Pathology Ch-3 Cellular Reaction to Injury

Exogenous pigmentation

Pigment which enters the body from the outside. i.e. Tattoos

Fatty Degeneration

1) Triglycerides come from the digestion of fats. 2) If there is a high accumulation of triglycerides. i.e. Fatty liver, due to alcohol abuse; Liver is enlarged, yellowish, and greasy to the touch.

Gout

A common form of arthritis; causes swelling and pain in some of the body's joints. Typically affects a joint in the big toe. Gout is caused an accumulation of excess amount of uric acid in the tissues; due to the amount can be crystallized.

Metaplasia

A form of cellular adaptation in which cells regenerate after injury. One cell type is replace by another cell type that is capable of withstanding a change in environment. i.e. How smoker's lungs adapt to their habit.

Clostridium perfringens (Gas Gangrene)

A gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium that causes gas gangrene. Causing fermentation of carbohydrates in tissues, releasing carbon dioxide and hydrogen gases. The toxins produced move through the swollen tissue causing further necrosis of neighboring tissue. Often fatal due due to spreading throughout the body via the blood.

Amyloid Degeneration

A waxy translucent, complex protein that resembles starch a.k.a. protein metabolism abnormality. Also called waxy degeneration, lardaceous degeneration, or amyloidosis.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of cells as well as the increase in the size of an organ tissue. i.e. Body Builder

Denaturation

Changes in the nature of cellular proteins and the breakdown of cellular organelles.

Endogenous pigmentation

Coloring matter is from normal pigment and is present in the body. i.e. Bilirubin

Degeneration

Deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease or injury.

Moist (Wet) Gangrene

Due to bacterial or fungal infections that develop in areas of dead, necrotic tissue. The tissue becomes swollen, discolored, and blistered. Maybe exhibit crepitation; which is a cracking sound when touched due to gas in the tissues.

Arteriosclerosis

Fine, white granules, or clumps that feel like gritty deposits, and are present in the arteries. i.e. Arteries lose the elasticity.

Desiccants

Hypertonic embalming fluid solutions that remove excess moisture from the tissues.

Humectants

Hypotonic embalming fluid solutions that adds moisture to dehydrated tissues.

Compensatory Hypertrophy

Is different from pathological hypertrophy due to the absence of disease. i.e. Born with on kidney; the kidney will hypertrophy to compensate for the absence of the other kidney.

Hyperplasia

Is the increase in cell size due to the increase number of cells present. i.e. The Uterus' cells increase in number and size during pregnancy.

Pathological Atrophy

May occur as a result of various functional and structural problems which occurs in the different organ of the body. i.e. Inadequate nutrition, Inadequate nervous stimulation (ex: Polio), and/or Disuse

Compensatory Hyperplasia

Occurs after the removal of part of a liver. With in 12 hours the liver will begin to generate cells to return to its normal size.

Pathological Hypertrophy

Occurs when cells have been damaged. The remaining cells in that organ may individually increase in size to compensate for the dead cells. i.e. Heart attack

Ischemic (Dry) Gangrene

Occurs when tissues become dehydrated if the blood supply is reduced. Tissues become black, dry, wrinkled, and greasy to the touch. i.e. Calcification of the arteries due to arteriosclerosis.

Caseous necrosis

Present in cases of tuberculosis. Cheeselike and that center of the tissue has a cottage-cheese appearance. Characterized by pink area of necrosis surrounded by inflammatory granules.

Autolysis

Self-digestion of the cell.

Necrosis

Sequence of structural changes that follow cell death in living tissue.

Isotonic

Solution(s) exert the same osmotic pressure as that within the cell. *Constant; watching TV.

hypertonic

Solution(s) with stronger osmotic pressure than the cell. *Cell shrinking; Look! A Parade outside!!

Hypotonic

Solution(s) with weaker osmotic pressure than the cell. *Cell swelling; LET'S GO TO THE CLUB!!

Homeostasis

The cells attempt to maintain a relatively stable environment. *The main goal of the cell.

Physical Atrophy

The decrease in cell size is normal and a regular occurrence. i.e. Old age

Calcification

The depositing of calcium salts, magnesium, iron, and other minerals with in the cells. Embalmers will most commonly encounter calcification of the arteries.

Hypoxia

The loss of oxygen; oxygen deprived.

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure that develops when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane.

Infiltration

The process of seepage (leakage) or diffusion of a substance into tissues that should not normally be present in the cells. Happens before cellular swelling. i.e. Most common example of infiltration is pigmentation.

Regeneration

The replacement of damaged cells with identical cells. i.e. Skin cells

Physical Hyperplasia

The result of normal growth. i.e. The increase number of glandular cells with in breast during puberty.

Crenation

The shrinkage of a cell placed in a hypertonic solution(s).

Atrophy

The shrinking in the sized of a cell due to the loss of cell substance. i.e. Common after recovery from a bone fracture

Pathological Hyperplasia

When injury or infection, and it is normally reversible. i.e. After menstrual period, hormones are released to develop the lining of the uterus. If hormones levels become imbalanced, endometrial hyperplasia may ensue, causing abnormal menstrual bleeding.

Cellular Swelling

When the entire organ or tissue goes through cellular swelling. There is loss of color (pallor) Cells become distended (turgor) *Cannot always be removed with embalming.

Cellular senescence

When the process of ageing damages the cell.