in the body are A) peptide hormones. B) steroid hormones. C) amino acid-derived hormones. D) neurohormones. E) All of the hormones are present in equal amounts in the body.

: A Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably A) a steroid. B) a peptide. C) testosterone. D) estrogen. E) aldosterone.

: A Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) Which structures monitor rotational acceleration of the head? A) cristae of the semicircular canals B) maculae of the saccule only C) maculae of the utricle only D) maculae of the utricle and saccule

: A Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) The ion channels that transduce the vibration of the cochlea into receptor potentials are located on the A) stereocilia. B) tectorial membrane. C) helicotrema. D) cochlear duct. E) basilar membrane.

: A Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) The loudness or intensity of a sound wave is related to its A) amplitude. B) frequency. C) duration. D) pitch.

: A Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) The bones within the middle ear connect the A) tympanic membrane to the oval window. B) tympanic membrane to the round window. C) oval window to the round window. D) cochlea to the tympanic membrane. E) cochlea to the oval window.

: A Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 139) central hearing loss

: A Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) The photosensitive pigment synthesized from vitamin A is A) retinal. B) opsin. C) rhodopsin. D) transducin. E) cGMP.

: A Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) Accomodation describes the focusing of light on the retina by changing A) the shape of the lens. B) pupillary diameter. C) the shape of the cornea. D) distance of the retina from the lens.

: A Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 143) Light only shines on the center of an on-center visual field.

: A Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 145) Light only shines on the surround of an on-surround visual field.

: A Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 128) A sudden flash of bright light would cause A) parasympathetic activation to contract the pupillary constrictor muscles. B) sympathetic activation to contract the pupillary constrictor muscles. C) parasympathetic activation to contract the pupillary dilator muscles. D) sympathetic activation to contract the pupillary dilator muscles. E) contraction of the ciliary muscle.

: A Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) The motor end plate is A) a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold. B) the same as the neuromuscular junction. C) the same as the synaptic cleft. D) formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, or boutons, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells. E) a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position.

: A Section Title: The Motor Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 48) sensory fibers enter this part of the "H"

: A Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) ventral horn

: A Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 63) Which tissues contain both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors, and how does this relate to their autonomic control?

: A list is provided in Figure 11.5 in the chapter. For most target organs listed, acetylcholine and (nor)epinephrine have opposite effects on the target organ. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 89) Describe a lumbar puncture and explain its purpose.

: A lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, samples the cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space at the lower end of the spinal cord. This procedure is performed to sample the chemical environment of the brain and test for infection. An infection is indicated by proteins or blood cells found in the sample. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 74) There are two forms of diabetes: diabetes mellitus (lack of insulin regulation of cellular uptake of glucose) and diabetes insipidus (lack of regulation of water loss in the urine by the hormone antidiuretic hormone or ADH). In each case, there are two similar explanations for the resulting pathology. What are they? (Hint: Consider general principles of hormone action.)

: Diabetes mellitus can result from lack of insulin secretion or from lack of response of insulin receptors. Diabetes insipidus can result from lack of ADH secretion or lack of responsiveness of ADH receptors. Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) Explain the differences among the terms paracrine, autocrine, hormone, and cytokine.

: Discussed in Chapters 6 and 7. Hormones are chemical messengers that are traditionally defined as being secreted by specialized cells into the blood and transported via the circulatory system to distant cells and tissues. Paracrine and autocrine chemical messengers diffuse only very short distances through interstitial fluid. Cytokines may act both at local and long-distance targets. Section Title: Hormone Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) ________ is released from type II cells to stimulate primary gustatory neurons. A) Serotonin B) Gustducin C) Acetylcholine D) Glutamine E) ATP

: E Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) site of vasopressin synthesis

: E Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) thyroid

: E Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) growth hormone. D) FSH. E) prolactin.

: E Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and metabolism in many tissues is A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) somatotropin.

: E Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) The channelopathy known as QT syndrome is a result of mutation in ________ channels. A) sodium B) potassium C) calcium D) chloride E) sodium, potassium, or calcium

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Graded potentials may A) initiate an action potential. B) depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage. C) hyperpolarize the membrane. D) be called EPSPs or IPSPs. E) All of the statements are true.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 61) Describe the different types of adrenergic receptors in the autonomic nervous system. Which neurotransmitter binds to each type? For those that bind more than one neurotransmitter, how does the response to the neurotransmitters compare?

: Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 receptors are described in Table 11.2 in the chapter. Most of these receptors are more sensitive to norepinephrine than to epinephrine, but they will all respond to either neurotransmitter. These neurotransmitters are nearly identical structurally, and the response of the target tissue to the binding of either is the same. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 190) If both Na+ and K+ channels are activated by depolarization, why do we see more Na+ flux during the rising phase of an action potential?

: Although both channels are activated by depolarization, the Na+ channels open quickly allowing rapid Na+ entry into the cell. The peak of Na+ permeability coincides with the peak of the action potential, while the K+ channels open more slowly and don't reach their peak ion permeability until the falling phase of the action potential. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 148) Distinguish between adequate stimulus, threshold stimulus, and perceptual threshold.

: An adequate stimulus is the form of energy to which a receptor is most responsive. A threshold stimulus is the minimum depolarization required to trigger an action potential in a sensory neuron. Perceptual threshold is the minimum stimulus required for a person to be aware that peripheral receptors were stimulated, which can be greater than the threshold stimulus for the sensory neuron. Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) The brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli is called A) proprioception. B) perception. C) cognition. D) lateralization. E) emotion.

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) The inability to remember newly acquired information is called A) discombobulation. B) anterograde amnesia. C) short-term amnesia. D) implicit amnesia. E) retrograde amnesia.

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their locations. A. primary somatic sensory cortex B. visual cortex C. auditory cortex D. association areas 56) occipital lobe

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Calcium is important in the synapse because it A) is necessary for acetylcholine synthesis. B) signals the exocytosis of the neurotransmitter. C) binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, opening ion channels, and triggering graded potentials. D) leaves the axon terminal, hyperpolarizing the cell.

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) The inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS, GABA and glycine, act by opening ________ channels. A) only Na+ B) only Cl- C) only K+ D) only Ca2+ E) Na+ and K+

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) A chemical synapse ALWAYS includes ________. 1. axon terminal 2. presynaptic cell 3. synaptic cleft 4. postsynaptic cell 5. dendrite A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 1, 2, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4, 5 E) 1, 3, 4

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 160) The following are steps involved in transmission at the cholinergic synapse: 1. Chemically regulated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated. 2. Calcium ions enter the axon terminal. 3. An action potential depolarizes the axon terminal at the presynaptic membrane. 4. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis. 5. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. The correct sequence for these events is A) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3 B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 C) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 D) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3 E) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

: B Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 137) Microvilli are present on cells that, because of their function, benefit from an increased membrane surface area. Which structure(s) on a neuron provide a comparable benefit? A) cell body B) dendrites C) axon D) varicosities E) collaterals

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) Neurotransmitters are released from the A) dendrites. B) axon terminals. C) collaterals. D) axon hillock. E) synapse.

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) Glial cells communicate primarily using A) electrical signals only. B) chemical signals only. C) neurotransmitters only. D) neuromodulators only. E) electrical signals and chemical signals.

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the glial cell to the nervous system division in which it is found. A. central nervous system B. peripheral nervous system 87) Schwann cells

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the term with its description (answers may be used more than once). A. ependymal cells B. astrocytes C. satellite cells D. Schwann cells E. oligodendrocytes F. microglia 93) highly branched cells that transfer nutrients between blood vessels and neurons

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 138) A home satellite dish receives signals from a satellite, allowing your television to display TV shows. Which part of a neuron is analogous to the satellite dish? A) cell body B) dendrites C) axon D) varicosities E) collaterals

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 8 Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties 1) The portions of a neuron that extend off of the roughly spherical cell body are usually collectively called A) protrusions. B) processes. C) prostheses. D) projections.

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: B Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) Gustatory cells that respond to sweet, bitter or umami are called A) type I cells. B) type II cells. C) type III cells. D) type IV cells.

: B Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Umami is A) another name for salty taste. B) a taste receptor cell activated by glutamate and nucleotides. C) a flavor enhancer that is part of olfaction. D) the name of the ion channel activated by glutamate.

: B Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 19) cannot be stored in secretory vesicles

: B Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) pancreas

: B Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) STH.

: B Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) What does the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation take into account that the Nernst equation does NOT? A) the electrical charges of the ions B) the permeabilities of the ions C) the solubilities of the ions D) the sizes of the ions E) the temperature

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open, A) K+ enters the neuron. B) K+ leaves the neuron. C) the neuron depolarizes. D) K+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes. E) K+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) In order to signal a stronger stimulus, action potentials become A) higher in amplitude only. B) more frequent only. C) longer-lasting only. D) higher in amplitude and more frequent. E) higher in amplitude and longer-lasting.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) The all-or-none principle states that A) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials. B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce action potentials of identical magnitude. C) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential. D) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials. E) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) Ion channel inactivation is A) closing of the channel in response to decrease in the stimulus. B) closing of the channel even when the stimulus continues. C) any type of channel closing. D) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 148) The inactivation gate A) quickly opens and closes after depolarization. B) is coupled to the movement of the activation gate, but is much slower. C) depends on a change of +100 mV from rest to be signaled to close. D) depends on a loss of Na+ permeability to be triggered. E) depends on a loss of K+ permeability to be triggered.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 158) The primary problem in hyperkalemia is A) that neurons are harder to excite because their resting potential is hyperpolarized. B) that neurons are hyperexcitable because their resting potential is closer to threshold. C) that neurons respond too quickly to smaller graded potentials. D) neurons are harder to excite because their resting potential is hyperpolarized and neurons respond too quickly to smaller graded potentials. E) neurons are hyperexcitable because their resting potential is closer to threshold and neurons respond too quickly to smaller graded potentials.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 43) Voltage-regulated channels are located A) within the cytosol only. B) in the membranes of dendrites only. C) in the membranes of axons only. D) on the neuron cell body only. E) in the membranes of dendrites, in the membranes of axons, and on the neuron cell body.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) The absolute refractory period of an action potential A) only ensures one-way travel down an axon. B) only allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first. C) only prevents summation of action potentials. D) ensures one-way travel down an axon and allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first. E) ensures one-way travel down an axon, allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first, and prevents summation of action potentials.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) The sodium-potassium exchange pump A) must re-establish ion concentrations after each action potential. B) transports sodium ions into the cell during depolarization. C) transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization. D) moves sodium and potassium in the direction of their chemical gradients. E) requires ATP to function.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 149) During the relative refractory period, an initial threshold-level depolarization is usually not sufficient to trigger an action potential. Why? A) Only some Na+ channels have returned to their resting position. B) Only K+ channels are still open, so Na+ entry is offset by K+ loss. C) Only a few K+ channels have returned to their resting position. D) The statement is incorrect; a threshold-level depolarization always triggers an action potential. E) Some Na+ channels have returned to their resting position and K+ channels are still open, so Na+ entry is offset by K+ loss.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) Which of the following does NOT influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be conveyed by a particular neuron? A) length of the axon B) presence or absence of a myelin sheath C) diameter of the axon D) presence or absence of nodes of Ranvier E) whether axon is sensory or motor

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) Some neurotoxins work essentially the same way as some local anesthetics, which is to A) inactivate the enzyme that destroys the neurotransmitter only. B) bind to Na+ channels and inactivate them only. C) prevent depolarization by blocking Na+ entry into the cell only. D) inactivate the enzyme that destroys the neurotransmitter and bind to Na+ channels and inactivate them. E) bind to Na+ channels and inactivate them and prevent depolarization by blocking Na+ entry into the cell.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 156) Conduction speed is (or can be) enhanced by A) myelin. B) altering extracellular sodium concentration. C) increasing the temperature. D) altering extracellular potassium concentration. E) myelin and increasing the temperature.

: E Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) Which of the following are responsible for a receptor adapting to a stimulus? A) K+ channel inactivation only B) Na+ channel inactivation only C) opening of Na+ channels only D) opening of K+ channels only E) Na+ channel inactivation or K+ channel opening

: E Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 76) Presynaptic facilitation makes a pathway A) less likely to be in use, just through hyperpolarization of selected neurons. B) more likely to be in use, just through depolarization of selected neurons. C) capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning. D) less likely to be in use, just through hyperpolarization of selected neurons and capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning. E) more likely to be in use, just through depolarization of selected neurons and capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning.

: E Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 150) The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential: 1. sodium channels are inactivated 2. more voltage-regulated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization 3. sodium channels regain their normal properties 4. a graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold 5. a temporary hyperpolarization occurs 6. sodium channel activation occurs 7. sodium ions enter the cell and further depolarization occurs The proper sequence of these events is A) 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1. B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 5, 3. C) 6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5. D) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5. E) 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 146) In the first phase of triggering an action potential in a neuron, Na+ ions flow in and A) only trigger a negative feedback loop. B) only trigger a positive feedback loop. C) only activate the sodium/potassium pump. D) trigger a negative feedback loop and activate the sodium/potassium pump. E) trigger a positive feedback loop and activate the sodium/potassium pump.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 51) Which of the following will best increase the conduction rate of action potentials? A) Increase the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage. B) Increase the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage. C) Decrease the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage. D) Decrease the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 155) Conduction occurs along an axon because A) outflow of K+ triggers the adjacent channels to open. B) inflow of Na+ triggers the adjacent channels to open. C) once Na+ enters the cell, the entire membrane depolarizes simultaneously. D) axonal transport "walks" voltage changes along the membrane.

: B Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The most primitive nervous systems consist of structures known as nerve A) tracts. B) nets. C) webs. D) cords. E) mazes.

: B Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Which of these have the most advanced nervous system? A) flatworms B) segmented worms C) jellyfish D) sea anemones

: B Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) stretch

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 78) pressure

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 10 Sensory Physiology 1) Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a mechanoreceptor? A) oxygen B) cell stretch C) photon of light D) cold temperature E) pH

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) A receptor potential is A) an action potential. B) a graded potential. C) the resting membrane potential of a receptor cell. D) always converted to an action potential in sensory receptor cells.

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) The larger the receptive field, the A) stronger the stimulus intensity required to activate a sensory receptor. B) more primary sensory neurons synapse on a secondary sensory neuron. C) fewer primary sensory neurons are involved. D) larger the area of the somatosensory cortex in the brain that perceives the sensation.

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) With the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the ________, which acts as a relay and processing station. A) cerebrum B) thalamus C) cerebellum D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Tonic receptors A) are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity. B) slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus. C) are attune to changes in a parameter, not the extent of that change. D) will always decrease to the point where no action potentials are generated.

: B Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) In order for a synapse to be an effective means of cellular communication, slow removal or inactivation of neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse is important. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 74) Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs ) A) result in local depolarizations. B) result in local hyperpolarizations. C) increase membrane permeability to sodium ions. D) prevent the escape of potassium ions. E) prevent the escape of calcium ions.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) The neurotransmitter thought to be involved in learning and memory is A) norepinephrine. B) glutamate. C) acetylcholine. D) GABA. E) glycine.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 81) The pattern of synaptic connectivity where a large number of presynaptic neurons provide input to a single postsynaptic neuron, is known as A) divergence. B) convergence. C) integration. D) saltatory conduction. E) potentiation.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 78) If a hyperpolarizing graded potential and a depolarizing graded potential of similar magnitudes arrive at the trigger zone at the same time, what is most likely to occur? A) An action potential is fired off more quickly than usual. B) Nothing. They will cancel each other out. C) The cell becomes hyperpolarized. D) The cell becomes easier to excite. E) The cell dies.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 77) Spatial summation refers to A) electrical signals reaching neurons from outer space. B) multiple graded potentials arriving at one location simultaneously. C) repeated graded potentials reaching the trigger zone one after the other. D) suprathreshold potentials triggering action potentials that are extra large. E) All of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 80) When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs? A) spatial summation B) temporal summation C) inhibition of the impulse D) hyperpolarization E) decrease in speed of impulse transmission

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 161) Arrange the following events in the proper sequence: 1. Efferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. 2. Afferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. 3. Effector organ responds by performing output. 4. Integrating center reaches decision about response. 5. Sensory organ detects change in the environment. A) 2, 3, 5, 1, 4 B) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 D) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5

: B Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are A) somatic motor neurons and voluntary neurons. B) somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons. C) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. D) voluntary nervous system and somatic motor neurons.

: B Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 11.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Detailed understanding of the cellular basis of signaling in the nervous system has led to good understanding of consciousness, intelligence, and emotion. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles are controlled by the A) central nervous system. B) autonomic nervous system. C) somatic motor division. D) peripheral nervous system. E) enteric nervous system.

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) Autonomic motor neurons are subdivided into the A) visceral and somatic divisions. B) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. C) central and peripheral divisions. D) visceral and enteric divisions. E) somatic and enteric divisions.

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The enteric nervous system is a network of neurons that function in controlling A) reproduction. B) digestion. C) excretion, particularly urination. D) the skeletal system. E) the endocrine system.

: B Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) For antagonistic muscle groups to move a limb, flexor contraction occurs coincident with A) contraction of the extensor. B) relaxation of the extensor. C) no changes in the extensor. D) contraction of the tendon.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 12 Muscles 1) A flexor is a skeletal muscle whose shortening moves attached bones A) away from one another. B) towards one another. C) medially D) laterally.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) When comparing complete tetanus with unfused (incomplete) tetanus, which is true? A) Complete tetanus involves some relaxation between twitches. B) Complete tetanus involves development of maximum tension. C) Complete tetanus occurs at a lower frequency of stimulation than unfused tetanus. D) Complete tetanus would occur when there is more time between twitch contractions.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Motor units that control skeletal muscles involved with fine motor movements (eye muscles or the hands) have ________ muscle fibers than motor units that control more gross movements (gastrocnemius muscle of the lower leg). A) more B) fewer C) the same number of

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) The nervous system avoids muscle fatigue during submaximal contraction by A) always recruiting slow-twitch motor units. B) asynchronous recruitment. C) synchronous recruitment. D) always recruiting fast-twitch motor units.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 5) The function of transverse tubules is to A) store Ca2+ ions inside the muscle fiber. B) rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber. C) ensure a supply of glycogen throughout the muscle sarcoplasm. D) conduct ATP molecules out of the mitochondria throughout the sarcoplasm.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Most of the time, the parallel thick and thin filaments of the myofibrils are connected by ________ that span the space between myosin and actin molecules. A) tropomyosin molecules B) crossbridges C) nebulin molecules D) sarcomeres E) calcium ions

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) Put these events in the correct chronological sequence: 1. End-plate potentials trigger action potentials. 2. Transverse tubules convey potentials into the interior of the cell. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate. 4. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 2, 1, 4, 3 D) 3, 1, 4, 2 E) 4, 3, 2, 1

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match from the following list. A. A band B. I band C. Z disk D. H zone E. M line 58) The lightest color bands of the sarcomere, comprised only of thin filaments.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The I band contains A) thick filaments only. B) thin filaments only. C) myosin only. D) thick and thin filaments.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) The binding of acetylcholine to its receptor at the neuromuscular junction causes the opening of a A) Na+ channel. B) channel for both Na+ and K+. C) calcium channel. D) ryanodine receptor.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) The action potential traveling along the t-tubule is detected by the A) ryanodine receptor. B) dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor (L-type calcium channel). C) acetylcholine receptor. D) Ca2+ ATPase.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) The brief period of time between the beginning of the action potential in the muscle and the beginning of contraction is referred to as the A) refractory period. B) latent period. C) relaxation phase. D) depolarization period. E) repolarization period.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 82) Skeletal muscle fibers with the greatest endurance rely on ________ for energy. A) anaerobic glycolysis B) oxidative phosphorylation C) lactic acid accumulation D) ketone body degradation

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) Within a single fiber, the tension developed during a twitch depends upon the A) amplitude of the action potential. B) length of the sarcomeres prior to contraction. C) length of the thick filament. D) duration of the stimulus.

: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) The tactile receptor whose nerve endings are surrounded by concentric connective tissue layers is the A) Ruffini corpuscle. B) Pacinian corpuscle. C) Meissner's corpuscle. D) Merkel disc. E) root hair plexus.

: B Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the specific receptor to its typical stimulus. A. free nerve ending B. Merkel receptor C. Meissner's corpuscle D. Ruffini corpuscle E. Pacinian corpuscle 79) texture

: B Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the type of receptor with the appropriate description. A. chemoreceptors B. touch receptors C. thermoreceptors D. nociceptors 71) The most studied examples of this type are phasic receptors called Pacinian corpuscles.

: B Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 116) A molecule that prevents substance P from binding to its receptor would A) stimulate a painful sensation. B) reduce the perception of pain. C) alter the perception of hot and cold stimuli. D) interfere with transduction from chemoreceptors. E) heighten the perception of touch.

: B Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) Sharp, localized (fast) pain is rapidly transmitted to the central nervous system along A) large, unmyelinated C fibers. B) small, myelinated A-delta fibers. C) small, unmyelinated C fibers. D) large, myelinated A-beta fibers.

: B Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) The gate control theory of pain modulation states that pain transmission can be blocked by A) cold stimulation of the A-delta fibers. B) mechanical stimulation of A-beta fibers. C) stimulation of C-fibers. D) tonic activity of the inhibitory neurons in the dorsal horn.

: B Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) It dominates during resting-and-digesting activities.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic agonist B. parasympathetic agonist 52) salivation

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 15) Increased parasympathetic stimulation A) increases heart rate. B) increases gastric motility. C) causes sweat glands to release sweat. D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. E) causes the pupils to dilate.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) ________ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ________ onto their target cells. A) All, norepinephrine B) Most, norepinephrine C) All, acetylcholine D) Most, acetylcholine

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) primary sympathetic neurotransmitter

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by neurons at the neuroeffector synapse.

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion? A) preganglionic neuron B) postganglionic neuron C) somatic motor neuron D) preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron E) preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and somatic motor neuron

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Nicotine enhances the release of ________ in the brain. A) serotonin B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) epinephrine E) glutamate

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic antagonist B. parasympathetic antagonist 57) blocks urination

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic antagonist B. parasympathetic antagonist 55) blocks secretion of pancreatic enzymes

: B Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 85) corpus callosum

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 52) playing key roles in homeostasis, an area that contains centers for hunger and thirst, as well as controlling the autonomic nervous systems

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) relay station for transfer of information between the cerebrum and cerebellum; coordinates breathing control with other areas

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, A) the cell membrane becomes less permeable. B) a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. C) the cell becomes inactive. D) the hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. E) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Steroid hormones are synthesized in the ________ of the cell. A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) Golgi apparatus D) mitochondria E) nucleus

: B Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) When adenylyl cyclase is activated, A) calcium ions are released from intracellular stores. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) protein kinases are metabolized. E) steroids are produced.

: B Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 122) For astronauts in space, the otoliths in the macula would respond to A) head position only. B) linear acceleration only. C) rotational acceleration only. D) linear acceleration and head position.

: B Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) The pitch of a sound wave is related to its A) amplitude. B) frequency. C) duration. D) decibels.

: B Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) The structure that overlies the organ of Corti and is attached to the tips of the hair cells is the A) basilar membrane. B) tectorial membrane. C) stapedius. D) perilymph. E) endolymph.

: B Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) The primary purpose of the middle ear bony structures (maleus, incus and stapes) is to A) equalize pressure in the middle ear. B) amplify the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea. C) dampen the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea. D) transmit otitis media to the cochlea. E) transduce the sound waves into vibration.

: B Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) The structure that separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic duct is the A) tectorial membrane. B) basilar membrane. C) membranous labyrinth. D) bony labyrinth. E) stapedius.

: B Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 52) The hair cell of the cochlea is depolarized when the stereocilia are bent A) in any direction. B) towards the smallest stereocilia. C) towards the tallest stereocilia. D) towards the middle stereocilia. E) Hair cells are not depolarized by bending of the sterocilia.

: B Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 118) After an injury, Paul has difficulty recognizing and interpreting certain sounds. These symptoms imply damage to the A) external ear. B) auditory cortex. C) middle ear. D) cochlea.

: B Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 120) Low frequency sound waves create the maximum displacement of the basilar membrane ________, where that membrane is ________. A) near the helicotrema , stiffer B) near the helicotrema, flexible C) near the oval window, stiffer D) near the oval window, flexible E) in the middle, stiffer

: B Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 140) sensorineural hearing loss

: B Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) The vitreous chamber of the eye A) contains the lens. B) helps to stabilize the structure of the eye and the retina. C) contains blood vessels that nourish the retina. D) is located between the lens and the iris.

: B Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) The ciliary muscle helps to A) control the amount of light reaching the retina. B) control the shape of the lens. C) control the production of aqueous humor. D) move the eyeball.

: B Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) Which of the following cells is NOT localized to the retina? A) rods B) vertical C) bipolar D) cones E) amacrine

: B Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 132) Put these structures of the visual system in the order that they transmit light to the retina. 1. lens 2. aqueous humor 3. cornea 4. vitreous humor A) 3, 4, 1, 2 B) 3, 2, 1, 4 C) 1, 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 4, 3, 2 E) 2, 3, 4, 1

: B Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the ganglion cell response to the location of the light stimulus. A. fully excited B. fully inhibited C. weak response 142) Light only shines on the center of an off-center visual field.

: B Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 127) The following steps occur in rods when they are excited by a photon of light. Place them in the correct sequence. 1. Membrane sodium channels close. 2. cGMP is broken down. 3. The membrane hyperpolarizes and the rate of neurotransmitter release declines. 4. Transducin is activated. 5. Opsin is activated. A) 1, 5, 2, 4, 3 B) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 C) 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 D) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 E) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2

: B Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 144) Light only shines on the surround of an off-surround visual field.

: B Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: B Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 82) corticospinal tracts

: B Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) A child is rushed to the hospital after taking one of his grandmother's blood pressure medications. He has a low blood pressure and is also having trouble breathing, with audible wheezing upon exhalation. Which class of drugs did the child most likely take? A) ACE inhibitor B) beta blocker C) calcium channel blocker D) diuretic

: B [Beta blockers will cause relaxation of smooth muscles in blood vessels (prompting dilation and decreased blood pressure). They cause contraction of smooth muscles in the airways, resulting in constriction of the respiratory tree and possibly wheezing and dyspnea.] Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) Describe the physical protection afforded by the cerebrospinal fluid.

: Because the brain floats on CSF there is less weight and, therefore, less pressure on the blood vessels and nerves attached to the CNS. The fluid also pads the brain so it is less likely to hit the cranium and risk bruising when there is a blow to the head. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 102) ________ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells.

: Bipolar Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 229) Explain the roles that the AMPA and NMDA receptors play in long-term potentiation.

: Both AMPA and NMDA receptors are located on the postsynaptic cells (dendrites) and require binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate for activation. When glutamate binds to the AMPA receptor, the channel opens and Na enters the cell. This causes depolarization of the immediate postsynaptic cell or dendrite. This depolarization causes Mg2+ ions to be "kicked out" of the NMDA receptor channel; hence, Mg2+ is no longer acting as a channel blocker. If at the same time glutamate is bound to the NMDA receptor then the channel gate is open and Ca2+ enters the cell. The entry of Ca2+ triggers 2nd messenger pathways that results in an increase in the number of glutamate receptors inserted into the post-synaptic membrane. This increases the probability of an increase in the postsynaptic response or depolarization to glutamate that is referred to as long-term potentiation. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 96) Define implicit and explicit memory.

: Both are a type of long-term memory. Implicit or reflexive memory is automatic and does not require conscious effort. Examples are tasks that primarily involve motor skills such as writing or throwing a ball and the memory tasks typically stored at in large part in the cerebellum and the amygdala. Explicit or declarative memory requires conscious attention, using higher-level thinking skills. These memories can be communicated. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 185) Compare and contrast Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.

: Both insulate axons by creating myelin. Schwann cells, found in the PNS, are associated with a single axon. One axon may have many Schwann cells wrapped around it leaving small gaps of unmyelinated areas called nodes of Ranvier. Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS and form myelin around portions of several axons. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 153) When more action potentials arrive at the axon terminal, how is the postsynaptic cell affected? A) Neurotransmitter release increases, but does not change the graded potentials that follow. B) Neurotransmitter release does not change, thus the postsynaptic cell behaves the same way it always behaves. C) Neurotransmitter release increases, thereby increasing the frequency or magnitude of graded potentials in the postsynaptic cell. D) Neurotransmitter release does not change, but voltages applied to the postsynaptic cell increase.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) The site of information integration in the nervous system is the A) chemical synapse. B) electrical synapse. C) trigger zone. D) dendritic membrane. E) axon terminal.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The multiple thin, branched structures on a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the A) cell bodies. B) axons. C) dendrites. D) somata. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called A) dendrites. B) axon terminals. C) collaterals. D) axon hillocks. E) synapses.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) These glial cells act as scavengers. A) Schwann cells B) astrocytes C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes E) ependymal cells

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) In general, the nervous system is composed of which two types of cells? 1. motor 2. neurons 3. sensory 4. glial 5. associative A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 3 and 5

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) The cell body of neurons is generally A) 90% of the cell volume. B) 50% of the cell volume. C) 10% of the cell volume. D) found in the same position on every neuron.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) The region where the axon terminal meets its target cell is called the A) collateral. B) hillock. C) synapse. D) nerve. E) dendrites.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) The term axonal transport refers to A) the release of neurotransmitter molecules from the axon. B) the transport of microtubules to the axon for structural support. C) vesicle transport of proteins and organelles down the axon. D) the movement of the axon terminal to synapse with a new postsynaptic cell. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the term with its description (answers may be used more than once). A. ependymal cells B. astrocytes C. satellite cells D. Schwann cells E. oligodendrocytes F. microglia 95) cells that form supportive capsules around cell bodies

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) Interneurons are found A) only in the brain. B) only in the spinal cord. C) only in the CNS. D) throughout the nervous system. E) only in spinal nerves.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) These glial cells may contribute to Lou Gehrig's disease. A) Schwann cells B) astrocytes C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes E) ependymal cells

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) The tip of an embryonic nerve cell's axon is called a A) kissing cone. B) stem tip. C) growth cone. D) growth tip. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) Which of the following is the most common location where action potentials originate? A) dendrites B) cell body C) axon hillock D) synaptic cleft E) synaptic bouton

: C Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) Gustatory cells that respond to sour via release of serotonin are called A) type I taste cells. B) type II taste cells. C) type III taste cells. D) basal taste cells.

: C Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) There are ________ primary taste (gustation) sensations. A) 2 B) 4 C) 5 D) 20 E) 400

: C Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Signal transduction in the type II taste cells relies on the G protein A) Golf. B) Ggus. C) gustducin. D) transducin.

: C Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) derivatives of tyrosine

: C Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 26) adrenal cortex

: C Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) The major determinant of the resting potential of all cells is A) Ca2+ concentration in the blood and interstitial fluid. B) Na+ concentration in the blood and interstitial fluid. C) K+ gradient between the blood and interstitial fluid. D) K+ concentration inside cells. E) Na+ concentration inside cells.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) Action potentials are primarily associated with the membranes of A) dendrites only. B) cell bodies only. C) axons only. D) dendrites and axons. E) cell bodies and axons.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) The falling phase of the action potential is due primarily to A) Na+ flow in the cell only. B) Na+ flow out of the cell only. C) K+ flow out of the cell only. D) K+ flow into the cell only. E) Na+ flow out of the cell and K+ flow into the cell.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 141) If the resting axon's membrane becomes more permeable to potassium ions, A) the inside of the membrane will become more positively charged. B) the membrane will depolarize more rapidly. C) it will take a stimulus of larger magnitude to initiate an action potential. D) the hyperpolarization at the end of the action potential will not occur.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 147) What stops the rising phase of the action potential? A) The K+ gate closes. B) The Na+ activation gate opens. C) The Na+ inactivation gate closes. D) The Na+ inactivation gate opens. E) The sodium activation gate closes.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 144) Identify the FALSE statement. A) Under normal conditions, all action potentials in a given cell are identical. B) Between nodes of Ranvier, signal conduction is decremental. C) The amplitude of the action potential depends on the amplitude of the graded potential that precedes it. D) The voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels begin to open during the depolarization.

: C Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) Simple reflexes in a worm are integrated within a segment rather than in the brain, because A) worms do not have brains. B) worms do not have a nervous system. C) worms have a ganglion at each segment. D) worms have a neural network within each segment.

: C Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) Identify the FALSE statement regarding sensory receptor cells. A) Threshold is the minimal stimulus intensity required to generate an action potential. B) Sensory transduction converts stimulus energy into a receptor potential. C) Each type of sensory receptor responds only to the stimulus that defines the receptor. D) A graded potential is referred to as a receptor potential. E) Many sensory receptor cells are NOT nerve cells.

: C Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) The two-point discrimination test A) is used to determine clarity of vision. B) provides information about olfactory receptors. C) provides a measure of receptive field size for touch receptors. D) is used to test for hearing disorders. E) monitors the activity of taste buds.

: C Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Convergence describes A) the reason why receptive fields are so small. B) how one primary sensory receptor neurons synapses with a secondary neuron. C) how multiple primary sensory neurons synapse on a single secondary neuron. D) how receptive fields can overlap with one another.

: C Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Synergism occurs when A) one hormone triggers the secretion of a second hormone. B) one hormone inhibits the release of a second hormone. C) hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted. D) hormones working together produce a smaller effect than predicted. E) a hormone can exert its full effects only in the presence of another hormone.

: C Section Title: Hormone Interaction Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) After a hormone has exerted its effects, it typically A) continues to act until an opposing hormone is secreted. B) spontaneously degrades. C) is inactivated or removed from the blood. D) is absorbed by its target cell. E) is absorbed by the gland that secreted it.

: C Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 83) The rearrangement of connections at synapses, which occurs throughout life, is termed A) elasticity. B) intelligence. C) plasticity. D) senility. E) synchronicity.

: C Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 73) An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) A) depolarizes a neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential. B) hyperpolarizes a neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential. C) depolarizes a neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential. D) hyperpolarizes a neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.

: C Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 72) Identify the FALSE statement. A) EPSPs that reach threshold can initiate an action potential. B) The trigger zone is the integrating center of the neuron. C) IPSPs depolarize the membrane. D) All of the statements are true.

: C Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 164) Caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol all have effects on A) action potential conduction. B) long-term potentiation. C) synaptic activity. D) neurotransmitter degradation. E) neurotransmitter reuptake.

: C Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 79) When multiple, possibly even conflicting signals reach a neuron, the neuron evaluates the signals and may respond or not. This property is called A) temporal summation. B) spatial summation. C) postsynaptic integration. D) graded potentials. E) EPSPs.

: C Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) Before the entire muscle can change length, the force generated by the muscle must stretch the A) eccentric contractile elements. B) parallel elastic elements. C) series elastic elements. D) contractile elements.

: C Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.13

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) A contraction that generates enough force to move a load is known as ________, whereas one that generates force that equals the load is known as ________. A) isotropic, isometric B) isometric, eccentric C) isotonic, isometric D) isometric, isotonic E) isotonic, eccentric

: C Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.13

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Skeletal muscle cells are usually attached to bone by A) fascicles. B) ligaments. C) tendons. D) flexors.

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding the motor units and their activation? A) A motor unit in muscles of gross movement can have thousands of muscle cells. B) All muscle fibers in a single motor unit are of the same fiber type. C) A weak contractile stimulus activates fast-twitch motor units. D) The metabolic capacity of muscle fibers within a motor unit can be altered. E) At its peak intensity, a contractile stimulus will activate muscle fibers that are easily fatigued.

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 84) Put these myofibers in the order they would be recruited as the body moves from a weak to a strong stimulus: 1. glycolytic fast-twitch fibers 2. fatigue-resistant oxidative fast-twitch fibers 3. fatigue-resistant slow-twitch fibers A) 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 3, 1 C) 3, 2, 1 D) 1, 3, 2 E) 3, 1, 2

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match from the following list. A. A band B. I band C. Z disk D. H zone E. M line 56) The structures that serve as the attachment site for the thin filaments and mark the boundaries for one sarcomere.

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) When a skeletal muscle cell contracts and the muscle shortens, A) myosin heads generate a single power stroke. B) the position of an actin molecule relative to a myosin molecule does not change. C) some myosin heads are forming crossbridges as others are releasing them. D) the actin ATPase allows the actin molecule to swivel. E) the actin molecule swivels during the power stroke.

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) The tension generated in a skeletal muscle fiber is directly proportional to the number of A) thick and thin filaments present. B) nebulin and titin molecules present. C) high energy crossbridges formed. D) low energy crossbridges formed. E) active sarcomeres.

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) The molecular event that occurs immediately after the power stroke is the A) release of actin from the myosin head. B) hydrolysis of ATP by the myosin head. C) release of ADP from the myosin. D) binding of tropomyosin to the myosin. E) binding of actin to the myosin.

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) Which of the following would cause the crossbridge to transition from a high force state to a low force state? A) increasing myosin ATPase activity B) increasing intracellular calcium C) decreasing intracellular calcium D) energizing the myosin head E) decreasing myosin ATPase activity

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 80) After death, when metabolism stops, in which step of the contractile cycle must skeletal muscles remain? A) It depends on what part of the contractile cycle they were in at the time of death. B) the power stoke phase C) the rigor state D) a weak binding state

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) The contraction cycle is triggered by the rise in ________ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). A) Na+ B) K+ C) Ca2+

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) During heavy exercise, the ATP requirements of active muscle are likely to be met by metabolism of A) protein. B) fatty acids. C) carbohydrates. D) nucleotides.

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Muscle fatigue arises primarily from failure in A) neuromuscular transmission. B) initiation of contraction by the motor cortex. C) excitation-contraction coupling. D) signal relay from brain to spinal cord. E) calcium pumps in the skeletal muscles.

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) The speed with which force is developed by skeletal muscles is determined by the A) Ca2+ ATPase activity. B) sarcoplasmic calcium concentration. C) myosin ATPase isoform. D) Ca2+ ATPase activity and sarcoplasmic calcium concentration. E) Ca2+ ATPase activity, myosin ATPase isoform, and sarcoplasmic calcium concentration.

: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) Smooth muscle cells lack which protein(s)? A) actin only B) myosin only C) troponin only D) tropomyosin only E) troponin and tropomyosin

: C Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 47) This protein is activated by the Ca2+-calmodulin complex to phosphorylate the myosin light chain protein. A) tropomyosin B) myosin heavy chain C) myosin light chain kinase D) myosin light chain phosphatase

: C Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) A change in smooth muscle cell tension in the absence of a change in electrical potential of the cells is described as a A) pacemaker potential. B) slow wave potential. C) pharmacomechanical coupling. D) electromechanical coupling.

: C Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.19

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) Which of the following is NOT a somatosensory modality? A) proprioception B) touch C) vision D) nociception E) temperature

: C Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) Sensory receptors that respond when body temperature is below normal are called A) warm receptors. B) photoreceptors. C) cold receptors. D) All receptors respond to temperatures above and below body temperature (no unique name).

: C Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 80) flutter

: C Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) Visceral pain is poorly localized and can be perceived to originate from a region of the body that is different from it's actual location; this is called A) analgesia. B) adaptation. C) referred pain. D) tonic reception. E) latency.

: C Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 72) These receptors slowly adapt, and would be activated when the skin is between 20-40° C.

: C Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 117) Inhibiting adenyl cyclase in olfactory sensory neurons would A) increase the sensitivity of these receptors. B) expand the range of sensitivity of these receptors. C) reduce the sensitivity of these receptors. D) convert the olfactory receptors from phasic to tonic receptors. E) have no effect on these receptors.

: C Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) "Dual innervation" refers to an organ receiving A) two nerves from the spinal cord. B) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. D) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 12) Which area(s) of the brain exert(s) control over the autonomic nervous system? 1. cerebrum 2. cerebellum 3. hypothalamus 4. pons 5. medulla 6. thalamus A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 B) 1, 3, 5 C) 1, 3, 4, 5 D) 1, 2, 3, 5 E) 2, 3, 4, 5

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the answers to the questions. A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 23) The neural pathway from the spinal cord to the target tissue has two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 26) Inside the ganglia are interneurons, which modulate messages.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Which area is NOT normally considered to be an autonomic control center? A) pons B) medulla C) amygdala D) hypothalamus

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division. A) somatic B) sensory C) autonomic D) somatic and sensory E) somatic and autonomic

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division. A) somatic B) sensory C) autonomic D) somatic and sensory E) somatic and autonomic

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 19) target receptor for preganglionic neurons

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) It contains cholinergic neurons.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) On average, one preganglionic neuron synapses with eight or nine postganglionic neurons, each innervating a different target.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) An alien retrieved alive from a crashed UFO has had a thorough medical examination. A hormone with a distinct but similar structure to epinephrine has been isolated, and named ufo-epi. 47) If humans administered a physiological dose of ufo-epi responded to the chemical, which of the following would indicate ufo-epi is an epinephrine agonist? A) constriction of respiratory tubes B) hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) C) increase in fatty acids in the blood D) localized sweating E) decreased heart rate

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) The central opening in the eye through which the light passes on to the retina is the A) conjunctiva. B) cornea. C) pupil. D) lens. E) fovea.

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the A) outer segment. B) inner segment. C) fovea. D) optic disc. E) tapetum lucidum.

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 70) Photoreceptors secrete the neurotransmitter A) acetylcholine. B) norepinephrine. C) glutamate. D) dopamine.

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 68) On a dark night, the rods have a high concentration of A) opsin. B) cAMP. C) cGMP. D) kinase.

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 126) If a person's cornea is flatter than normal, this person is A) presbyopic. B) myopic. C) hyperopic. D) hypopic. E) astigmatic.

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 124) A decrease in the release of neurotransmitter from the photoreceptor would indicate a(n) A) decrease in light intensity. B) lack of light reaching the retina. C) increase in light intensity. D) change in focus of the lens onto a distant object.

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 125) If the sodium pump in the membranes of the photoreceptors were completely blocked, the result would be A) bright white light as all cones would be activated. B) an increase in visual acuity. C) darkness (blindness). D) grey images as only rods would function. E) the cells would not be able to produce glutamate.

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 133) Put these structures of the visual system in the order that they transmit visual information from the retina. 1. optic disk 2. visual cortex of the occipital lobe 3. optic chiasm 4. lateral geniculate body of the thalamus A) 3, 1, 2, 4 B) 3, 1, 4, 2 C) 1, 3, 4, 2 D) 1, 3, 2, 4 E) 1, 2, 3, 4

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 129) Why do objects viewed underwater with a mask appear closer and larger than they really are? A) Water is denser than the lens of the eye. B) Light moves more slowly through the water. C) The mask provides additional refraction of light before it reaches the retina. D) The cornea does not function in water, and the light is not refracted as much. E) Light traveling through the water scatters more than it does when moving through the air.

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 146) Diffuse light illuminates both center and surround of on-center cell.

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 147) Diffuse light illuminates both center and surround of on-surround cell.

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 42) projections that carry sensory information to the brain

: C Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: C Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 103) The interaction between Ca2+ and calmodulin in smooth muscle cells has been described as a second messenger system. Develop an argument to support this position, using another second messenger system you have studied for comparison.

: Ca2+ forms a complex with calmodulin. This complex activates myosin light chain kinase, which in turn phosphorylates the myosin light chain allowing the myosin to form a crossbridge with actin, triggering the contraction cycle. The second messengers cGMP and cAMP also lead to the phosphorylation of proteins to affect cell activity. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) ________ is a naturally occurring stimulant in food, which acts upon ________ receptors.

: Caffeine (or other xanthines: theophylline, theobromine), adenosine Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 89) Factors playing a role in fatigue can be classified into 2 categories. Define those two categories and provide an example of each.

: Central fatigue, peripheral fatigue. Central fatigue arises in the central nervous system. Peripheral fatigue arises anywhere between the neuromuscular junction and the contractile elements of the muscle. Examples of central fatigue: subjective feeling of tiredness and a desire to cease activity. Example of peripheral fatigue is depletion of muscle glycogen stores, increases in inorganic phosphate concentration, or ion imbalance. See Figure 12.10 in the chapter. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) Describe cerebrospinal fluid flow from secretion to absorption.

: Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexus. It flows into the subarachnoid space (between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane) to surround the brain and spinal cord. CSF is absorbed back into the blood at arachnoid villi (located in the cranium). Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 153) List and define the four major receptor groups.

: Chemoreceptors respond to the binding of chemical ligands. Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical energy (pressure, vibration, acceleration: usually by alterations in membrane stretch). Thermoreceptors respond to temperature. Photoreceptors respond to light. Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 62) Describe the different types of cholinergic receptors in the nervous system. Which neurotransmitter binds to each type?

: Cholinergic receptors are either nicotinic or muscarinic; they are distinguishable by the binding of either nicotine or muscarine to the same receptors. Both receptors bind to acetylcholine. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 209) The disease rabies is caused by a virus that attacks the central nervous system. The virus is normally introduced when an infected animal bites another, breaking the surface of the skin and allowing the entry of saliva containing the virus. Since the virus cannot move by itself, how does it get to neurons in the central nervous system?

: Circulation of the lymph may spread the virus throughout the body. Retrograde axonal transport brings the viral particles to the nerve cell bodies in the spinal cord. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 100) ________ hearing loss results from conditions that affect the ability of sound wave that have entered the external ear from generating/transmitting a vibration that will reach the cochlea.

: Conductive Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) One hypothalamic hormone triggers a pituitary hormone to cause release of an adrenal hormone. Fill in the names of the hormones below. If a tumor in the adrenal cortex resulted in hypercortisolism, how would this affect the relative levels of hormone produced from each source? What type of reflex pathway is involved? Hormone Source Tumor effects ________________________ Hypothalamus increase decrease ________________________ Anterior pituitary increase decrease ________________________ Adrenal cortex increase decrease

: Corticotropin-releasing hormone, decrease Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, decrease Cortisol, increase This type of relationship is called long-loop negative feedback. Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 97) ________ are raised sensory structures within the ampulla of semicircular canals that contain the hair cells.

: Cristae Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 188) What causes a graded potential to degrade?

: Current leakage across the membrane and resistance of the cytoplasm are two factors. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) The brain area(s) that has/have a cortex is/are the A) cerebrum only. B) cerebellum only. C) medulla oblongata only. D) cerebrum and cerebellum. E) cerebrum and medulla oblongata.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) Reasoning arises in the outer layer of neurons of which of the following? A) amygdala B) basal nuclei C) hippocampus D) cerebral cortex E) amygdala and hippocampus

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) The brain region that is identifiable by its folds and grooves is the A) cerebellum only. B) cerebrum only. C) medulla oblongata only. D) cerebellum and cerebrum. E) cerebrum and medulla oblongata.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) The brain has a ________ (high or low?) demand for oxygen, and receives about ________% of the total blood volume in circulation. A) high; 35 B) low; 35 C) low; 15 D) high; 15 E) high; 50

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) General anesthetics keep surgical patients unconscious by reducing activity in the A) hippocampus. B) corpus callosum. C) lateral ventricles. D) reticular formation. E) medullary pyramids.

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 72) Caffeine and related stimulants exert their effects by A) mimicking a specific neurotransmitter. B) inhibiting a specific neurotransmitter. C) mimicking a specific neuromodulator. D) inhibiting a specific neuromodulator.

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a repeated stimulus is called A) training. B) learning. C) reflexation. D) facilitation. E) consolidation.

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 74) You used to love to drink milk when you were a child. Lately, you notice that your stomach hurts and you experience bloating and discomfort when you drink it. It is no longer inviting when you see someone else drinking it. What kind of learning has occurred? A) associative B) anterograde C) habituation D) sensitization

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) Which is/are the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) of the CNS? A) GABA only B) glycine only C) glutamate only D) GABA and glycine E) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) Once the stimulus alters the receptor on the cell's membrane, what happens next? A) Ion channels open, allowing ions to enter or exit. B) The membrane permeability is altered. C) A second messenger is activated on the inside of the cell. D) Any of these actions could happen next.

: D Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) Once the action potential reaches the axon terminal, what happens next? A) exocytosis of a neurocrine B) release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft C) release of a neurohormone into the blood D) Any of the above could happen next.

: D Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) Clusters of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called A) microglia. B) neuroglia. C) glia. D) ganglia. E) nodes.

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) Information coming into the central nervous system is transmitted along ________ neurons. A) afferent B) sensory C) efferent D) afferent and sensory E) sensory and efferent

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) The afferent and efferent axons together form the A) central nervous system. B) autonomic division system. C) somatic motor division of the nervous system. D) peripheral nervous system. E) visceral nervous system.

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) The axon is connected to the cell body by the A) myelin sheath. B) axon terminal. C) collaterals. D) axon hillock. E) synapse.

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) Myelin is formed by A) axons only. B) Schwann cells only. C) oligodendrocytes only. D) Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) . Match the term with its description (answers may be used more than once). A. ependymal cells B. astrocytes C. satellite cells D. Schwann cells E. oligodendrocytes F. microglia 101) cells that myelinate only one axon each; multiple cells per axon

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 85) Repair of damaged neurons can be assisted by certain neurotrophic factors secreted by the A) cell body only. B) axon only. C) dendrites only. D) Schwann cells only. E) axon and dendrites.

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 140) In terms of embryonic origin, neurons are most closely related to ________ cells. A) skeletal muscle B) cardiac muscle C) connective tissue D) epithelial

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 165) Tom's father suffers a stroke that leaves him partially paralyzed on his right side. What type of glial cell would you expect to find in increased numbers in the damaged area of the brain that is affected by the stroke? A) astrocytes B) Schwann cells C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia

: D Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) When Golf is activated, which of the following steps in the olfactory cells contribute to their depolarization? A) increases in adenylate cyclase only B) increases in cAMP concentrations only C) increases in the closure of cAMP gated cation channels only D) increases in adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP concentrations E) increases in adenylate cyclase activity, cAMP concentrations and closure of cAMP gated cation channels

: D Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) Neuronal cells that are short-lived and therefore are frequently replaced are A) gustatory receptors. B) nociceptors. C) Pacinian corpuscles. D) olfactory receptors. E) retinal cells.

: D Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) pineal

: D Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) The most complex endocrine responses involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) adrenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus.

: D Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH (Vasopressin). E) MSH.

: D Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) true endocrine gland of epithelial origin

: D Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) In a simple endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is the A) sensor only. B) integrating center only. C) target. D) sensor and integrating center. E) integrating center and target.

: D Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 162) How would blocking retrograde transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron? A) The neuron would not be able to produce neurotransmitters. B) The neuron would not be able to produce action potentials. C) The cell body would not be able to export products to the axon terminals. D) The cell body would not be able to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon. E) The neuron would be unable to depolarize when stimulated.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 49) Ion concentrations are first significantly affected after ________ action potential(s). A) one B) a few dozen C) a few hundred D) a few thousand E) a few million

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) The Nernst equation predicts A) intracellular ion concentrations. B) extracellular ion concentrations C) the membrane potential resulting from all permeable ions. D) the membrane potential resulting from permeability to a single ion. E) the threshold membrane potential.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) The resting membrane potential results from A) uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane only. B) differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ only. C) activity of the sodium/potassium pump only. D) uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+. E) None of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 159) Graded potentials can A) only act as signals over short distances. B) only act as signals over long distances. C) only cause or prevent an action potential. D) act as signals over short distances and cause or prevent an action potential. E) act as signals over long distances and cause or prevent an action potential.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 151) When comparing action potentials to graded potentials, an/two important distinguishing characteristic/s is/are A) graded potentials can undergo summation. B) action potentials can undergo summation. C) that the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period. D) graded potentials can undergo summation and the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period. E) action potentials can undergo summation and the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) The point during an action potential when the inside of the cell has become more positive than the outside is known as the A) depolarization. B) rising phase. C) falling phase. D) overshoot. E) peak.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) When voltage-gated Na+ channels of a resting neuron open, A) Na+ enters the neuron. B) Na+ leaves the neuron. C) the neuron depolarizes. D) Na+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes. E) Na+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) Choose all of the items that are incorrectly matched. A) inactivation gate — closed at rest B) activation gate — open at rest C) inactivation gate — closed during repolarization D) activation gate — opens during depolarization E) All of the answers are incorrectly matched.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 166) Tetrodotoxin is a toxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. What effect does this substance have on the function of neurons? A) Neurons depolarize more rapidly. B) Action potentials lack a repolarization phase. C) The absolute refractory period is shorter than normal. D) The neuron is not able to propagate action potentials. E) The toxin does not interfere with neuron function because the voltage-regulated sodium channels would still function.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 145) When the neuron is at rest, which statement is true? A) The activation gate is closed. B) The inactivation gate is open. C) No Na+ crosses the membrane is the only observation. D) The activation gate is closed and the inactivation gate is open. E) The activation gate is closed and no Na+ crosses the membrane.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 142) If the sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membrane of a neuron fail to function, over time A) the extracellular concentration of potassium ion will increase. B) the intracellular concentration of sodium ion will increase. C) the membrane resting potential will become more positive than normal. D) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 157) When sodium channels open during an action potential, the opening is caused by A) binding of sodium ions. B) binding of potassium ions. C) presence of calcium. D) presence of positive charge.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 154) If a stimulating electrode is placed in the middle of a resting axon and an above-threshold voltage is applied to the electrode action potentials A) will not occur. B) will start at that point and proceed only toward the axon terminal. C) will start at that point and proceed only toward the cell body. D) will start at that point and travel in both directions in the axon.

: D Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 5) Opening a Na+ channel in a non-neural sensory receptor cell would cause that cell to A) depolarize. B) hyperpolarize. C) generate an action potential. D) decrease neurotransmitter release.

: D Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 4) A graded change in membrane potential within a sensory receptor cell is always called a(n) A) depolarization. B) hyperpolarization. C) action potential. D) receptor potential.

: D Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) The perception threshold describes the A) intensity of stimulus required to generate a receptor potential. B) intensity of stimulus required to generate an action potential. C) convergence of information from multiple primary sensory neuron onto a single secondary neuron. D) concept that neurons higher in the sensory pathway can dampen the intensity of a stimulus.

: D Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) The modality of a stimulus can be determined within the central nervous system by A) population coding. B) lateral inhibition. C) frequency coding. D) adequate stimulus for the sensory receptor cell.

: D Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The intensity of a stimulus can be determined within the central nervous system by A) population coding only. B) labeled line coding only. C) frequency coding only. D) population coding and/or frequency coding. E) labeled line coding and/or frequency coding.

: D Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 168) Presynaptic facilitation occurs when A) extracellular concentration of sodium increases. B) extracellular concentration of potassium increases. C) calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane are inhibited. D) calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remain open longer. E) temporal summation occurs.

: D Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) Striated muscles are so-called because of a repeating pattern of light and dark bands. One repeating unit of the banding pattern is called a A) myofilament. B) myomere. C) sarcofibril. D) sarcomere. E) crossbridge.

: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) When a skeletal muscle generates enough force during contraction to shorten, A) only the sarcomere will shorten. B) only the A band will shorten. C) only the I band will shorten. D) the sarcomere and the I band will shorten. E) the sarcomere, the A band and the I band will shorten.

: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 19) The hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin to immediately A) swivel, moving the actin molecule. B) release of ADP. C) release from the actin. D) rotate into a position (cocked) to bind to actin. E) bind more tightly to the actin (rigor).

: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) The relaxation of skeletal muscle relies on the activity of the ________, which decreases cytoplasmic calcium concentration. A) ryanodine receptor B) dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor (L-type calcium channel) C) acetylcholine receptor D) Ca2+ ATPase

: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) ________ is the backup energy molecule that can be rapidly converted to ATP in active skeletal muscle. A) Protein B) Glucose C) Fatty acid D) Phosphocreatine

: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) Which of the following is a characteristic of slow-twitch oxidative skeletal muscle fibers? A) long contraction duration only B) few mitochondria only C) high capillary density only D) long contraction duration and high capillary density E) long contraction duration, few mitochondria, and high capillary density

: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) Compared to skeletal muscle, contraction of smooth muscle cells is A) only a slower response to a stimulus. B) only sustained without fatigue. C) only controlled by the somatic nervous system. D) a slower response to a stimulus and sustained without fatigue. E) a slower response to a stimulus, sustained without fatigue, and controlled by the somatic nervous system.

: D Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.15

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Which of the following is NOT a correct comparison of cardiac myocytes to other muscle cell types? A) Like smooth muscle cells, some cardiac myocytes have pacemaker potentials. B) Like some smooth muscle cells, cardiac myocytes are electrically coupled. C) Like skeletal muscle cells, actin and myosin are organized into sarcomeres. D) Like skeletal muscle, contraction of cardiac muscle is under autonomic nervous control. E) Like smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle is under hormonal control.

: D Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) Which of the following statements regarding pathways for somatic perception projection is correct? A) The tertiary sensory neurons cross-over the body's midline. B) The synapse for the secondary to tertiary sensory neuron is within the medulla. C) The longest of the secondary sensory neurons transmit fine touch and proprioceptive information. D) Primary sensory neurons from the hands project to a specific region of the somatosensory cortex. E) Primary sensory neurons that respond to cold sensation project to the same region of the somatosensory cortex.

: D Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) Nociceptors are responsible for the perception of A) pain only. B) skin stretch only. C) itch only. D) pain and itch. E) pain and skin stretch.

: D Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) Chemicals such as histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, and substance P A) only sensitize nociceptors. B) only activate nociceptors. C) only inhibit nociceptors. D) only sensitize and activate nociceptors. E) sensitize, activate and inhibit nociceptors.

: D Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) These receptors respond to stimuli that are harmful or potentially harmful to body tissues and lead to the perception of pain.

: D Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 81) stretch

: D Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system? A) It is dominant during "resting and digesting." B) Its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. C) Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division. D) It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. E) All of the statements apply.

: D Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Each of these statements is true except one. Identify the exception. A) Monoamine oxidase is the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of catecholamines. B) β1 receptors respond equally well to both epinephrine and norepinephrine. C) β2 receptors are not innervated by sympathetic neurons, so are more sensitive to epinephrine, delivered via the blood. D) Activation of α receptors opens Na+ channels in the membrane.

: D Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) sympathetic tissue receptor

: D Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 48) If the results of ufo-epi treatment of humans included pupil dilation, localized sweating, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which conclusion would be indicated? A) It acts on AMPA receptors. B) It acts at the neuromuscular junction. C) It acts on muscarinic receptors. D) It acts on alpha adrenergic receptors. E) It acts on beta adrenergic receptors.

: D Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) The hormone that is released to enhance the fight-or-flight reaction is A) thyroid hormone. B) prolactin. C) oxytocin. D) epinephrine. E) antidiuretic hormone.

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) An important structure in both learning and memory is the A) cerebellum. B) pons. C) medulla. D) hippocampus. E) hypothalamus.

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 51) composed of distinct regions of gray and white matter, a section of the brain that develops with sulci and gyri

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) network to coordinate arousal and sleep, but also involved in blood pressure regulation and pain modulation

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except one. Identify the exception. A) epinephrine B) norepinephrine C) thyroid hormone D) thyroid-stimulating hormone E) melatonin

: D Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) adenylyl cyclase. D) a G protein. E) calcium.

: D Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors, A) adenylyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are inhibited. D) gene transcription may increase or decrease. E) protein kinases are activated.

: D Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Each of the following statements concerning peptide hormones is true except one. Identify the exception. A) Peptide hormones are first synthesized as prohormones. B) Prohormones can be activated before their release via post-translational modification. C) Peptide hormones remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. D) Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins. E) Peptide hormones interact with receptors on the surface of their target cells.

: D Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) The hair cells of utricle and saccule are clustered in A) ampullae. B) cristae. C) cupulae. D) maculae. E) otoliths.

: D Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) Sensations of the forces of gravity and linear acceleration are detected in the A) semicircular canals. B) cochlea. C) ossicles. D) saccule and utricle. E) organ of Corti.

: D Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 119) The release of neurotransmitter from a vestibular hair cell into the synapse with a sensory neuron would increase A) in response to any mechanical stimulation of the hair cell. B) when the stereocilia of the hair cell are displaced away from the kinocilium. C) when the stereocilia are equally displaced to either side of the kinocilium. D) when the stereocilia of the hair cell are displaced toward the kinocilium.

: D Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the symptoms to the problem. A. damage to the cerebral cortex B. degeneration of hair cells C. ringing in the ears D. dizziness and nausea E. problems with structures of the middle ear 137) Ménière's disease

: D Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) Louder noises result in action potentials in the sensory neuron that are A) taller. B) shorter. C) broader. D) more frequent. E) less frequent.

: D Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) Collateral pathways take vestibular receptor signals from the medulla to the A) reticular formation only. B) thalamus only. C) cerebellum only. D) reticular formation and cerebellum. E) thalamus and reticular formation.

: D Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) A structure that allows the middle ear to communicate with the nasopharynx is the A) pinna. B) membranous labyrinth. C) bony labyrinth. D) eustachian tube. E) auditory meatus.

: D Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 53) ________ between hair cell stereocilia ensure that when the largest stereocilia is bent, all of the sterocilia are bent thereby gating more ion channels. A) Kinocilia B) Otoliths C) Utricles D) Tip links

: D Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) The external auditory canal ends at the A) vestibule. B) cochlear oval window. C) malleus. D) tympanic membrane. E) pinna.

: D Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 130) Damage to the fovea of the eye would interfere with the ability to A) focus an image. B) regulate the amount of light striking the retina. C) detect objects in the periphery of ones field of vision. D) detect the detailed image of objects in the middle of ones field of vision. E) detect color images.

: D Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 131) When a rod located in the retina is stimulated by light, A) the cell depolarizes. B) the inactive form of retinal associates with bleached opsin. C) the activity of transducin decreases. D) the release of neurotransmitter increases. E) the intracellular concentration of cGMP decreases.

: D Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 136) Which two sensory systems contain structures called maculae? A) gustatory and olfactory B) olfactory and auditory C) auditory and vestibular D) vestibular and visual E) visual and somatosensory

: D Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 39) carry primarily efferent signals from the brain

: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) The mixed cranial nerve that projects to and from internal organs, muscles, and glands is the ________ nerve. A) trochlear B) spinal accessory C) trigeminal D) vagus E) glossopharyngeal

: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) A complete spinal cord transection injury results in paralysis, which is the inability to do which of the following? A) move voluntarily B) move at all C) feel D) move voluntarily and feel E) move at all and feel

: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 184) How does the function of dendritic spines in the CNS differ from dendrites in the PNS?

: Dendritic spines have polyribosomes to make their own proteins, send signals to other neurons, and are involved in learning, memory, and various pathologies. PNS dendrites receive external information and transfer it within the neuron. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 75) When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone, which of the following could happen? A) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out. B) Two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur. C) Two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability. D) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out and two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur. E) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out; two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur; and two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability.

: E Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 169) Learning and memory are thought to be due to a synaptic phenomenon known as A) inhibition. B) excitation. C) modulation. D) facilitation. E) long-term potentiation.

: E Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 11 Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control 1) Nicotine is thought to cause approximately ________ deaths per year, worldwide. A) 500 B) 5,000 C) 50,000 D) 500,000 E) 5,000,000

: E Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the structures with the accurate description. A. muscle fiber B. fascicle C. sarcolemma D. myofibril E. t-tubules 51) inward extensions of the muscle cell membrane

: E Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match from the following list. A. A band B. I band C. Z disk D. H zone E. M line 57) The letter assigned to this structure stands for the German word for middle; it is the attachment site for the thick filaments.

: E Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 15) In order for high force crossbridges to form in contracting skeletal muscle, calcium must A) bind to calmodulin to phosphorylate the myosin. B) phosphorylate the tropomyosin which moves it. C) phosphorylate the troponin to move the tropomyosin. D) bind to tropomyosin which moves the troponin. E) bind to troponin which moves the tropomyosin.

: E Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) Each myosin head has a binding site for A) calcium only. B) actin only. C) ATP only. D) calcium and ATP. E) actin and ATP.

: E Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) Which of the following is NOT a property of single-unit smooth muscles? A) All smooth muscle cells are connected by gap junctions. B) Their contraction occurs in a coordinated manner. C) Electrical responses travel directly between cells. D) Only a proportion of the smooth muscle cells receive autonomic nervous input. E) Each cell functions independent of its neighbor.

: E Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 86) Relative to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle A) only uses less energy to generate a given amount of force. B) only can sustain contractile force without fatigue. C) only uses calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space. D) uses less energy to generate a given amount of force and can sustain contractile force without fatigue. E) uses less energy to generate a given amount of force, can sustain contractile force without fatigue and uses calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space.

: E Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 82) vibration

: E Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because A) it is a source of catecholamines. B) it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. C) it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. D) it is a source of catecholamines and it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. E) it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

: E Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the following with its description. A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor D. adrenergic receptor E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor 18) parasympathetic tissue receptor

: E Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system? 1. blood pressure 2. heart rate 3. water balance 4. temperature regulation A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 1, 2, 3 D) 2, 3, 4 E) 1, 2, 3, 4

: E Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) Which of these roles is NOT related to the reticular formation? A) arousal and sleep B) muscle tone and stretch reflexes C) pain modulation D) blood pressure regulation E) regulation of the menstrual cycle

: E Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 7 Introduction to the Endocrine System 1) Which of the following is NOT a method of hormone action? A) control of enzymatic reaction rates B) control of ion or molecule transport across cell membranes C) control of electrical signaling pathways D) control of gene expression and protein synthesis E) All are methods of hormone action.

: E Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 56) The cilia of the hair cells of the semicircular canals are embedded in the A) saccule. B) ampullae. C) cristae. D) utricle. E) cupula.

: E Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements (vibrations) by the A) malleus. B) cochlea. C) oval window. D) round window. E) tympanic membrane.

: E Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 141) conductive hearing loss

: E Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) Which of the following cells involved in processing visual information in the retina synapse with the rods? A) horizontal cells only B) ganglion cells only C) bipolar cells only D) horizontal and bipolar cells only E) horizontal, ganglion, and bipolar

: E Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in A) propriospinal tracts. B) ventral root ganglia. C) ventral horns. D) dorsal horns. E) dorsal root ganglia.

: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.10

: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 40) projections of white matter that remain in the spinal cord

: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 219) Use the Nernst equation to predict the membrane potential for each ion.

: EK+ = 61 log 150/5 = 90.10 mV, ENa+ = 61 log 175/15 = 65.08 mV, ECl- = -61 log 40/40 = 0 mV Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) Explain the concept of evolutionary conservation of hormone activity, and how recognition of that phenomenon has influenced hormone therapies.

: Hormone structure and function in some cases have changed little from primitive vertebrates through mammals. Evidence for this includes the similar response in humans to injected hormones from nonhuman sources. An example of the importance of this relationship is provided by the hormone insulin, which, from extracts of cow, pig, or sheep pancreas, successfully treated diabetes mellitus in humans. Prior to that, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was followed shortly by death. Section Title: Hormone Evolution Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) What normally stops hormone action, and why is this important?

: Hormones are degraded by enzymes and eliminated in the urine. This disposal of hormones is essential to the ability to regulate their action and prevent them from being too effective. For example, if insulin were not closely regulated, too much glucose could be removed from the blood, depriving brain cells of their only fuel source and causing brain damage, coma, and/or death. Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 70) Carl is suffering from hypothyroidism. What is hypothyroidism? How could his physician determine whether the malfunction is in the hypothalamus and pituitary or at the level of the gland itself?

: Hypothyroidism results when the thyroid gland produces lower than normal amounts of thyroid hormones. The physician could order blood tests to determine the levels of T3, T4, and TSH in the blood. If the condition is due to disease of the thyroid gland, you would expect to see elevated levels of TSH because of a lack of feedback inhibition by thyroid hormones. If, on the other hand, the problem is due to problems at the level of the hypothalamus or pituitary, you would expect to see decreased levels of TSH. Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 202) Polio is an uncommon disease in most developed countries, but prior to widespread use of the polio vaccine, it was very common. Polio is caused by a virus that infects somatic motor neurons and destroys them. From this information, would you expect a polio victim to lose sensation, motor control, other organ function, and/or cognitive function? Explain. While most victims of polio survive, some do not. What is the most likely cause of death?

: If only motor neurons are affected, the primary result should be paralysis or inability to control skeletal muscles. Because respiration involves skeletal muscles, some victims die of suffocation. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 228) Draw graphs showing the effects on action potentials in a postsynaptic cell of effective doses for each of the listed toxins. Assume that the cell is normally brought to threshold by the stimuli applied to its inputs, so that any abnormality is due to the toxin. 1. curare (prevents receptor from binding neurotransmitter) 2. botulinum toxin (prevents neurotransmitter release)

: In both cases, action potential is prevented, because the postsynaptic potential is blocked. Membrane potential would remain at resting potential, because even a subthreshold postsynaptic potential fails to appear in the absence of neurotransmitter action. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 155) Discuss the gate control theory of pain modulation.

: In the gate control theory, pain is lessened by an integrated response that reduces the signal sent along the pain pathway. In the region where the noxious/painful stimulus is applied, the C fibers are activated. In this same region of the body, the mechanical rubbing of the site where the pain was initiated activates A-beta fibers to increase the activity of the inhibitory interneuron, which reduce the frequency of the pain signal transmitted to the central nervous system. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 151) Describe how lateral inhibition allows for localization of a stimulus.

: Lateral inhibition increases the contrast between receptive fields with the greater extent of activation and the nearby, lesser stimulated, fields. If a stimulus activates three primary neurons with the one in the middle receiving the strongest stimulus, each will activate their secondary neurons. However, the secondary neuron with the strongest stimulus suppresses the response of the other two activated secondary neurons while allowing its own signal to proceed on its pathway without interference. This allows for a greater contrast between the center and sides of the receptive field and a more precise localization of the stimulus. Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 161) List and describe the two types of retinal bipolar cells and how they respond differently to the same neurotransmitter?

: Light-on bipolar cells are inhibited in the dark (due to photoreceptor release of glutamate) and released from this inhibition in the light. Light-off bipolar cells are the opposite. They are activated by the glutamate released in the dark and inhibited in the light. The difference between these cell types is the type of glutamate receptor. ON bipolar cells have metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR6) that hyperpolarize the cell in the dark when glutamate release is highest. OFF bipolar cells have an ionotropic glutamate receptors that open channels in the presence of glutamate to depolarize the cell. Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 210) In multiple sclerosis, there is progressive and intermittent damage to the myelin sheath of central axons. One symptom is poor motor control of the affected area. Why does destruction of the myelin sheath affect motor control?

: Loss of myelin slows or stops impulse conduction, preventing descending tracts from regulating spinal motor neurons, and leading to loss of coordination and the ability to correct for gravity, movement, and so on. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 62) What are two benefits of having a portal system that connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary gland? Are there any other endocrine axes connected by a portal system?

: One benefit of a portal system is that it ensures that the controlling hormones will be delivered directly to the target cells. Secondly, since the hormones go directly to their target cells without first passing through the general circulation they are not diluted. The hypothalamus can control the cells of the pituitary with much smaller amounts of releasing and inhibiting hormones than would be necessary if the hormones had to first go through the circulatory pathway before reaching the pituitary. This is the only endocrine portal system. Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 150) Explain why calling receptors for noxious stimuli "pain receptors" is inaccurate. What is the more accepted term for these receptors?

: Pain is a perception, not a type of stimulus. Nociceptors (the correct term) respond to particular types of potentially damaging stimuli, such as abnormally high or low temperatures, or abnormally high pressure or chemical concentrations. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 106) ________ ganglion cells transmit information about texture, while ________ ganglion cells transmit information about movement.

: Parvocellular, magnocellular Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 95) ________ is the fluid within the vestibular and tympanic duct of the cochlea.

: Perilymph Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 88) ________ are sensory receptors that respond to changes in a stimulus by altering their firing which rapidly stops as the stimulus is maintained.

: Phasic receptors Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 158) Describe pitch and loudness and how these are properties of sound are processed by the cochlea.

: Pitch is a function of the frequency of sound waves, measured in waves per second (hertz). High frequency waves are interpreted as high-pitched sounds. Loudness is the perception of sound intensity and varies within each individual. The intensity is a function of wave amplitude, measured on a logarithmic scale (units are decibels). The perception of sound frequency is related to the specific hair cell along the basilar membrane that is stimulated: high frequency vibrates the membrane (and thereby hair cells) near the oval window whereas low frequency vibrates hair cell towards the helicotrema. The intensity of sound is communicated by the frequency of action potential that are generated in the cochlear nerve cell (Primary sensory neuron) by the extent of release of neurotransmitter from the hair cell: the more the hair cell depolarizes, the greater the release of neurotransmitter and thereby greater depolarization of the cochlear nerve resulting in a greater frequency of action potentials. Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 108) ________ is the loss of accommodation that occurs with age due to a loss of lens elasticity.

: Presbyopia Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 46) ________ pathologies arise in the last endocrine gland in a reflex.

: Primary Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 205) Your study partner in your physiology class insists that axons conduct graded potentials, and that they play a vital role in production of the action potential. Do you agree or disagree? Defend your answer.

: Your study partner is correct. This is easiest to explain in the context of the myelinated axon. Voltage-regulated ion channels, which produce the action potential, are located only at nodes of Ranvier. This means that the intervening regions do not generate action potentials. After an action potential is produced at one node, the ions diffuse from this node to the next in a decremental manner, but produce sufficient depolarization at the next node to produce an action potential there. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) The T-tubular membrane contains ________ receptors that are ________ and therefore respond to action potentials. This receptor is mechanically linked to ________ receptors in the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum.

: dihydropyridine (DHP) or L-type calcium channel, voltage-sensing, ryanodine (RyR) or calcium release channel Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 119) The sum of all of the electrical and chemical forces active across the membrane is known as the ________.

: driving force Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) A signal molecule that is secreted into the external environment, instead of into the blood, is called a(n) ________.

: ectohormone or pheromone Section Title: Hormone Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 126) In a(n) ________ synapse, there is a direct physical connection between cells.

: electrical Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) The measurement of brain activity is recorded by a procedure known as the ________.

: electroencephalogram (EEG) Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) The study of hormones is known as the field of ________.

: endocrinology Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from beta2 receptors.

: epinephrine Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 173) Graded potentials that arrive at postsynaptic neurons are called ________ if they make that cell more likely to fire.

: excitatory Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) Groups of adjacent fibers bundled together into units are called ________. These bundles are surrounded by the proteins ________ and elastin as well as ________ that deliver nutrients to the muscle cells.

: fascicles; Collagen, blood vessels Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) In annelids, simple reflexes occurring within a segment (i.e., without brain input) are possible because of ________; in vertebrates these reflexes are called ________.

: ganglia, spinal reflexes Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 58) Under normal circumstances, the only fuel source for the neurons of the brain is ________.

: glucose Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) The only fuel source for neurons under normal circumstances is ________. Low blood levels of this is termed ________, which can lead to confusion, unconsciousness, and eventually death. In order to synthesize enough ATP to continually transport ions, the neurons also exhibit high rates of ________ consumption. To supply these needs about ________% of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the brain.

: glucose; hypoglycemia; oxygen; 15 Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Fatigue that occurs in response to extended submaximal exertion is usually due to ________ whereas fatigue to a short duration of maximal exertion involves ________.

: glycogen depletion, elevated inorganic phosphate (Pi) or ion imbalance Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 33) The sex hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called ________.

: gonadotropins Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 120) The two types of electrical signals in neurons are ________.

: graded potentials and action potentials Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 93) The initial response to sweet and umami involves the bind to a receptor, which activates the protein ________ whereas salty and sour stimulate ________.

: gustducin; ion channels Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) The ________ of a hormone is an indicator of how long a hormone is active in the body.

: half-life Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) The trophic hormones reach the pituitary through the ________.

: hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) The hormones of the anterior pituitary are controlled by trophic hormones from the ________.

: hypothalamus Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 112) Because of involvement of the ________, pain may be accompanied by emotional distress and nausea or sweating.

: hypothalamus and limbic system Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) As a muscle cell undergoes an eccentric contraction, sarcomere length will ________ as the length of the A band ________.

: increase, does not change Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 174) Graded potentials that arrive at postsynaptic neurons are called ________ if they make that cell less likely to fire.

: inhibitory Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 76) The gap junctions in cardiac muscle are part of specialized cell junctions that are localized to the ________.

: intercalated disks Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 86) The brain's association of activation of a receptor with the perception of a particular sensation is called ________.

: labeled line coding Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) Smooth muscle fibers can sustain a contraction without fatigue by allowing dephosphorylated myosin to remain attached to actin in what is called the ________.

: latch state Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 135) Greater visual acuity results from convergence of ________ numbers of photoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells.

: lesser (fewer) Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 59) The three sections of the brain stem are ________, ________, and ________.

: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 172) Graded potentials that increase the likelihood of an action potential bring the ________ closer to threshold.

: membrane potential Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 177) Receptors that work through second messenger systems are called ________ receptors.

: metabotropic Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) A(n) ________ contraction describes the opening of stretch-activated channels in smooth muscle cells in response to a distortion of the cell membrane that is commonly observed in ________.

: myogenic, blood vessels Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.19

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 107) For a person suffering from ________, the focal point of the object is focused in front of the retina leading to blurring of distant objects.

: myopia Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) In fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers, their rapid increases in force rely on the ________ activity where rapid relaxation requires ________ activity.

: myosin ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) The thick filament of the myofibril is composed of ________ molecules whereas ________ is a protein that makes up the thin filaments.

: myosin, actin Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) Chemical signals released into the blood by neurons are called ________.

: neurohormones Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the ________.

: neurohypophysis Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 127) A ________ is a compound that influences a postsynaptic cell's response to a neurotransmitter.

: neuromodulator Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) The two types of cholinergic receptors are ________ and ________.

: nicotinic, muscarinic Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 89) Activation of a ________ leads to the perception of pain and itch.

: nociceptor Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 117) The gaps between adjacent Schwann cells on an axon are called ________.

: nodes of Ranvier Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 43) The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from alpha receptors.

: norepinephrine Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 99) The hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the ________.

: organ of Corti Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are found at the ________ in the ANS.

: parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 85) A stimulus below the ________ will activate sensory neurons, but the signal will not reach the conscious brain because higher neurons dampen it.

: perceptual threshold Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) The term that describes the need for one hormone to be present for a second hormone to produce a full effect is called ________.

: permissive Section Title: Hormone Interaction Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) The signal molecule produced by one animal that may affect the behavior of another animal of the same species is the ________.

: pheromone or ectohormone Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 105) A ________ is a single energy packet of visible light.

: photon Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) A circulatory route that has two sets of capillaries is known as a ________.

: portal system Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) Two areas of the brain missing the blood-brain barrier are the ________ and ________.

: posterior pituitary, the (vomiting center of the) medulla Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 96) Endolymph is a unique fluid in the cochlear duct that contains more ________ and less ________ than the typical extracellular fluid.

: potassium, sodium Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 71) Asynchronous activation of motor units is important because it functions to ________.

: prevent fatigue Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 114) Nociceptors activate ________ pathways that provide protection by allowing rapid responses to noxious stimuli.

: reflexive Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 103) The bending of light as it passes through media of different densities is called ________.

: refraction Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 124) The period of time during which an excitable membrane can respond again, but only if the stimulus is greater than the initial stimulus is the ________.

: relative refractory period Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 171) A change in the conditions in the axon terminal can cause a change in the environment of the cell body as a result of ________.

: retrograde transport Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) A ________ is a problem with one of the tissues producing trophic hormones.

: secondary pathology Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) In vertebrates, the CNS is protected by bony cases, the brain inside the ________, while the spinal cord runs through a canal inside the ________.

: skull, vertebrae (spine) Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 129) The addition of several stimuli arriving from different locations on the same cell to produce an action potential is called ________.

: spatial summation Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 175) For ________ to occur, a second potential must arrive before a previous one has been completed.

: summation Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 176) When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone within a short period of time, their effects are additive and ________ occurs.

: summation Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) The term for two hormones that have additive effects is ________.

: synergists Section Title: Hormone Interaction Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 90) Gustatory receptors are clustered in individual ________.

: taste buds Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 128) The addition of stimuli arriving in rapid succession to produce an action potential is called ________.

: temporal summation Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 121) The minimum amount of stimulus required to depolarize an excitable membrane and generate an action potential is known as the ________.

: threshold Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 87) Sensory neurons that maintain their firing as long as the stimulus is present are called ________.

: tonic receptors Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) A sensory receptor is a ________ that converts a stimulus into electrical graded potentials.

: transducer Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 43) The term for any hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is a ________.

: trophic hormone Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) Calcium, released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binds to ________ to move the ________, which allows actin to form of a ________ with myosin.

: troponin C, tropomyosin, high-force crossbridge Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) The ________ is the major source of parasympathetic output.

: vagus nerve Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) ________ are swellings that contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.

: varicosities Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 118) The potential difference across a membrane or other barrier is a measure of the ________ across the barrier.

: voltage Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 72) In comparison to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle cells function over a ________ range of muscle lengths and exhibit a speed of contraction that is ________ than skeletal muscle.

: wider, slower Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.15

Location: Placenta (pregnant females only)

Hormone: 1) Estrogen, progesterone- Main target- Many tissues- fetal, maternal deveopment 2) Chorionic somatomammotropin- Main target: many tissues- metabolism 3) Chorionic gonadotropin- Main target: corpus luteum- hormone secretion

Location: Anterior Pituitary (in brain)

Hormone: 1) Prolactin- Main Target: Breast- milk production 2) Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)- Main Target: Liver- Growth factor secretion and growth and metabolism 3) Corticotropin (ACTH)- Main Target: Adrenal Cortex- Cortisol release 4) Thyrotropin (TSH)- Main Target: Thyroid gland- Thyroid Hormone synthesis 5) Follicle-stimulating hormone- Main Target: Gonads- Egg or sperm production, sex hormone production 6) Lutenizing hormone- Main Target: Gonads -sex hormone production, egg or sperm production

Location: liver

Hormone: 1)Angiotensinogen- Main target- Adrenal Cortex and blood vessels - aldosterone secretion; increases blood pressure 2) insulin-like growth factors- Main target: many tissues- growth

Location: Ovaries (females)

Hormone: 1)Estrogen, progesterone- main target: many tissues- Egg production, secondary sex characteristics 2) inhibin- Main target: anterior pituitary- Inhibits FSH secretion 3) Relaxin (pregnancy)- Main target: uterine muscle- relaxes muscle

Location: Heart

Hormone: Atrial natriuretic peptide- Main Target: Kidneys- increases sodium ion secretion

Location: Adrenal Medulla

Hormone: Epinephrine and norepinephrine- Main target: Many tissues- Flight or fight response

Location: Stomach and small intestine

Hormone: Gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, and others- Main Target: GI tract and pancreas: Assist digestion and absorption of nutrients

Location: Pancreas

Hormone: Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide- Main Target: Many tissues- metabolism of glucose and other nutrients

Location: Adipose tissue

Hormone: Leptin, adiponectin, resistin- Main target: hypothalamus, other tissues- food intake, metabolism, reproduction

Location: Pineal Gland (in brain)

Hormone: Melatonin Primary Target: Brain, other tissues Main Effects: circadian rhythms; immune function; antioxidant

Location: Thymus gland

Hormone: Thymosin, thymopoietin- Main target: Lymphocytes- Lymphocyte development

Location: Hypothalamus

Hormone: Trophic hormones Primary Target: Anterior Pituitary Main Effects: release or inhibit pituitary hormones

Location: Skin

Hormone: Vitamin D3- Main target: intermediate form of hormone- Precursor of 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3

Location: Parathyroid gland

Hormone: parathyroid hormone- Main Target- Bone and kidneys- regulates plasma calcium ions (If have increased # of receptors bound to calcium ions, PTH secretion is inhibited. If have decreased # of receptors bound to calcium ions, PTH secretion turned on- Simple Endocrine reflex/negative feedback) and phosphate levels

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 76) Suzie wants to protect virgin forests from destruction. She climbs a tree to prevent loggers from cutting the oldest tree in the forest. Suzie did not eat for twelve hours until a friend, Jammie, took over the vigilance. Match the correct levels of blood glucose concentration, blood insulin concentration and relative membrane insulin receptor concentration for a skeletal muscle cell 20 hours into Jammie's fast and one hour after Suzie had eaten a peanut butter and banana sandwich and a bowl of sweet potato soup. Plasma Glucose: 90 mg/dl; 125 mg/dl Plasma Insulin: 10iuU/ml (70 pmol/L); 40iuU/ml (280 pmol/L) Relative membrane insulin receptor concentration: increasing (high); decreasing (low) Fasting (Jammie) Satiety (Suzie) Plasma Glucose Plasma Insulin Relative Membrane Insulin Receptor Levels

: Fasting (Jammie) Satiety (Suzie) Plasma Glucose 90 mg/dl 125 mg/dl Plasma Insulin 10iuU/ml (70 pmol/L); 40iuU/ml (280 pmol/L) Relative Membrane Insulin Receptor Levels increasing (high) decreasing (low) Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 224) The amplitude of an action potential depends in part on the amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid. Stanley Student has carefully impaled a neuron with an intracellular electrode. He tests the role of extracellular sodium by changing the concentration in the bathing fluid and recording an action potential after each change. The data he generated are shown in the table, where amplitude listed is the peak amplitude of the action potential; make an appropriate graph. Conc. Sodium (mOsM) Amp. (mV) 100 90 120 91 140 92 160 94 180 96 200 100

: Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 75) Assume the following: The total area of cell membrane in a single fat cell is 104 mm2, there is one insulin receptor per 1 mm2 of membrane, and 1 mm2 of cell membrane contains 106 phospholipid molecules. (1) How many insulin receptors are in a fat cell? (2) How many phospholipids molecules are in a fat cell? (3) How many phospholipid molecules are there for each insulin receptor? (4) What general principle of hormone action does your answer support?

: 1. 1 receptor/1 mm2 × 104 mm2/cell = 104 receptors per cell. 2. 104 mm2/cell × 106 phospholipids/mm2 = 1010 phospholipid molecules per cell. 3. (1010 phospholipids/cell) / (104 receptors/cell) = 106 phospholipid molecules per insulin receptor. 4. Hormones exert their effects at very low concentrations (therefore it is not surprising that the hormone receptors, through which the hormones act, are also in low concentration). Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Describe the classic steps for identifying an endocrine gland. Are these steps practical for identifying the sources of all the hormones we know of today? Explain.

: 1. Remove the suspected gland, and observe the animal. 2. Restore the gland or administer a gland extract, and observe the animal. 3. Add a gland or gland extract to a normal animal, and observe the animal for excessive response. 4. Purify gland extracts and isolate the substance. There are many hormones that are secreted from cells that are not part of a discrete gland and therefore not removable without causing problems beyond loss of the hormone. Section Title: Hormone Learning Outcome: 7.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 69) The following statement contains three parts that are either TRUE or FALSE. You must address ALL THREE parts of the statement explaining either why it is TRUE or why it is FALSE. Neurohormones from the anterior pituitary are called "trophic" because their release is stimulated by a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

: 1. The anterior pituitary is an endocrine gland; it does not release neurohormones because its cells are not neurons. 2. The word trophic is used incorrectly; the term refers to a hormone that causes another gland to release hormone. 3. Anterior pituitary hormones are in fact triggered by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus. Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 227) Draw graphs showing the effect on action potentials in a cell following effective doses of each of the listed neurotoxins. Assume that the cell is normally brought to threshold by an electrical stimulus applied to it, so that any abnormality is due to the toxin. Precise values for voltage and duration are not important, just a general trend in how the action potential may be different from normal. 1. puffer fish poison (blocks voltage-gated sodium channel activation) 2. tetraethylammonium (blocks voltage-gated potassium channels) 3. ouabain (blocks sodium-potassium pumps) 4. sea anemone toxin (blocks voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation)

: 1. no action potential; membrane potential would show a stimulus pulse that reaches threshold, however 2. prolonged action potential, as repolarization is slowed in absence of potassium efflux; peak may be higher as well 3. normal action potential 4. prolonged action potential, as sodium influx lasts longer; peak may be higher as well Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 189) Name two ways a cell changes its membrane permeability to ions. (Hint: One way is relatively slow.)

: 1. opens or closes existing channels 2. inserts or removes membrane channels Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 130) Name the two factors that influence the membrane potential.

: 1. the concentration gradients of ions across the membrane 2. the membrane permeability to those ions Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the term with its description (answers may be used more than once). A. ependymal cells B. astrocytes C. satellite cells D. Schwann cells E. oligodendrocytes F. microglia 96) cells that create a selectively permeable epithelial layer to separate fluid compartments of the CNS

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) Anterograde and retrograde axonal transport are forms of ________ transport. A) fast B) slow C) Neither of these

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) You are walking to class, pondering the intricacies of physiology, when you trip over an uneven place in the sidewalk, and fall. Unhurt but embarrassed and angry, you jump up and glance around to see if anyone is watching. From your knowledge of neuroanatomy and function, explain how the following areas of the brain might be involved in this scenario: A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. limbic system

: A. The cerebrum is involved in conscious perception and voluntary motor control. Various sensory areas of the cortex will detect the mis-step, falling, and landing on the ground. Motor areas will initiate standing up and brushing yourself off. B. The cerebellum receives a copy of the motor output from the cerebrum that controls spinal motor neurons, and also sensory input. The cerebellum compares the sensory and motor information to coordinate the execution of movement. Obviously the cerebellum was unable to prevent you from falling; however, your return to an upright position may be executed smoothly thanks to this brain area. C. The limbic system is involved in emotion. This is where your fear, anger, or embarrassment at falling will arise. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 78) Your studies of the neuromuscular junction reveal that the excitatory neurotransmitter opens a channel permeable to all three cations. Calculate the equilibrium potential for each cation. In which direction will each cation move when the channel is open? Does movement of ions promote muscle depolarization? Explain your answer.

: ENa+ = 61 × log 450/50 = 58 mV. EK+ = 61 × log 20/420 = -81 mV. EMg++ = 61 × log 60/10 = 47 mV. Sodium and magnesium will enter the cell, potassium will exit. Exit of potassium opposes depolarization, but presumably there will be a net gain in intracellular positive charge sufficient to depolarize the cell. Section Title: The Somatic Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) There are three divisions of the brain. Make a table and place each of the six regions of the brain in one of the three divisions.

: Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrum Midbrain Cerebellum Diencephalon Pons Medulla Oblongata Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 92) Trace the language pathway of signals from the eye (written words) or the ear (spoken words) to the motor cortex. Discuss the two regions of the cortex involved in this pathway. Describe their location and the communication problems that can occur if there is damage to either area.

: eye → visual cortex → Wernicke's area → Broca's area → motor cortex ear → auditory cortex → Wernicke's area → Broca's area → motor cortex Wernicke's area is located in the temporal lobe. If damage occurs here, the person cannot understand sensory input (spoken or visual). The resulting condition is receptive aphasia, nonsensical speech that the speaker is unaware of. Broca's area is located in the frontal lobe. If damage occurs here, the person is unable to respond using normal syntax. The resulting condition, expressive aphasia, is difficult to deal with because people who have it understand sensory input and can respond, but their statements contain the right words in random order and they are unable to correct it. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.18

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 217) Create diagrams (of the cells) and graphs (of the potentials) to illustrate the two different situations described below in a multipolar neuron with a threshold voltage of 15 mV above resting potential. In each, indicate decrement of graded potentials (by drawing the same GP at different points as it spreads along the neuron), as well as summation. Situation 1: There are three simultaneously active synapses on the multipolar neuron, two producing EPSPs and one an IPSP. At least one of the EPSPs is larger than 15 mV at the synapse. The neuron does NOT generate an action potential. Situation 2: There are two simultaneously active synapses, one producing an EPSP and the other an IPSP. The neuron generates an action potential.

: (Note to instructor: It is best to have demonstrated this in class or on a handout at some time prior to the exam.) Diagrams and graphs should resemble those in Figure 8.7 in the chapter, except that the number of synaptic inputs shown will be greater (see Fig. 8.24), and a set of graphs should be drawn for each input. Diagrams of a multipolar neuron with the different synapses indicated should be produced. There should be a total of three to five synapses, depending on whether or not the student assumes the three synapses described for situation 1 are different from those for situation 2. The graph of summation should resemble Figure 8.24c,d. In situation 1, the student should choose amplitudes that sum to a value below +15 mV (the PSP that was 15 mV at the synapse is smaller when it reaches the trigger zone). In situation 2, the student should choose amplitudes that sum to a value equal to or above +15 mV. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 213) Compare and contrast the communication mechanisms between the nervous and endocrine systems. In other words, how do neurons and neurotransmitters signal to their postsynaptic cells, compared to the way endocrine glands and hormones communicate with their target cells?

: (Note to instructor: Students must have already completed the endocrine chapter(s) in order to answer this.) Neurotransmitters usually do not enter the cell, thus must combine with receptors on the membrane, using mechanisms similar to the amino acid-derivative hormones. Similarities include opening channels in the postsynaptic cell membrane, leading to depolarization of the neuron. In endocrine target cells, the arrival of the stimulus begins a different sequence of events, such as triggering an enzyme cascade, and second messenger systems. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) A damaged neuron has a better chance of survival and repair if the ________ is/are undamaged. A) cell body B) axon C) dendrites D) Schwann cells E) axon and dendrites

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 100) The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood, but it also protects the brain from potentially therapeutic chemicals that may reduce the size of brain tumors by killing cancer cells, alleviate depression, and aid in patient recovery from stroke or spinal cord injury. Two methods are currently being rigorously researched to get these helpful chemicals past the blood-brain barrier. The two methods are termed "molecular Trojan Horse" and osmotic "blood-brain barrier disruption." Based on their names, hypothesize how these methods might allow chemicals to pass through the blood-brain barrier.

: (Note to instructor: You may have to explain enough of the legend of the Trojan Horse for this to be a fair question.) The molecular Trojan Horse method delivers specific substances to the brain by attaching them to a protein that is normally able to cross the barrier. The therapeutic chemicals are ferried across by piggybacking a substance that can cross the barrier. Once across the barrier, these substances can reach almost every neuron through the blood vessels that nourish the brain. The blood-brain barrier disruption method is a technique that uses a concentrated mannitol (sugar) solution. Because this solution is more concentrated than the endothelial cells of the capillaries that make up the blood-brain barrier, these cells will experience shrinkage (Chapter 5, hypertonicity). When these cells decrease in volume the tight junctions that exist between them are temporarily opened and chemicals in that area can pass through the blood-brain barrier. In actual patients who experimentally undergo this therapy, an infusion of this solution, via a catheter, temporarily opens the tight junction by osmotically disrupting the endothelial cells that make up the blood-brain barrier. Immediately after the mannitol solution, the patients receive the chemotherapy treatment intra-arterially through the same catheter. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 170) Products from the cell body of a neuron are transported to the axon terminals by ________.

: (anterograde) axoplasmic transport Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 104) Human eyes are sensitive to light in the visible spectrum between the wavelengths of ________.

: 400 to 750 nm Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 41) unmyelinated, consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the A) choroid plexus. B) arachnoid villi. C) frontal sinuses. D) pia mater. E) ventricles.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) Some types of antihistamines make one sleepy, others do not. This difference is partly attributed to a difference in A) lipid solubility. B) the type of receptor involved. C) ATP-dependence of drug transport. D) whether or not the drug mimics the hormone melatonin.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) The internal clock of mammals appears to be located in the A) suprachiasmatic nucleus. B) pituitary gland. C) choroid plexus. D) pons. E) brain stem.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.14

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 75) When a puppy is scolded "No!" each time he chews on your ficus tree, eventually he learns to leave the tree alone. This type of learning is called A) associative. B) nonassociative. C) habituation. D) sensitization.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) Experimental animals become tamer and more sexually active following damage to the A) amygdala. B) hippocampus. C) suprachiamatic nucleus. D) hypothalamus. E) corpus callosum.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) Language and verbal skills tend to be ________ side of the brain of right-handed people. A) concentrated on the left B) concentrated on the right C) equally distributed between the left and right D) randomly located with respect to the left or right

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Which type of synapse is most prevalent in the nervous system? A) chemical B) electrical C) mechanical D) processing E) radiative

: A Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) Excitatory neurotransmitters of the CNS usually act by opening ________ channels. A) Na+ B) K+ C) Cl- D) H+ E) Ca2+

: A Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 152) When more action potentials arrive at the axon terminal, how are neurotransmitters affected? A) More molecules are released into the synapse. B) Different molecules are released into the synapse. C) Fewer molecules are released into the synapse. D) There is no effect-all signals are identical.

: A Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: A Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 173) Months after the accident, your amputee uncle's phantom limb pain subsides. One afternoon he is sleeping and you see a fly walk across his upper lip. He wakes up and tells you he just had the funniest feeling. It was as if someone was touching his missing index finger. You decide to experiment with your uncle and you blindfold him. As you touch his cheek he tells you that you are touching his cheek and his missing thumb! As you move around his face you map out his fingers and forearm on his face. Hypothesize how this could be possible.

: A map of the somatosensory cortex would show that the area corresponding to the phantom hand and forearm is adjacent to the area corresponding to the face. What has happened is the hand cortex has been invaded by the sensory fibers that normally only activate the face area of the cortex. Since the territory for the hand is vacated (not receiving any stimulation), those facial sensory fibers have begun to activate cells there causing the phantom limb sensation. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 206) A compound action potential is recorded using electrodes on a nerve. How does a nerve differ from an axon? Amplitude and duration of a compound action potential vary according to the stimulus intensity applied to the nerve. Given that there is no such variation in the action potential of a single axon, how can you explain this?

: A nerve consists of many axons. A regular action potential is produced by a single axon, whereas a compound action potential is recorded by equipment from a nerve when multiple axons are producing action potentials, and the voltages add together. Increasing stimulus intensity increases the number of axons contributing to the compound action potential. This is because different axons have different threshold voltages, so increasing the voltage stimulates a larger number of axons. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) In order to contract and relax, muscle cells require energy in the form of ________. The immediate backup energy source is ________ that requires the enzyme ________.

: ATP, phosphocreatine, creatine kinase Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 94) Primary sensory neurons transmitting information on sweet and umami are activated by release of ________ whereas salty and sour are activated by release of ________.

: ATP; serotonin Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) The heavy chain of myosin contains 2 important regions: the first acts as ________ to convert energy into movement whereas the second binds to ________.

: ATPase, actin Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 207) Explain the processes that lead to the exocytosis of neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell. Which components are recycled? Which ion is important in triggering exocytosis?

: Action potential arrives in synaptic terminal, and stimulates opening of voltage-regulated calcium channels. The resulting calcium influx triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents. The phospholipids of the vesicle membranes are recycled, either from fusion of vesicles then later formation of new vesicles from the same molecules; or from the kiss-and-run model, in which the vesicle phospholipids are not incorporated into the membrane at all, but remain as vesicles that can be refilled with neurotransmitter. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 182) Compare and contrast action and graded potentials. Your answer should include a definition of each, types, characteristics, ionic basis, functions, and anything else necessary to answer the question.

: Action potentials are stereotyped changes in axon membrane potential that function in long-distance communication between neurons and their target cells. Graded potentials are variable membrane potential changes, usually in dendrites of multipolar neurons, that function in either short-distance communication or changing the probability of an action potential. Action potentials result from opening of voltage-regulated ion channels, which occurs at or above a threshold voltage. Graded potentials are not regenerative and result from the opening of ion channels in response to neurotransmitter or a specific stimulus such as sound or odor, in the case of sensory receptors. The rising phase results from influx of sodium, and the falling phase from efflux of potassium. Other characteristics include the after-hyperpolarization, all-or-none nature, conduction without decrement, independence of amplitude and duration from stimulus strength, refractory period, faster velocity in larger diameter or in myelinated axons. Graded potentials can be depolarizing, if the ion channel is a sodium channel, or hyperpolarizing in the case of potassium or chloride channels. Depolarizations increase the probability that threshold voltage will be attained and an action potential will result. Hyperpolarizations decrease the probability of a resulting action potential. Amplitude and duration are proportional to stimulus intensity, and graded potentials are conducted with decrement. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 203) In a laboratory situation, a nerve can be stimulated by applying voltage from a stimulator. If a stimulus was applied in the middle of a nerve roughly halfway between the cell bodies and the axon terminals, would resulting action potentials travel only from the stimulus point to the axon terminal? Why or why not? How is this similar to or different from the basic characteristics of an action potential discussed in this chapter? What does this tell you about the nature of the axon?

: Action potentials would travel in both directions from the stimulus point, simultaneously toward the cell bodies and toward the axon terminals. This is because the axon segments on each side of the stimulus point are presumably not refractory when the stimulus is delivered, thus there is nothing to prevent the action potentials from traveling in both directions. In normal transmission, the action potential begins where the axon starts, and travels only away from that point, not toward, because the membrane becomes refractory for a period of time after the action potential occurs. Thus, the axon is quite capable of transmitting action potentials in either direction, even though normally it is prevented from doing so. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) The brain consumes about half of the ________ circulating in the body. A) oxygen B) glucose C) sodium D) potassium E) fatty acids

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 178) Briefly explain the gross organization of the nervous system in either paragraph form or using a concept map. Be sure to discuss the central, peripheral, and enteric nervous system and the divisions and branches discussed in the text.

: Answers will vary.There are three divisions: the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the enteric nervous system. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and acts as the integrating center for neural reflexes. The brain is also where thoughts and consciousness are formed. The PNS includes the afferent branch, which monitors the internal and external environment and sends signals to the CNS, and the efferent branch, which carries signals from the CNS to effector cells throughout the body. Within the efferent branch, there is the somatic motor division, which controls skeletal muscle, and the autonomic division. The autonomic division, or visceral nervous system, controls the smooth and cardiac muscles and exo- and endocrine glands. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Section Title: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 90) Explain neural plasticity in the brain, in the context of recovery from injury.

: Areas of the brain involved in a body part that is removed, such as following a limb amputation, are taken over by ingrowth of synaptic connections from nearby areas, rather than the areas disappearing along with the limb.

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 198) Explain the two reasons why graded potentials lose strength as they move through the cell. Why don't action potentials lose strength?

: As a depolarization wave moves through the cell, some of the positive charge is lost to the extracellular fluid through leak channels. Additionally there is cytoplasmic resistance. Action potentials do not lose strength because they are regenerated in each patch of membrane. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 170) Describe the action of aspirin and opiates in pain relief. What does your answer suggest about opiates?

: Aspirin inhibits prostaglandins (anti-inflammatory) and slows the transmission of pain signals from the site of injury to the brain. Opiates like morphine act on a special class of receptor molecules in the CNS called opioid receptors. Opiates decrease the secretion of neurotransmitter from the primary sensory neurons and post-synaptic inhibition of secondary sensory neurons. The discovery of the mode of action of opiates, that is, the discovery of specific receptors for opiate drugs, led scientists to search for and discover naturally occurring opiates in the CNS-enkephalins and endorphins. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 196) If potassium channels in a neuron were blocked, would it be possible to produce an action potential? If so, describe the probable appearance of these components of a graph: threshold, rising phase, peak, falling phase, undershoot. If not, explain.

: Assuming sodium channels are functioning normally, there would still be an action potential. Threshold would be unaffected, because it is a property of sodium channels. A peak voltage will be reached when the sodium channels become inactivated; this voltage may be higher than normal since usually there is a partial canceling of the rising voltage as potassium exits. Without a potassium current, the falling phase would be much slower, being dependent on the sodium-potassium pump removing the sodium ions that came in. The undershoot would be absent because it is a result of potassium current. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 215) A lab technician has inadvertently substituted lithium for sodium in a solution of saline for use by students in neurophysiology labs. If a frog nerve was bathed in this solution, what would happen upon stimulation of the nerve?

: Assuming the specificity of the voltage-regulated sodium and potassium channels is absolute, the axons will be unable to generate action potentials. The sodium channels will open and close, but there will be no ionic current through them. The students will still see hyperpolarization, as the potassium efflux should be unaffected by lithium. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 69) Anne Frank wrote a diary about the years she and a few others spent in hiding from the Nazis during World War II. These people lived in the upstairs rooms of a shop, accessible only by a hidden stairway; Anne called these quarters the Secret Annex. One day Nazis raided the shop below, but were unsuccessful in locating the hideaways or finding proof of their presence during this particular raid. Clearly hearing what was occurring downstairs, Anne and her cohorts cowered in silence, for they feared being transported to "death camps." Later, Anne wrote that most of the residents of the Secret Annex experienced diarrhea shortly after this close call. Explain this response by their digestive systems.

: Assuming there is no pathogenic or dietary cause, diarrhea probably resulted from the fight-or-flight reaction of the sympathetic nervous system. Digestive tract secretion and motility are inhibited during a sympathetic response. When the threat had passed and the sympathetic nervous system released the digestive targets from inhibition, there may have been a rebound effect in which the parasympathetic division overstimulated the motility of the tract. Increased motility with decreased time for reabsorption of water can result in diarrhea. It is also thought that the sympathetic response actually stimulates the lower gastrointestinal tract though it inhibits the upper tract. This could also account for the effects. Students may need to consult other sources to answer this question correctly. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 109) ________ is a condition that causes blurred vision due to the cornea and/or lens not being smoothly curved and symmetrical.

: Astigmatism Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) Which of these has a higher concentration in cerebrospinal fluid than in the blood? A) K+ B) H+ C) Ca2+ D) HCO3- E) Na+

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 70) Both alpha-bungarotoxin and curare bind to the same neurotransmitter receptor, but only curare binds reversibly. Which receptor is involved? List some locations for this receptor. Would either toxin be appropriate to use as a paralytic during surgery? Explain your answer. Are all such receptors necessarily affected by a given toxin in the same way? Explain the significance of your answer.

: Both of these toxins bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. This type of receptor is located on skeletal muscle and in autonomic ganglia. For a paralytic during surgery, curare would be appropriate but bungarotoxin would not, because the irreversibility of bungarotoxin binding results in permanent paralysis of skeletal muscles. Bungarotoxin binds to the receptors in skeletal muscle but not to those in autonomic ganglia, illustrating a structural difference in the receptors in these two sites. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 65) Describe the general rules for the identity of neurotransmitters secreted by pre- and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division. Be sure to specify the types of receptors, where relevant, and describe the exceptions.

: Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine onto nicotinic receptors within the autonomic ganglion. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete norepinephrine onto adrenergic receptors. Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine onto muscarinic receptors. Exceptions include sympathetic postganglionic neurons that secrete acetylcholine, and nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons that secrete substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, adenosine, nitric oxide, or ATP. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 167) Explain brain plasticity, and give an advantage and a disadvantage of this process.

: Brain plasticity is the reorganization of synapses according to how much different parts of the brain are used. An advantage is that people who lose a sensation, such as vision, may develop greater sensation in another area, such as the fingertips of a blind person who uses Braille to read. A disadvantage is that the process is imperfect, and sensations may persist from a body part that is no longer there, such as phantom pain from an amputated limb. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 74) In a laboratory experiment, adding curare, which binds to acetylcholine receptors, to the solution around a muscle decreases the size of the end-plate potential. Adding prostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase blocker, increases the size of the end-plate potential. Explain why.

: By binding to acetylcholine receptors, curare prevents the binding of acetylcholine. Curare does not open the receptor channels. An end-plate potential results from the opening of several ACh receptor channels. Thus, if the receptor is blocked, any end-plate potential that is produced would be smaller. Prostigmine blocks the enzyme that stops ACh action by degrading the neurotransmitter. Interfering with this enzyme prolongs the action of ACh, thus more receptor channels open and the end-plate potential is larger. Section Title: The Somatic Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) The earliest discrete embryonic structure from which the entire nervous system eventually develops is the A) ventricle. B) neural tube. C) neural plate. D) ependyma. E) neural crest.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 7) The peripheral nervous system develops from the A) neural plate. B) neural tube. C) neural crest.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) The pons develops from the A) forebrain. B) midbrain. C) hindbrain.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Declarative memories are stored in cortical areas of the ________ lobes. A) frontal B) parietal C) temporal D) amygdala E) cerebellar

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) An enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a constant stimulus that lasts for a period of time from hours to weeks is called A) training. B) consolidation. C) long-term potentiation. D) synchronicity. E) synaptic plasticity.

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) The total amount of neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal is directly related to A) the amplitude of the action potential. B) the length of the axon. C) the total number of action potentials. D) the amplitude of the graded potential.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 59) The ion necessary to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) chloride. E) zinc.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 60) To increase the amount of neurotransmitter released onto a postsynaptic cell, the presynaptic cell would have to A) send action potentials with higher voltage (higher amplitude). B) send action potentials with longer durations. C) send action potentials with higher frequency. D) do nothing; no change is possible since the all-or-none law is in effect.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 167) Inhibition of neural activity can result from A) presynaptic events only. B) postsynaptic events only. C) presynaptic events and postsynaptic events.

: C Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 46) Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors. Why? A) The adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons. B) The hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those released from neurons. C) There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues. D) The effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands. E) The epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the effector organs.

: C Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) Which is a system that influences motor output, according to Larry Swanson? A) emotional state B) reflexive C) behavioral state D) emergent E) diffuse modulatory

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) Which functions in the control of movement? A) hippocampus only B) amygdala only C) basal nuclei only D) hippocampus and amygdala E) All of the above function in the control of movement.

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) Which statement regarding the hypothalamus is FALSE? A) Hypothalamic trophic factors control the release of anterior pituitary hormones. B) It receives input from multiple sources. C) It receives sensory fibers from the optic tract, ears, and spinal cord. D) The hypothalamus contains various centers for behavioral drives such as hunger and thirst.

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Which is NOT housed in the medulla oblongata? A) centers for blood pressure control B) centers for control of vomiting C) centers for control of eye movement D) centers for control of breathing E) the pyramids, where tracts cross to the opposite side of the body

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 49) composed of many small nuclei, an area that integrates as well as relays sensory information that passes through it

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 97) There is a legend about an autopsy having been performed on a space alien in New Mexico, many decades ago. Assuming that this alien was as well-educated and trained on its planet as NASA educates and trains astronauts on Earth, what feature would be expected in the alien's brain? A) a system of fluid-filled cavities deep in the brain B) a thick band of fibers connecting right and left hemispheres C) an enlarged area with surface grooves and folds D) at least 12 pairs of cranial nerves E) glandular structures resembling the pineal and pituitary

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 78) small area that relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes as well as eye movement

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the A) basal nuclei. B) suprachiasmatic nucleus. C) corpus callosum. D) hippocampus. E) gray "H."

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) The receptors of equilibrium and hearing are the A) utricles. B) saccules. C) hair cells. D) supporting cells. E) ampullae.

: C Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Our perception of the pull of gravity and linear acceleration is the result of A) changes in the pressure exerted by the cupula on hair cells. B) vibrations of the tectorial membrane striking hair cells. C) the pressure exerted by the otolithic organ on hair cells of the maculae. D) the movement of the otolithic organ within the ampullae of the semicircular canals.

: C Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 123) A viral infection involving the vestibular nuclei may result in A) loss of hearing. B) loss of sight. C) a sense of dizziness. D) local paralysis. E) high blood pressure.

: C Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 121) Movement of the cupula in the ampullae of the semicircular canals allows detection of A) high frequency sound. B) low frequency sound. C) rotational movements. D) a change in body position with respect to gravity. E) linear acceleration.

: C Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) The highest frequency sound is detected by A) unique hair cells located anywhere along the basilar membrane. B) hair cells located near the middle of the basilar membrane. C) hair cells located near the oval window end of the basilar membrane. D) hair cells located near the helicotrema end of the basilar membrane. E) the frequency at which the stereocilia vibrate.

: C Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 59) The hair cell of the semicircular canal hyperpolarize when the stereocilia are bent A) in any direction. B) towards the kinocilium. C) away from the kinocilium. D) towards the longest stereocilia. E) Hair cells are not hyperpolarized by bending of the sterocilia.

: C Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 138) tinnitus

: C Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) A blind spot in the retina occurs where A) the fovea is located. B) ganglion cells synapse with bipolar cells. C) the optic nerve leaves the eye. D) rod cells are clustered to form the macula. E) amacrine cells are located.

: C Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 106) Parkinson's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, resulting in tremors in limbs, slowness in beginning and completing movements, and other abnormalities of muscle control. The specific population of neurons involved degenerates and thus fails to produce the neurotransmitter dopamine. An obvious treatment option to try is to administer dopamine, yet this is completely ineffective at alleviating the symptoms. Propose a reason why this treatment fails, and a related alternative to address the dopamine deficit. (Hint: Think about how the brain protects itself from chemicals in the blood.)

: Dopamine administered to a Parkinson's patient fails to cross the blood-brain barrier. Treatment with the dopamine precursor L-dopa, however, is effective, as this molecule can cross the barrier. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) ________ is a decrease in the number of receptors of target cells in order to dampen the effects of excess hormone.

: Down-regulation Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 193) The text states "all action potentials are identical to one another." There is an exception, however, where an action potential can have a smaller than normal amplitude. When does this occur and how?

: During the relative refractory period, a smaller than normal action potential can occur. During this period potassium channels are still open causing repolarization. If a wave of depolarization occurs, Na+ can enter the cells through the newly reopened Na+ channels, but this depolarization is offset by the K+ efflux. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Which of these does NOT contribute significantly to the protection of the brain? A) cranium B) subarachnoid space C) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) D) dura mater E) cerebral space

: E Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) Reflexive memories are stored in areas of the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) cerebellum.

: E Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) Substances that have been isolated from the blood and have been shown to induce sleep have also been linked to the ________ system. A) urinary B) respiratory C) reproductive D) integumentary E) immune

: E Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) Which of the following is NOT a known drug effect on synaptic function? A) interfere with neurotransmitter synthesis B) alter the rate of neurotransmitter release C) prevent neurotransmitter inactivation D) prevent neurotransmitter binding to receptors E) change the type of neurotransmitter found in the synaptic vesicle

: E Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 69) In response to binding a neurotransmitter, a postsynaptic cell can A) only open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials. B) only close ion channels via G proteins and second messenger systems, producing slow responses. C) only regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the postsynaptic cell. D) open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials and regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the postsynaptic cell. E) open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials, close ion channels via G proteins and second messenger systems, producing slow responses, and regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the postsynaptic cell.

: E Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) The collection of axons that carries information between the central nervous system and the peripheral effectors is called the A) axon hillock. B) varicosity. C) axon. D) dendrite. E) nerve.

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) Glial cells A) only provide structural and metabolic support. B) only guide neurons during growth and repair. C) only help maintain homeostasis of the brain's extracellular fluid. D) provide structural and metabolic support and help maintain homeostasis of the brain's extracellular fluid. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) Neurotransmitter is stored and released from A) axon terminals only. B) axon varicosities only. C) dendritic spines only. D) cell bodies only. E) axon terminals and axon varicosities.

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 82) During childhood, growth and development of the brain PRIMARILY occurs by increasing A) neuron numbers only. B) neuron size only. C) number of dendrites and synapses only. D) neuron numbers and neuron size. E) neuron size and number of dendrites and synapses.

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 139) These CNS glial cells may be a source of treatment for neural degenerative disorders. A) Schwann cells B) astrocytes C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes E) ependymal cells

: E Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 199) Compare and contrast the EPSP, IPSP, and action potential as to ions involved, all-or-none law application, specific cellular locations, and specific cell types involved.

: EPSPs and IPSPs are graded potentials in postsynaptic cells resulting from the action of neurotransmitters at synapses, which are usually on dendrites of multipolar neurons, but could also be on the synaptic region of any target cell. EPSPs increase the probability that a postsynaptic action potential will result, because they involve an influx of sodium, which depolarizes the membrane potential, bringing it closer to threshold. IPSPs decrease the probability that a postsynaptic action potential will result, because they involve either an influx of chloride or an efflux of potassium, either of which hyperpolarizes the membrane potential, moving it farther from threshold. Action potentials occur in axons of neurons, or in muscle cell membranes. They may result from PSPs or in the case of sensory neurons, specific stimuli such as sound or odor, which cause a type of graded potential called a receptor potential. Action potentials begin when graded potentials depolarize the membrane potential to threshold. The rising phase of an action potential results from sodium influx, and the falling phase from potassium efflux. Action potentials, but not graded potentials, are an all-or-none phenomenon. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 98) ________ is the fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth (vestibular apparatus).

: Endolymph Section Title: The Ear: Equilibrium Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 180) Why are mitochondria necessary at axon terminals?

: Energy is required in order to move synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) . Match the term with its description (answers may be used more than once). A. ependymal cells B. astrocytes C. satellite cells D. Schwann cells E. oligodendrocytes F. microglia 94) specialized immune cells that are confined to the CNS

: F Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) storage and release site for oxytocin

: F Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each hormone with its primary source. A. prolactin B. insulin C. aldosterone D. melatonin E. calcitonin F. epinephrine 22) adrenal medulla

: F Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 132) The gaps between Schwann cells are called synapses.

: False, nodes of Ranvier Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Indicate true or false. If FALSE, substitute a word or phrase for the boldfaced word(s) that will make the statement TRUE. 131) Schwann cells are the primary type of glial cell associated with the central nervous system.

: False, peripheral nervous system Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 136) In spatial summation the same stimulus is repeated until a threshold level of depolarization is reached.

: False, temporal summation Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) A given hormone generally has the same effect on different target tissues. Is this statement TRUE or FALSE? Defend your answer.

: False. A target tissue's response is dependent upon the exact receptor involved, as well as a variety of other factors. For example, insulin causes skeletal muscle to increase its rate of transport of glucose into the cell, but in the liver insulin affects the activity of enzymes not directly related to glucose transport. Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 192) "A refractory period occurs following all types of potentials." Is this statement TRUE or FALSE? What structures are actually refractory? Why or why not?

: False. The refractory period occurs after action potentials and is a distinguishing characteristic, and results from properties of the voltage-gated sodium channels. Graded potentials do not involve channels that have refractory periods. Two stimuli that reach a dendrite at nearly the same time will increase the graded potential produced, whereas if two suprathreshold depolarizations reach the trigger zone at nearly the same time, the first will cause an action potential and the second will be ignored, because of the refractory period. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 183) Compare and contrast fast and slow synaptic potentials, including detailed mechanisms used and what kinds of cells they occur in.

: Fast synaptic potentials begin quickly and last only a few milliseconds; this category includes EPSPs and IPSPs. Slow synaptic potentials take longer to begin and last longer commonly involve G-protein coupled receptors; this type of response is important in growth, development, and long-term memory. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 162) Provide three reasons for the greater visual acuity at the fovea.

: First, the density of photoreceptive cones is highest at the fovea. Second, each photoreceptor is associated with a single bipolar cell, which prevents the convergence of information within this region of the retina. Third, light does not have to pass through the layers of cells (amacrine, horizontal, etc) before reaching the photoreceptors within the fovea. Less diffraction of light means greater visual acuity. Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 134) With the photoreceptor already stimulated with a moderate light intensity, a(n) ________ in light intensity is required to open more sodium channels.

: decrease (reduction) Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 105) Ginger was a happy, healthy 17-year-old girl. One day while sitting at the kitchen table with her family, she looked up with an odd expression, complained that her head hurt, dropped her fork, and fell off her chair as she lost consciousness. Her father caught her before her head hit the floor. Ginger regained consciousness at the hospital, where it was determined that she had suffered from a ruptured brain aneurysm. An aneurysm results when a blood vessel wall becomes progressively thinner and weaker, and can ultimately rupture, depriving of blood the areas it normally supplies. Sometimes permanent brain damage results. Ginger seems to have all of her normal functions and cognitive abilities, except she cannot see. What areas did the ruptured blood vessel possibly supply with blood? If instead of blindness she could see normally but control of eye movement was abnormal, what areas may have been damaged by loss of blood?

: For blindness, damaged areas may include the optic nerves or the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. For loss of normal eye movement, damage to the midbrain or the oculomotor or trochlear nerves may be responsible. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the response with the type of chemical. A. sympathetic antagonist B. parasympathetic antagonist 59) Explain what is meant by antagonistic control.

: For fine-tuned control over the body's internal state, one autonomic branch may have an excitatory effect on a particular organ while the other branch is inhibitory. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 72) To perform surgery with a minimum of pain for the patient and hassle for the surgeon, a patient may be administered a general anesthetic to prevent sensation and consciousness, as well as a paralytic to prevent reflexive muscle spasms. From what you have learned of motor control, suggest mechanisms by which a paralytic can prevent muscle contraction. With paralytics, what extra measure must be taken to keep the patient alive? Name such a paralytic agent.

: From Chapter 9, students should remember that somatic motor control involves the motor areas of the cerebral cortex and the basal nuclei, as well as the cerebellum. A drug that affects activity selectively in those areas could act as a paralytic; however, it is difficult to imagine the nature of the selectivity that would be required, given the use of similar neurotransmitters and receptors throughout the brain. These motor control areas of the brain act upon the spinal motor neurons, which release acetylcholine onto skeletal muscle fibers. These fibers have a type of receptor not found on autonomic targets: the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The neuromuscular junction is the single point of control of a skeletal muscle by its motor neuron. A drug that interferes with synaptic transmission at this junction could be a paralytic. Because the respiratory muscles are also controlled by nicotinic neuromuscular junctions, artificial respiration must be provided by the surgical team until the paralytic is cleared from the system. Curare is a drug that works this way—curare binds to the nicotinic ACh receptor, preventing the muscles from being activated by ACh. Section Title: The Somatic Division Learning Outcome: 11.5

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 221) Draw and label an action potential, in the form of a graph.

: Graph should be similar to Figure 8.9 in the chapter. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 222) Draw a graph showing change in membrane permeability (don't worry about including the units of permeability) to sodium and potassium during the course of an action potential. For reference, superimpose a graph of the action potential.

: Graph should resemble Figure 8.9 in the chapter. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 225) Draw graphs showing the effects of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia on action potential production. Don't worry about exact millivolt values - the point is to show that you understand the effects of these conditions relative to normal.

: Graphs should resemble Figure 8.17 in the chapter. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 175) Sketch graphs illustrating the electrical response of auditory hair cells and cochlear neurons to sound. You do not need to be precise on the amplitudes or durations; just show you understand the general trend.

: Graphs should resemble those in Figure 10.19 in the chapter. Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 99) If sensitization is the opposite of habituation, and sensitization is adaptive, would habituation be considered maladaptive? Why or why not?

: Habituation is not maladaptive. During habituation, an animal shows a decrease in response to a given stimulus. This stimulus has been processed and determined to be nonthreatening or insignificant. Because the animal has been habituated to ignore this stimulus, it can fade into the background so the animal can focus on other more important stimuli. Habituation is adaptive especially in conjunction with sensitization because the animal can differentiate and ignore certain irrelevant stimuli (through habituation) and focus more intently on potentially dangerous stimuli (sensitization). Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 72) Your roommate Sally has just found out her mother has high cholesterol. Knowing that health problems often run in families, Sally has decided to eliminate cholesterol from her diet. Her goal is to have no cholesterol in her body. She has asked you for advice on achieving this goal. Is her goal realistic? Explain. What information should you give her to help her establish a more realistic goal? Assuming she could banish cholesterol from her body, what would be the endocrine consequences?

: Her goal is not realistic. If Sally avoids eating animal products, she can easily eliminate cholesterol from her diet. She cannot, however, eliminate cholesterol from her blood because it is produced by her own liver. Furthermore, such a goal is incompatible with life, as cholesterol is a structural component of cell membranes. Cholesterol is also the precursor to the steroid hormones, which are essential for normal health. Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 69) The reductions in muscle force generation at lengths different from optimal are a result of a(n) ________.

: decrease in crossbridge formation Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.9

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 76) Though you are an attentive parent, you lost track of your inquisitive toddler for a few minutes, just long enough for him to wander into the garage and open a package of insecticide that you use to control insects in your garden. You have no idea if any of the poison has been ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through his skin. You take the package away from your child and read under the "caution" section that it is an anticholinesterase. Given that this poison was made for insects, not humans, should you be worried? Explain your answer. What would happen to the child if he has indeed been affected? Explain which type of synapses could be affected. Propose an antidote (it's OK if you don't remember a specific compound, just describe what type of effect may reverse the effects of the insecticide).

: Insects have acetycholine receptors that are similar enough to ours so that yes, you should be worried. Anticholinesterases block the degradation of acetylcholine, thereby prolonging its effects in both muscarinic and nicotinic synapses. If the dose is high enough, spastic paralysis could result, in which muscles contract uncontrollably. If this happens with the respiratory muscles, the victim may die of suffocation. Autonomic effects would also be expected, including sweating and nausea. A chemical such as atropine, which blocks muscarinic receptors, will alleviate some of the symptoms. Oximes (not mentioned in text) block nicotinic receptors and can be administered to counteract nicotinic effects of the poison. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 97) Define and explain the difference between isotonic, isometric and eccentric contractions and give an example of a specific movement for each. What is the role of series elastic elements in muscle contraction?

: Isotonic means same tension, that is, a type of muscle contraction that involves movement with a constant tension or force. An example is what the biceps brachii muscle does when flexing the elbow-once tension increases enough to move the weight of the forearm, the forearm moves steadily without further increase in tension. Isometric means same length, that is, a type of muscle contraction that involves development of force without the muscle actually shortening and moving a load. An example is what the biceps brachii muscle does when trying to hold an object without changing length. Tension is exactly equal to load, which is why length does not change. In an eccentric muscle contraction, the load applied to the muscle is more than the tension that muscle can generate causing the muscle to lengthen. For example, the biceps brachii muscle is flexed and you have in your hands a weight that is greater than you can lift. Thus, you slowly allow the biceps muscle to lengthen resisting movement of that heavy weight. The series elastic elements are composed of the connective tissue of the tendons and that, which is between muscle cells. Before force would be detected at the tendon (latent period), some shortening of the contractile elements occurs that pulls on the series elastic elements. Once stretched, the force can now be detected at the tendon. Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.13

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 166) "No brain, no pain" is a cute phrase, but is it true that a brain is required to feel pain? Explain. Brain surgery can be performed on awake patients with anesthesia only to the overlying tissues. Does this indicate that "no brain, no pain" is just a rhyme with no scientific basis? Explain.

: It is true that a brain is required to feel pain. Pain is a perception triggered by potentially damaging stimuli to peripheral receptors. Just as we are deaf or blind if auditory or visual brain areas do not function (or are not present), we feel no pain without brain processing of noxious stimuli. Cutting into the brain without anesthetizing is possible because the brain lacks the receptors that respond to noxious stimuli, thus there are no painful inputs for the brain to process. Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 223) Draw a graph showing what would happen to resting membrane potential over time, if the sodium/potassium pump were not functioning. How would this affect a neuron's ability to produce action potentials? What does this imply about the quantity of ions that normally cross the membrane during the course of an action potential?

: It would be appropriate for the student to draw action potentials on the graph beginning at the point where the resting potential drifts up to threshold, and decreasing in frequency as the resting potential approaches. Very gradually, a cell's resting membrane potential would increase until it reached and stabilized there. At that point the ions would be in equilibrium, and no further net flow of charge would occur. There would be no effect on ability to generate action potentials initially, but with the disappearance of the differential distribution of sodium and potassium upon which the action potential depends, action potentials would gradually come to a stop. This points out the fact that during any single action potential, so few ions cross the membrane that there is no significant change in ion concentrations. Thousands of action potentials would be required before the absence of the sodium-potassium pumps would be noticeable. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 218) We have finally discovered life on Venus. NASA scientists are investigating a newly discovered life form: a single-celled organism found in the swampy canals. You have been contracted by NASA to perform an electrophysiology study. Using intracellular electrodes to measure the electrical charge inside the cell, you find it has a resting membrane potential of -45 mV when the outside fluid is arbitrarily set to 0 mV. Additionally, you have determined ion concentrations and listed them below. [ ] in mOsm/L Cell Swamp K+ 5 150 Na+ 15 175 Cl- 40 40 For fun, you have used new molecular biology techniques to insert protein channels into the cell membrane that allow only Na+ and Cl- to pass. Predict which ion(s) will move. Tell what direction it (they) will move and what force(s) is/are acting on it (them).

: K+ cannot move because, without potassium channels, the membrane is not permeable to it. Na+ will move into the cell because both its chemical and electrical gradients favor movement in. Cl- leaves the cell due to the electrical gradient (the negative resting potential repels it). Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 105) Sketch a graph of the length-tension relationship in a contracting skeletal muscle, and explain its shape in terms of events in the sarcomere.

: Sketch should resemble Figure 12.16 in the chapter. At optimal length, the extent of overlap between thick and thin filaments at onset of contraction is the greatest. Thus, the number of actin and myosin crossbridges is the greatest. On either side of optimum, the extent of interaction between actin and myosin is reduced thereby decreasing the number of crossbridges that can form, which reduces the force of contraction of skeletal muscle cells. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.9

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 75) Phenelzine is a common MAO inhibitor that has been used to treat depression. It is not, however, prescribed as often as other antidepressants due to its effects on the autonomic nervous system. Describe several side effects that may result from taking phenelzine and explain why they might occur.

: MAO inhibitors prevent the enzymatic breakdown of catecholamines such as norepinephrine. As a result, a higher concentration of norepinephrine remains in the synapse and therefore is able to elicit a longer / stronger response on its target tissues. Consequently, norepinephrine can prolong its activity through sympathetic pathways to increase heart rate and blood pressure, decrease gastric motility causing constipation as well as prevent penile ejaculation leading to sexual dysfunction. This is discussed in "The Autonomic Division" section of the chapter. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 212) What factors determine the maximum frequency of action potentials conducted by an axon?

: Maximum frequency is mostly dependent upon the duration of the absolute refractory period, which determines the upper limit. The diameter of the axon, amount of myelination present, and the magnitude of the Na+ and K+ gradients across the axonal membrane all affect action potential velocity may also play a secondary role. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 95) How are moods similar to or different from emotions?

: Moods last longer, and are relatively stable subjective feelings related to sense of well-being. Mood disorders such as depression are thought to be related to abnormal neurotransmitter action. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 91) Give a brief synopsis of CNS control of movement.

: Motor output consists of somatic control of skeletal muscle. Simple somatic reflexes are controlled by centers in the brain and spinal cord. Voluntary control of skeletal muscle involves primary motor cortex and motor association areas, sensory areas, basal nuclei, and cerebellum. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.10

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 104) Smooth muscle cells of blood vessels are described as integrating centers. Outline the various inputs that affect smooth muscle cells and how those are integrated.

: Myogenic responses, autonomic neurotransmitters, and paracrine mediators all affect smooth muscle cells. Myogenic responses involve alterations in stretch of the overlying smooth muscle cells in blood vessels when the pressure inside of them is altered. The autonomic neurotransmitters bind to receptors that affect second messenger signaling through intracellular inositol trisphosphate (IP3) or cAMP concentration to increase or decrease (respectively) the force generation by the smooth muscle cells. Paracrine and endocrine mediators also bind to receptors on smooth muscle cells to alter second messenger signaling. In the end, it is the balance of myosin light chain kinase and myosin light chain phosphatase activity that determines how much force a smooth muscle generates and thereby how it will respond to the various signals that it is receiving. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 98) Myasthenia gravis is a disease characterized by reduction in the number of acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscles. Which physiological process would be affected? What would someone afflicted by this disease experience? How may this disease be treated?

: Neuromuscular transmission would be affected, and therefore excitation-contraction coupling. Skeletal muscles would be less excitable, and muscle tone and strength would decrease. A treatment that could increase the amount of acetylcholine released or prolong its action, such as a treatment interfering with acetylcholine breakdown, would offer some improvement. Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 67) What steps are necessary to terminate neurotransmitter action? What would happen if these steps failed?

: Neurotransmitter molecules are either enzymatically degraded or are taken back into the presynaptic terminal (reuptake). Calcium ions are removed from the axon terminal. Failure of these steps prolongs the action of the neurotransmitter. Consequences vary according to the identity of the effector organ. In a skeletal muscle, for example, this can lead to spastic paralysis. Section Title: The Somatic Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 73) At the molecular level, what are the effects of nicotine on the nervous system? How are these effects exerted? How are these effects similar to or different from those of curare? How do these effects explain some of the physiological consequences of smoking?

: Nicotine binds to a type of acetylcholine receptor known as the nicotinic receptor; nicotine does not bind to the other type of acetylcholine receptor, the muscarinic receptor. Like acetylcholine, nicotine activates the receptor and produces a postsynaptic response. Nicotinic receptors are located on skeletal muscles and on the postganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous divisions. Curare also binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, but it does not activate the receptor; therefore the effect of curare is paralysis of skeletal muscles. Overall, nicotine is a CNS stimulant, suggesting greater stimulation of the sympathetic division than of the parasympathetic division. Section Title: The Somatic Division Learning Outcome: 11.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 169) Why does there seem to be a link between smell and memory?

: Olfactory pathways branch off from the olfactory cortex pathway and lead to parts of the limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus) involved with emotion and memory. It is not clearly understood, but because odors are processed through the limbic system, olfactory memories are created. When the smell is encountered again, it acts as a stimulus for both the olfactory pathway as well as the memory pathway (via the limbic system). Section Title: Chemoreceptor: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 168) You work in a paper mill. The smell is horrible every day when you get to work, but by the end of the day, you hardly notice it. Why?

: Olfactory receptors are phasic. They fire rapidly when they are initially exposed to the smell, but they quickly adapt and cease firing when stimulus (smell) remains constant. They adapt to the new steady state and then turn off so that you don't notice the smell after a little while. Section Title: Chemoreceptor: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 174) Briefly describe the difference between tonic and phasic receptors, and illustrate this difference by sketching graphs showing any type of stimulus (as a rectangular wave), the receptor potentials generated by each type of receptor, and the resulting action potentials in the neurons that respond to each type of receptor. You do not need to put numbers on your axes; rather you are to demonstrate you understand the relative differences in the responses.

: Receptors adapt to stimuli at very different rates that are characteristic of a particular type of adaptation. Tonic receptors change very little over the duration of the stimulus. The extent of the change in membrane potential decreases a bit over time. Tonic receptors provide continuous information about a particular parameter. Phasic receptors adapt very quickly such that they turn off shortly after having been activated. A change in membrane potential over resting is quickly returned back to resting. These types of receptors provide information on regarding change in a parameter (not how much but just that they have changed). Graphs should resemble those in Figure 10.6 in the chapter. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 101) Angela is a student who listens attentively in class and recopies and elaborates on her notes from several textbooks the minute she gets home from school. She studies with a group that explains concepts to each other, and they write on a big blackboard while they work. She makes flashcards out of the few vocabulary terms she has a hard time keeping straight, and goes through those between classes and in spare moments. What kind(s) of memory are being developed by Angela, and by which methods?

: Recopying notes and asking questions about what she has learned helps consolidate the information into long-term memory. Flashcards help to develop associative learning skills, but probably in short-term memory; putting those words to use contributes to long-term storage. Explicit or declarative memory is created with the study group. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 94) Describe the process of relaxation of a skeletal muscle fiber.

: Relaxation is an active process, resulting from loss of acetylcholine from the receptors as ACh is broken down and there is no further release. This allows the muscle cell to repolarize, which stops the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The pumping of calcium back into the SR causes the troponin to move the tropomyosin into a position that it allows only a low force crossbridge to form and the cell to relax. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 164) Create a concept map explaining the basic structure and function of sensory systems, starting with a receptor cell and ending with the primary sensory cortex. Be sure to include the general properties such as receptive fields, stimulus location, and so on. Consider each sensory system in turn and identify exceptions to your basic map, indicating how they are different.

: Results will vary. This is discussed in "The Spinal Cord" section of the chapter. Exceptions to the basic plan include: receptor structure is non-neural for most of the special senses, lack of receptive fields for all special senses except vision, lack of routing through the thalamus in the olfactory pathway, lack of stimulus localization by auditory receptors, hydrogen ion or calcium current depolarization in taste cells, oscillating response in auditory hair cells, cessation of ion influx in photoreceptors in response to light. Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 216) Explain the differences in axon regeneration in the CNS and PNS, and the implications for recovery from injury. What experiments might scientists try based on these differences?

: Schwann cells, present in the PNS but not the CNS, facilitate regrowth of severed axons. This means that people do not recover as well from CNS injury compared to PNS injury. It is possible that there is something fundamentally different in CNS axons compared to PNS axons that accounts for this effect. To test for this, Schwann cells could be transplanted into the spinal cord or brain and CNS axons observed for regrowth. Such experiments have been done, and it is the case that CNS axons are capable of regrowth in the presence of Schwann cells. Identification of chemical or physical factors in the Schwann cells would advance this field of research. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) List and explain two ways hormones affect their targets.

: Second messenger systems activated by peptide hormones modify existing proteins or activate gene transcription to synthesize new proteins. Steroid hormones activate gene transcription to synthesize new proteins, and like peptide hormones, some steroids have nongenomic responses. Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 200) Define temporal and spatial summation. Where does the summation occur? Are these processes mutually exclusive, or can they occur at the same time in a typical multipolar neuron? What key property of neurons do these forms of summation demonstrate?

: See Figs. 8.24 and 8.25 in the chapter. Temporal summation is the addition of graded potentials that overlap in time; that is, a second potential arrives before the first one from that source has finished. Spatial summation occurs when there is simultaneous arrival of graded potentials originating from more than one synaptic input. Summation occurs at the trigger zone. Typically a multipolar neuron has many active synapses at a given time, with multiple potentials being produced at each. Summation demonstrates postsynaptic integration. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 60) Map the divisions of the autonomic nervous system down to their receptors.

: See Figure 11.9 in the chapter. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) Sketch and label a relaxed sarcomere, then draw the same sarcomere in a contracted state. The myofilaments may be represented as simple lines.

: Sketch should resemble Figure 12.8 in the chapter. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 91) Each olfactory receptor cell extends a(n) ________ into the mucus layer.

: dendrites (cilia) Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 93) Explain the events leading up to a skeletal muscle twitch, starting with the arrival of neurotransmitter in the neuromuscular junction.

: See Figure 12.10 in the chapter. Acetylcholine binds to its receptor (nicotinic cholinergic) on the skeletal muscle cell membrane. This increases in flux of cations across the membrane of which the influx of Na is greater than the efflux of K, which causes the membrane to depolarize (end-plate potential). This depolarization activates the voltage gated Na channels responsible for an action potential and the action potential travels along the sarcolemma. In addition to the sarcolemma, the action potential travels along the T-tubule causing change in the L-type Ca channel (dihydropyridine receptor) that is linked to a ryanodine receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This opens the ryanodine receptor causing calcium to diffuse out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The calcium binds to troponin and moves the tropomyosin out of the way such that a high force crossbridge can form between actin and myosin. The myosin head is then able to undergo its power stroke and force is generated. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 92) Outline and explain the cellular event that affects the force generated by smooth muscle cells. What are the initiating events, and how do these events affect force production by the smooth muscle cell? How can this process be activated without changes in membrane potential?

: See Figure 12.26 in the chapter. Describe how myosin light chain kinase and myosin light chain phosphatase are regulated as it is the interaction between two proteins that determines the extent of phosphorylation of the myosin light chain and thereby the amount of force generated by the smooth muscle cells. While responses in smooth muscle cells can be initiated by changes in membrane potential that increase intracellular calcium by altering calcium channel activity (electromechanical coupling) in the cell membrane, receptors that are activated by chemical signals can also stimulate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum without changes in membrane potential that can also affect force of contraction of smooth muscle cells (pharmacomechanical coupling). Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.19

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 96) Define and explain the differences between slow wave potentials and pacemaker potentials in smooth muscle cells.

: See Figure 12.28 in the chapter. Slow wave potential describes the cyclic depolarization of smooth muscle cells that can lead to the generation of action potentials. When that depolarization is above threshold, action potentials are generated at a level consistent with the magnitude of that depolarization. For pacemaker potentials, some smooth muscle cells have oscillating membrane potentials that always reach threshold and generate an action potential. This causes the generation of a regular rhythm of action potentials within these cells. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.19

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 226) In the graphs below, identify normokalemia, hyperkalemia, and hypokalemia .

: See Figure 8.17 in the chapter. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 179) Draw a motor neuron, being sure to include and label the following parts: axon(s), dendrite(s), cell body, axon collateral(s), axon terminal(s), myelin sheath, and other components as applicable.

: See Figure 8.2 in the chapter Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 95) List, compare, and contrast the types of skeletal muscle fibers based on their speed of contraction and resistance to fatigue. Give examples of where each type might be found, and why it is advantageous for each type to occur there.

: See Table 12.2 in the chapter. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 91) Briefly compare and contrast the structure and behavior of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles.

: See Table 12.3 in the chapter. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 187) What is a channelopathy, and what are some examples?

: See the first "Clinical Focus" box in the chapter. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 101) ________ hearing loss occurs because of damage to the structure of the inner ear.

: Sensorineural Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 90) Compare and contrast the structural and functional differences between single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscle fibers, particularly in regard to their ability to vary their force of contraction.

: Single-unit characteristics: all smooth muscle cells contract as a unit due to presence of gap junctions; found in walls of hollow organs; strength depends upon amount of calcium that enters the cell. Multi-unit characteristics: each smooth muscle cell is controlled independently; found in few locations, including iris and ciliary body; strength depends upon fiber recruitment. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.16

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) A certain drug is known to block monovalent cation channels. This drug is used as a "muscle relaxer." Would it affect both smooth and skeletal muscles or only skeletal muscles? Defend your answer.

: Skeletal muscle relies on monovalent cation channels for the generation of action potentials to trigger contraction, whereas smooth muscle cells have more "routes" available to trigger contraction. Blocking one route would not be sufficient to cause relaxation; hence, this drug would be more likely to be effective on skeletal muscle. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 78) ________ and ________ are striated muscles. Why are these muscles classified as striated muscles?

: Skeletal, cardiac muscle; they are called this because of their alternating light and dark bands (See Figures 12.1a and 12.1b in the chapter.) Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 75) Store-operated calcium channels open in response to ________.

: depleted intracellular stores of calcium Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.18

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 94) Describe the phases of a normal sleep cycle.

: Sleep is composed of four different stages and during sleep one repeatedly cycles from one stage to another. Stage 4 is slow-wave in deep sleep that can be identified by low-frequency high-amplitude EEG delta waves. This stage occurs more during the beginning of sleep. Stage 3 is characterized by a lower amplitude but higher frequency EEG wave pattern. Stage 2 is characterized by an even lower amplitude and even higher frequency EEG wave pattern. This cycle lasts for longer durations as a typical 8 hour sleep progresses. Stage 1 is REM: Rapid eye movement is characterized by dreaming and low amplitude high frequency EEG waves. Most motor neurons (e.g., except eye and breathing motor neurons) are inhibited while dreaming is occurring. REM occurs for longer time periods during later parts of the sleep cycle. The EEG pattern is most similar to the alpha pattern found when one is awake. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.13

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 163) While a photoreceptor responds to a single photon of light, a person cannot see a single photon. Explain.

: Stimulation of a receptor is not sufficient to produce sensation that is perceived by the individual. The signals must be enough to allow a photoreceptor to alter neurotransmitter release enough to generate an action potential in the ganglion cell (which a single photon is not). In addition, even if there is a change in release of neurotransmitter, there is processing of visual signals within the retina (amacrine, horizontal and bipolar cells) and in the different brain areas to which that information travels. Thus, not all signals make it to the conscious brain—that is, a single photon is below the perceptual threshold of the visual system. Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 157) List the five taste receptors, what they respond to and describe how each of these receptors transduce that response.

: Sweet (sugar), sour (acid), salty (certain chemical salts), bitter (alkaloid), and umami (savory: glutamate and some nucleotides) are the five sensations. The sweet and umami are type II cells that involve receptor-mediated (T1R) activation of the G protein gustducin and subsequent increase in intracellular calcium, which releases ATP. The other type II cells are bitter, which is similar to those above but requires the T2R receptor to initiate the response. For salty and sour (type I cells), there is direct activation of ion channels to stimulate the release of serotonin. The salty activate the apical ENaC (epithelial sodium channel) to increase the influx of sodium whereas acidic environment alters the gating of ion channels. Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 64) Describe the major anatomical differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

: Sympathetic pathways exit the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar regions whereas parasympathetic pathways exit through the cranial and sacral regions. Also, sympathetic ganglia are located near the spinal cord; and therefore, sympathetic pathways typically have short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers. In contrast, parasympathetic ganglia are located on or near their target tissue; and therefore, parasympathetic pathways have long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 211) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the better known diseases resulting from demyelination of axons (in MS, only CNS axons are affected). Some of the earliest symptoms of the disease are difficulty in focusing the eyes, such as in reading, and difficulty in maintaining balance, and frequently not being able to make adjustments in posture to avoid falling. How do these symptoms "fit" with what you know about nerve impulses, myelin sheaths, and the location of gated ion channels in the membranes of axons?

: Symptoms listed all involve loss of motor control. The CNS axons involved in initiating and controlling movement are generally myelinated, thus loss of myelination slows or eliminates conduction of action potentials in these cells. Early on, many signals arrive normally at spinal motor neurons to produce movement, but enough signals are missing to cause noticeable alterations in motor control. In other words, loss of myelin slows or stops impulse conduction and leads to loss of coordination and the ability to correct for gravity, movement, and so on. Gated ion channels should be intact at the nodes of Ranvier, but missing elsewhere along the axon. Nodes are generally far enough apart that without myelin, sufficient positive current from one active node does not arrive at the next node to bring it to threshold as quickly as normal or at all, and impulse conduction slows or stops. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 208) How do the following relate to nervous system development and/or healing? Synaptic plasticity, neuroglia, neurotrophic factors.

: Synaptic plasticity is the changeability of synapses, necessary for development and continued learning in the nervous system. Neuroglia play an important role in healing of damaged neural tissue. Schwann cells in the PNS facilitate regrowth of severed axons. CNS glia seal off and scar a damaged region. Neurotrophic factors are important in maintaining active synapses. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) List the three types of hormone interactions and provide an example of each.

: Synergism, permissiveness, and antagonism. An example of synergism is epinephrine's ability to potentiate the effects of glucagon in elevating blood glucose levels. Reproductive hormones along with adequate thyroid hormone have a permissive effect on the reproductive system because both are required for normal development. Glucagon and insulin are antagonistic hormones because they have opposing physiological actions on blood glucose levels. Section Title: Hormone Interactions Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 160) Discuss the structure of the retina, including any distinguishing "regions."

: The retina consists of layers of cells, with the posterior layer containing the photoreceptors (rods and cones). Photoreceptors synapse onto bipolar cells, which in turn synapse onto an anterior layer of retinal ganglion cells, whose axons comprise the optic nerve. Also present are horizontal cells, which synapse with photoreceptors and bipolar cells, and amacrine cells, which synapse with bipolar and ganglion cells. Cones are sensitive to color and are most concentrated in a spot called the fovea. Another spot is the optic disk or blind spot, where the axons of all ganglion cells merge into the optic nerve, and where there are no photoreceptors. Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 71) Candace is a normal-looking 15-year-old girl but has never had a menstrual period, though she has other signs of puberty such as breasts and pubic and axillary hair. During a pelvic exam her physician determines that she has no uterus. Blood tests reveal that she has elevated amounts of testosterone in her blood, similar to that expected in young adult males. Name two typical sources of testosterone. Given the lack of a uterus, what is the likely source of testosterone in this case? What may be wrong with her? (Hint: Consider general principles of hormone secretion and action.) Why is there no uterus? What genetic test may confirm this suspicion?

: Testosterone is produced by adrenal glands and testes. The presence of elevated testosterone combined with absence of a uterus suggests that she has testes rather than ovaries. The lack of masculinization indicates that her tissues do not respond to the testosterone that is present. There is no uterus because she is genetically male. This can be confirmed by examining her chromosomes. Such individuals have "androgen insensitivity syndrome." Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 100) Describe the muscle condition called tetanus. Is this a normal or a pathological event? If it is normal, what is the function? If it is pathological, what is the cause? The bacterium Clostridium tetani causes a disease called tetanus or lockjaw; you may have been vaccinated against tetanus, especially if you ever had hospital treatment for a skin wound. Speculate on whether or not the name of this disease is related to the muscle condition and why the disease can be fatal.

: Tetanus is a state of maintained contraction that occurs as a result of increased frequency of stimulation by the nerve that does not allow enough time between twitches for the muscle to relax. Tetanus is a normal event, which allows a muscle to develop its maximal force. The bacterial disease results in maintained contraction that is similar in charter to the tetanus that can result from high frequency muscle stimulation. The disease is fatal if respiratory muscles are unable to relax because then breathing would stop. Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.11

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 101) You and your lab partner use a living nerve and muscle preparation to study muscle contraction. When you stimulate the nerve electrically, the muscle contracts; why? When you turn off the stimulator but add a high concentration of caffeine to the fluid surrounding the tissues, the muscle contracts; why (speculate on possible sites/mechanisms of action)? When curare (which blocks neuromuscular transmission) is added with caffeine, contraction occurs; why (speculate, and how does this alter your previous answer)? Can you identify a single site of action from this information? If not, what additional experiment would narrow your choices?

: The applied electrical current opens voltage-gated ion channels in the nerve, causing an action potential, which leads to the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to stimulate an action potential in the skeletal muscle. This activates excitation contraction coupling to increase intracellular calcium and thereby allow actin and myosin to interact. If the muscle contracts to caffeine, then it must have done so by increasing intracellular calcium as that is required to generate force. How caffeine increases intracellular calcium can not be determined yet. However, since the addition of curare does not affect contraction, then caffeine must be acting directly on the skeletal muscle as the affect of acetylcholine on the muscle cell is blocked by curare. Whether caffeine can increase intracellular calcium by stimulating an action potential or some other way is not clear from the experiments. To determine whether the action potential is required, tetrodotoxin could be used to block the action potential. In this case, the cell would still be generating force which indicates that the site of action of caffeine is somewhere between the L type calcium channel and the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (caffeine opens ryanodine receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum). Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 149) Explain labeled line coding and provide a specific example. What exactly is the "label" and the "line" in your example?

: The area of the brain that is stimulated by activity in a particular receptor always perceives the same sensation, regardless of the true nature of the stimulus. For example, a primary auditory cortex neuron interprets as sound both a sound stimulus and an artificial electrical stimulus to a cochlear neuron. In this example, the label is "sound" (the adequate stimulus for the receptor) and the line is all of the neurons involved in the pathway from cochlea to auditory cortex. Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 195) Discuss the membrane permeabilities of major ions and how they contribute to the overall resting membrane potential of neurons.

: The average resting membrane potential is -70 mV. It is primarily determined by the concentration gradient of K+ and the membrane permeabilities of K+, Na+, and Cl-. The equilibrium potential for K+ predicted by the Nernst equation is -90 mV. The resting membrane potential is more permeable to K than Na. However, because the cell's resting potential is more positive than -90mV there must be another contributing ion, and it is the Na+ leak channels that allow positive Na+ ions into the cell which cause the resting potential to be slightly more positive. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 107) What function(s) is/are associated with the basal ganglia? Huntington's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, causing neural degeneration, and resulting in abnormal muscle movements and cognitive decline. What may cause the cognitive decline? Effective treatment for Huntington's has been elusive, but recently it was shown that a cause of neuron degeneration may be calcium overload. What potential type of treatment does this suggest?

: The basal ganglia are involved in motor control. It is possible that basal ganglia play a role in cognition as well as in motor control, or that the cerebral cortex is also affected by Huntington's. Calcium channel blockers may be developed as treatments for this disease. Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 156) Describe the topographic organization of the somatosensory cortex.

: The cells that respond to sensation from a particular body part are organized as a map of the body surface. Thus, cortex cells that respond to sensation from the elbow are located near cells that respond to sensation from the proximal forearm. Furthermore, the number of cortex cells devoted to a sensation is proportional to the sensitivity of that part-there are many more cells for sensation from fingers and lips than from the back or thighs. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 66) Diagram the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction. Be sure to include the somatic motor neuron, axon terminal, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, motor end plate, and appropriate neurotransmitter(s), ion channel(s), and membrane receptor(s).

: Variable. See Figure 11.10 in the chapter. Section Title: The Somatic Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 197) Explain why the voltage-gated Na+ channels can close while the cell is depolarized even though the depolarization was the initial stimulus for the channel opening. Include a discussion on refractory periods and explain why action potentials travel in only one direction.

: The channels have two gates: activation and inactivation gates. (See Fig. 8.10.) At rest, the activation gate is closed and the inactivation gate is open. Upon depolarization both gates move: the activation gate opens allowing Na+ to enter the cell and the inactivation gate (with a delay of 0.5 msec) closes stopping the influx of Na+. At this point during the action potential, the peak has been reached and repolarization occurs due to the K+ ions leaving the cell. During this time, even if another wave of depolarization occurred, the Na+ channels cannot be opened because the activation gate is already open and the inactivation gate is closed. This is the absolute refractory period, when another action potential absolutely cannot occur because the Na+ channels have not reset to their original positions. The relative refractory period occurs after some of the Na+ channels have reset, but a higher than normal depolarizing graded potential is necessary to cause another action potential. Refractory periods also explain why action potentials cannot move backward. (See Fig. 8.15.) The part of the axon experiencing the action potential has open Na+ channels. An increase in Na+ inside the cell causes depolarization and perpetuates the action potential toward the axon terminal due to local current flow. The area of the axon toward the trigger zone, where the action potential (AP) occurred a moment earlier, is in the absolute refractory period and will not experience another action potential even with a depolarization. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 106) The graph below was generated by students in a physiology lab. The top trace (myogram) shows contraction force, the bottom (EMG) shows the electrical stimulus. On the graph, label a muscle twitch. What property of muscle is being tested here? What caused the increase in force (and subsequent decrease)?

: The clearest single twitches are the first few and last few peaks on the myogram. The muscle is being stimulated at an increasing rate (frequency), as evidenced by the decreasing time between subsequent stimulus pulses. This caused fusion of the twitches (summation), producing partial then complete tetanus, as well as an increase in peak force produced. Though the stimulus is maintained, the peak force starts to fall as the muscle fatigues. The students then decreased the stimulus frequency, allowing recovery from fatigue. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 159) Discuss the structure and function of the cochlea.

: The cochlea is made up of the vestibular duct, cochlear duct, and tympanic duct. The vestibular and tympanic ducts are continuous at the helicotrema (found at the tip of the cochlea). Their fluid, perilymph, is similar to plasma. The cochlear duct is filled with endolymph, which is similar in composition to intracellular fluid and is secreted by epithelial cells in the duct. The cochlear duct contains the organ of Corti, which sits on the basilar membrane and is partially covered by the tectorial membrane. These membranes move in response to fluid waves in the vestibular duct and bend the hair cells found in the organ of Corti. When the hair cells move, the stereocilia bend as well and cause the opening of more ion channels and depolarization. Section Title: The Ear: Hearing Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 73) Thyroid hormone secretion decreases with age. Treatment with thyroid-releasing hormone is less effective in younger patients, while treatment with thyroid hormone is more effective in younger patients. What name is given to the condition of decreased thyroid hormone secretion? What related hormones are likely to decrease as well? Propose an explanation for the loss of responsiveness to the releasing hormone. Propose an explanation for the increased responsiveness to treatment with thyroid hormone (consider both how hormones affect target cells and how hormone action is halted).

: The condition is hypothyroidism. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-releasing hormone likely also decrease. Decreased responsiveness to injected releasing hormone may indicate a loss of hormone receptors in the anterior pituitary. Increased responsiveness to injected thyroid hormone may indicate up-regulation of hormone receptors in the target tissues, or it may indicate decreased metabolism of the circulating hormone. Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 93) Describe the embryonic development of the nervous system.

: The earliest neural structure is the neural plate, a flat sheet of tissue located on the dorsal surface of the embryo, clearly visible at day 20 post-fertilization. The edges of the plate fold and cells of the neural crest migrate toward the midline, until a hollow neural tube is formed from the plate by about day 23. The lumen will become the fluid-filled central cavities of the CNS. The lumen is lined with ependymal cells and neural stem cells. Cells of the neural crest will continue to migrate, forming the structures of the PNS. The rest of the tube will become the CNS. By 4 weeks, three discrete swellings will form in the anterior end of the tube: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The remainder of the tube becomes the spinal cord. By 6 weeks, the cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata are distinct. By 11 weeks the cerebrum is noticeably enlarged. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 154) Explain how sensory coding and processing allow the central nervous system to communicate information on the four properties of a stimulus.

: The four properties of a stimulus are modality, location, intensity, and duration. Modality, or nature of the stimulus, is indicated by which neurons are activated and where their associated sensory pathways terminate. As each receptor type has an adequate stimulus and labeled line coding ensures that whenever that receptor is activated, the adequate stimulus will be perceived independent of what activated the sensory receptor associated with a particular region of the body. The cerebrum and other brain areas are highly organized into topographic maps of the receptive fields of their sensory receptors, ensuring that location of a stimulus is accurately detected. The number of receptors activated and the frequency of action potentials along the sensory pathway both increase as stimulus intensity is increased. The information on duration depends upon the adaptive properties of the receptor: tonic provide continuous information on a particular parameter whereas phasic provide information that a parameter has changed. Section Title: General Properties of Sensory Systems Learning Outcome: 10.5

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) You and your fellow deep-sea scientists have discovered a new form of marine invertebrate, and are anxious to determine the similarities and differences to animals already characterized. Chemical analysis reveals the following concentrations of permeable cations: Ion [in] mM [out] mM Na+ 50 450 K+ 420 20 Mg++ 10 60 Cl- 50 550 Nernst equation: Eion = 61/z × log [ion]out/[ion]in 77) Control of the neuromuscular junction in this new invertebrate is found to involve dual innervation, where one motor neuron secretes an excitatory neurotransmitter and another secretes an inhibitory neurotransmitter onto the muscle. How does this compare to the human neuromuscular junction? Propose three different types of inhibitory receptors/channels that would produce inhibition of the invertebrate muscle, specifying ion and direction of ion flow. For each ion, calculate the equilibrium potential. What similarity do you notice in the equilibrium potentials of the ions involved, and how is that significant? How may inhibition be accomplished in human muscle?

: The human neuromuscular junction is innervated by only an excitatory neuron. The inhibitory motor neuron in the invertebrate may open a channel to potassium, to chloride, or to both, resulting in hyperpolarization as potassium exits and/or chloride enters. EK+ = 61 × log 20/420 = -81 mV. ECl- = -61 × log 550/50 = -64 mV. Both of these equilibrium potentials are negative, indicating that these ions can be useful for inhibition. In humans, inhibition of muscle activity occurs within the CNS, rather than at the muscle. Section Title: The Somatic Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 99) A construction worker entered the emergency room after an accident in which his leg was crushed by falling beams. A color of the urine sample is noticeably reddish brown. Assuming that color is related to the accident, what molecule could have been released from the damaged muscle cells that colored the urine? What is the function of this molecule?

: The molecule is likely to be the pigment myoglobin. This molecule binds to oxygen in muscle cells to supplement the oxygen supplied by the blood. Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 152) Aside from the obvious, describe the differences between slow and fast pain.

: The most notable difference between the two is the timing. Fast pain is sharp and localized. It is rapidly transmitted by myelinated A-δ fibers to the CNS, while slow pain is carried on unmyelinated C fibers. Slow pain is described as duller and more diffuse. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 181) Why is it necessary for fast axonal transport to go both forward and backward?

: The organelles and cellular components transported to the axon terminal must also be returned to the cell body for recycling. Fast retrograde recycling may also be used for nerve growth factor transport to the cell body. Section Title: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.10

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 165) Explain how vision is affected by the loss of one eye. Explain how hearing is affected by the loss of one ear. In reality, how disadvantaged are people who are blind in one eye or deaf in one ear? Would loss of half the tongue or half the olfactory epithelium have comparable effects on those systems? Explain.

: The overlap between the visual fields is required for assessment of depth (three-dimensional assessment). Thus, individuals who have lost an eye would have issues with depth perception. Binaural hearing provides for accurate sound localization. People who have lost hearing in one ear are poorer at sound localization. Comparable losses of sensory tissues for taste or smell would have far less impact on those sensations because there is no similar central comparison of inputs from the two sides. Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) How does the embryological origin of the two distinct parts of the pituitary gland relate to the control of secretion and the types of hormones produced?

: The posterior pituitary is an extension of the brain, specifically of the hypothalamus. This part of the pituitary secretes hormones that are synthesized in the hypothalamus, in response to signals from the hypothalamus. The hormones secreted are neurohormones. The anterior pituitary is an outgrowth from the roof of the mouth that fuses to the posterior pituitary during fetal development. This part of the pituitary is true glandular epithelium, and the secretion of its hormones is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by the hypothalamus. In either case, then, the types of hormones and the regulation of their secretion is predictable based on the type of tissue involved. Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 103) In 1848, a railroad foreman named Phineas Gage was injured in an explosion, when a tamping iron penetrated his skull and caused brain damage; surprisingly, he survived. The rod was 1.25" in diameter and 3.5' long. After the accident he was able to speak, get himself up and down from a cart, and climb a flight of stairs to see the local physicians. Years later, the doctors reported that he physically recovered, but the balance between his intellectual facilities and animal propensities was destroyed. He was no longer mild-mannered, kind, and respectful; he grew obstinate, ill-tempered, and showed little self-restraint. Based on this story, what area(s) of the brain (and/or systems) do you think he injured and why?

: The regions damaged by the iron rod were the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. Based on what we have learned, we can hypothesize that the limbic system was most likely injured since it acts as the link between higher cognitive functions and primitive emotional responses. The limbic system contains the cingulate gyrus, which plays a role in emotions, and the amygdala, which is involved in emotion and memory. Since we can tell from the story that he definitely exhibited different emotions, we can hypothesize that these areas were injured. Based on the fact that he physically recovered, we can assume that the somatosensory cortex, mid- and hindbrain areas were unaffected. Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 125) At a(n) ________ synapse, a neurotransmitter is released to affect the postsynaptic cell.

: chemical Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 110) The ________ adjusts the shape of the lens to keep objects in focus.

: ciliary muscle Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 191) What is the trigger zone? Where is the trigger zone found in efferent, afferent, and interneurons? Do the terms trigger zone and axon hillock have the same meaning? Explain.

: The trigger zone is an area of the neuron that contains a high membrane concentration of voltage-gated Na+ channels and is near an area that lacks these. In order for action potentials to occur, graded potentials reaching the trigger zone must depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage. In efferent and interneurons, the trigger zone is the axon hillock (also called the initial segment). In afferent neurons, the trigger zone is located where the dendrites join the axon (immediately adjacent to the receptor), rather than at the axon hillock. The axon hillock is an anatomical region, whereas the trigger zone is defined by its function rather than its location. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Do the terms vertebral column and spinal cord mean the same thing? Explain.

: The vertebral column, thus it is bone. The spinal cord is neural tissue, protected by the spine or vertebral column. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 71) Compare and contrast the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels introduced in Chapter 8, with the acetylcholine receptor/channel. What may be confusing to the beginning physiology student trying to understand the ion specificity of the acetylcholine receptor? What type of change in the cell is produced by ion movement through each type of channel?

: The voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to threshold voltage and allows sodium to enter the cell, thereby depolarizing the membrane potential. The potassium channel is also opened by threshold voltage and allows potassium to exit the cell, repolarizing or hyperpolarizing the membrane potential. The acetylcholine receptor is a neurotransmitter receptor as well as an ion channel. Because the channel is opened by binding of a chemical, it is a chemically gated channel. This channel is permeable to both sodium and potassium; when the channel opens, sodium diffuses into the cell and potassium diffuses out. The inward positive charge is sufficient to depolarize the skeletal muscle to threshold. Students are often confused by the fact that more than one type of ion moves through the acetylcholine receptor channel, and that the muscle cell is able to depolarize to threshold despite the exit of potassium. Section Title: The Somatic Division Learning Outcome: 11.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 171) Based on your knowledge of the structures of the eye and visual pathway, propose several possible causes for blindness. How does the disease glaucoma fit in this scheme?

: There are a large number of structures involved in normal vision; damage to nearly any one of them may result in partial or complete blindness. Starting from the beginning, there must be healthy cornea, lens, retina (including rods and three types of cones, bipolar and ganglion cells, horizontal and amacrine cells), normal pressure in the eye chambers, intact optic nerve, and the remainder of the visual pathway through the visual cortex. Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 88) Discuss the functions of the blood-brain barrier. What cellular characteristics contribute to its effectiveness?

: This is discussed in the "Anatomy of the Central Nervous System" section of the chapter. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 186) Write out the Nernst and GHK equations, and explain the significance of each. Define equilibrium potential.

: This is discussed in the "Electrical Signals in Neurons" section of the chapter. The Nernst equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential for individual ions, while the GHK equation calculates the predicted resting membrane potential of a cell. The equilibrium potential is the voltage at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the membrane, because the force of the concentration gradient is exactly balanced by the force of the electrical gradient. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 60) What are the three types of muscle tissues in the human body? What are the two common functions of muscles?

: Three types of tissues are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. The two common functions are to generate motion and to generate force. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 88) List and explain the functions of the regulatory molecules in a sarcomere, specifying how the on and off positions are controlled and its impact on the crossbridges formed.

: Troponin and tropomyosin and the primary regulatory proteins. Tropomyosin wraps around the actin of the thin filament to restrict access of the myosin to its binding site on the actin molecule. When intracellular calcium concentration is low such that troponin is not bound by calcium (resting muscle), the tropomyosin is in the off position and myosin is weakly bound to actin (low force crossbridge). When muscle is stimulated, the increasing calcium binds to the troponin (C subunit) to shift the tropomyosin into the on position. In the on position, the crossbridges that are formed are high force. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 133) An influx of Na+ ions depolarizes the membrane of an axon.

: True Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 135) If the graded potential increases in amplitude, then the frequency of the action potentials fired also increases.

: True Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 134) The absolute refractory period is important in unidirectional propagation of action potentials.

: True Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 115) ________ receptors respond to damaging heat as well as capsaicin (chili peppers).

: Vallinoid (transient receptor potential V1 channels) Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 104) Your best friend, Fred, was injured when he fell several meters from a cliff, but his vital signs are stable and all lacerations have been repaired. His physician is in the process of determining what neural damage he has sustained. What may be damaged if Fred is unable to walk normally? (Hint: Consider various types of factors that influence motor output, as well as the structures immediately responsible for movement.)

: Walking normally will depend upon sensory as well as motor control structures. Damage to leg nerves and muscles could impair walking, as could damage to spinal cord areas that control the muscles, and spinal cord areas that mediate relevant sensation from legs and feet. Damage to the spinal tract to and from the brain could interfere with brain influences on walking. Motor control areas in the brain that could be damaged include the cerebellum, pons, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. Also, damage to any area containing tracts to and from motor control areas could prevent normal signals from influencing motor output. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 68) Explain the use of the terms fight and flight in describing sympathetic motor responses. How does sympathetic activity explain your increased "jumpiness" when you are home alone at night, watching a horror movie on TV?

: When presented with a real or imaginary threat, the sympathetic motor system produces changes that prepare the body to oppose the threat ("fight") or run away from the threat ("flight"). Responses include an increase in heart and respiratory rate, and increased blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle. Reading or watching scenes that are threatening to others, even if you could not possibly be at risk, can produce the same sympathetic response in you as if you were actually present in the scene. If the phone rings or there is a knock at the door, you are likely to react to that very quickly, because you are primed for action. Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.1

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 201) Your study partner has concluded that a single action potential, once initiated, spreads down the length of an axon, non-decrementally; similarly, a single graded potential spreads down the length of a dendrite, but with decrement. Is she completely correct? Explain. How can the mechanism of decremental and non-decremental conduction help her sort this out? How is the process different in myelinated vs. unmyelinated neurons? How may the dominoes analogy help her to understand signal propagation?

: While she is correct about graded potentials, she is incorrect about action potentials. A GP is initiated at a synapse, for example, and spreads in all directions but loses strength as the ions diffuse; no additional ions are crossing the membrane to boost this signal. An AP is initiated at a trigger zone, then a second, identical AP is triggered in the next patch of membrane as more ions enter the cell; thus, there was no decrement of the AP. Between membrane patches, the signal is decremental for the same reasons that GPs decrease with spread, but sufficient to stimulate the next AP. In myelinated axons, the subsequent APs are farther apart than in unmyelinated axons. A row of dominoes, if spaced appropriately, can be felled by pushing on just the first one. That domino falls and does not spread to the end of the row, but it causes its neighboring, identical domino to fall, and so on. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 194) Explain the kiss-and-run model of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and how it differs from the classic model.

: With the kiss-and-run model the synaptic vesicles fuse to the presynaptic membrane at a fusion complex. When the neurotransmitter is released through the fusion complex into the synaptic cleft the vesicles then pull away from the complex and re-enter the vesicle pool in the cytoplasm. With the classical model the vesicle becomes incorporated into or becomes part of the cell membrane. Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 98) If a diabetes mellitus patient continually has high blood glucose, what is likely to happen to the nervous system, and what are the possible outcomes?

: With too much glucose present, the blood-brain barrier cells may remove glucose transporters from the patient's membranes. If blood glucose drops due to insulin therapy, the brain neurons may be unable to obtain sufficient glucose to function or remain alive. This can lead to a comatose state or even death. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 204) Dr. Zoydburger has discovered a toxin produced in the venom of a poisonous marine invertebrate. Tests on lab mammals indicate that this toxin prevents sodium channel inactivation. How would this affect the action potentials produced in the neurons of a poisoned mammal?

: Without sodium channel inactivation, the action potential would not repolarize as quickly, thus any function dependent upon the action potential would be prolonged, including neurotransmitter release and postsynaptic response. Also, the refractory period would not exist, thus action potentials would travel back up the axon, and down again, repeatedly. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 220) If an axon has an absolute refractory period of 2 msec, what is the maximum frequency of action potential (AP) production in that neuron?

: X AP/2 msec × 1000 msec/1 sec = 500 APs per second. Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 214) You and your lab partner have prepared a frog nerve for gathering data on action potentials. You connect an electronic stimulator to the nerve and ask your partner to gradually increase the voltage until you see an action potential. Your partner says that the voltage knob is stuck, that is, it will not increase the voltage. Is there another way to trigger action potentials using this stimulator? If so, what do you tell your partner to do?

: Your lab partner can increase the stimulus frequency instead. A higher frequency of stimuli can result in temporal summation of graded potentials such that the lower voltages sum to threshold. Section Title: Integration of Neuronal Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 111) As an object moves closer to the eye, the ciliary muscle ________ making the lens ________ in order to keep the object in focus.

: contracts, thicker (more round) Section Title: The Eye and Vision Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 172) In a recent accident, your favorite uncle lost one of his arms just below the elbow; he sustained no other injuries. The wound has completely healed, yet he is plagued by pain he claims is coming from a hand that is no longer there. Afraid to confide in his doctor, he asks you if he is going insane. What should you tell him? What principles are illustrated by this phenomenon?

: Your uncle still has the surviving parts of the sensory pathway that once served the entire arm. This may include the primary sensory neurons, since the severed axons could have regenerated (but even if these cells degenerated, the remainder of the pathway did not). Anything that stimulates the sensory nerve in the stump may cause signals to go to the area of the cerebral cortex that once received inputs only from the hand. Your uncle is not crazy, rather he is experiencing phantom limb pain, which is very real. This phenomenon illustrates labeled line coding and coding of stimulus location. Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 123) The time during which an excitable membrane cannot respond to further stimulation regardless of the stimulus strength is the ________.

: absolute refractory period Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) Cholinergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter ________.

: acetylcholine Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ________.

: adenophyophysis Section Title: Control of Hormone Release Learning Outcome: 7.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

: adrenal Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) The outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the ________.

: adrenal cortex Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) The inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the ________.

: adrenal medulla Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) The adrenal cortex produces a steroid hormone called ________ that controls Na+ and K+ homeostasis and another steroid hormone called ________ that controls blood glucose levels.

: aldosterone, cortisol Section Title: The Classification of Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 122) The ________ principle states that the properties of the action potential are independent of the relative strength of the depolarizing stimulus.

: all-or-none Section Title: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are ________ and ________.

: alpha, beta Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.

: antagonists Section Title: Hormone Interaction Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 113) Nociceptors activate ________ pathways that provide for the conscious perception of the pain.

: ascending Section Title: Somatic Senses Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) When an organ or gland shrinks due to lack of use, that condition is referred to as ________.

: atrophy Section Title: Endocrine Pathologies Learning Outcome: 7.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are found in the ________ of the ANS.

: autonomic ganglia Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) Autonomic neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ________.

: axon Section Title: The Autonomic Division Learning Outcome: 11.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 92) Activation of Golf in the olfactory receptor cells causes ________ to open, which causes the frequency of action potentials to ________.

: cAMP gated cation channels, increase Section Title: Chemoreception: Smell and Taste Learning Outcome: 10.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 74) In smooth muscle cells, Ca2+ binds to ________ which activates the enzyme ________ to phosphorylate myosin and increase force.

: calmodulin, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.18

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) A cell's or tissue's response to a hormone primarily depends on ________ and ________.

: cell receptors, signal transduction pathways Section Title: Hormones Learning Outcome: 7.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) The ________ is a salty fluid continuously secreted into hollow cavities known as ________. This fluid is secreted into these cavities by the ________, a specialized tissue consisting of capillaries and transport epithelium.

: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ventricles; choroid plexus Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) Extracellular fluid is a protective component of the CNS. The ________ fluid, found inside the pia mater, and the ________ fluid, found in ventricles between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane, make up the extracellular environment for neurons. They communicate across leaky junctions of the ________ membrane and the ________ cell layer that lines the ventricles.

: cerebrospinal, interstitial; pial, ependymal Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.4

Location: Adrenal Cortex

Hormone: 1) Aldosterone- main target- kidneys- Sodium and potassium ion homeostasis 2) Cortisol- Main target- Many tissues- Stress response 3) Androgens- Main Target- Many tissues- Sex drive in females

Location: Testes (male)

Hormone: 1) Androgens- Main Target: many tissues- sperm production, secondary sex characteristics 2) inhibin- Main target:Anterior pituitary- inhibits FSH secretion

Location: Kidney

Hormone: 1) Erythropoietin- Main tissue: Bone Marrow- red blood cell production 2) 1,25 Dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (calciferol)- Main Target: Intestine- increases calcium absorption

Location: Posterior Pituitary (in brain)

Hormone: 1) Oxytocin- Main target: Breast- milk ejection; labor and delivery; behavior 2) Vasopressin (ADH)- Main target: Kidney -Water reabsorption

Location: Thyroid Gland

Hormone: 1) Triiodothyronine and thyroxine- Main Target: Many tissues- Metabolism, growth, and development 2) Calcitonin- Main Target: bone- Plasma calcium levels (minimal effect in humans)

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