Pathophysiology

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

...

Fluid and diuretic therapy are used in the management of plasma cell myeloma to

...

In general, aging tissues are less capable of

...

In which of the following patients would administration of RhoGAM (an Rh antibody) be appropriate?

...

The mechanism of radiation-induced injury includes all of the following except

...

While in the hospital for management of ALL, J.B. developed severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition would be

...

High risk factors for cancer include: 1. human papilloma virus. 2. chronic irritation and inflammation. 3. repeated sun exposure. 4. high family incidence.

1,2,3,4

What is the correct sequence involved with the inflammatory response? (1) increased vascular permeability, (2) phagocytosis, (3) emigration of leukocytes

1,3,2

Which of the following types of inherited disorders can have carriers of the defective trait? (1) Autosomal Dominant; (2) Autosomal Recessive; (3) X linked; (4) Y linked

2,3

In general, the best prognosis for long-term disease-free survival occurs with

ALL

Which of the following types of leukemia primarily affects children?

ALL

Characteristics of X-linked recessive disorders include which of the following?

All daughters of affected fathers are carriers.

J.B. developed an opportunistic infection that is to be managed with an antibiotic. J.B. has received this antibiotic once previously with no adverse reactions. Which of the following statements should guide administration of the drug this time?

Anaphylaxis is antibody mediated and may occur on second exposure.

A diagnostic laboratory finding in plasma cell myeloma is

Bence Jones proteins in the urine.

Nearly all cases of which form of leukemia demonstrate the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?

CML

Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign tumor?

Cells appear relatively normal.

Which of the following applies to the leukemias?

Chronic leukemias are more common in older people.

What information should parents be given about the consequences of PKU?

Failure to avoid phenylalanine results in progressive mental retardation.

Individuals experiencing the same disease process exhibit the same clinical manifestations.

False

In a primary immune response, activated B cells produce mostly

IgM

Which of the following cellular responses is indicative of injury due to faulty metabolism?

Intracellular accumulations

G.P. is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma and she is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. Which response is correct?

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

What is a benign neoplasm originating from adipose tissue called?

Lipoma

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of which of the following from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor suppressor gene

Which of the following immune reactions does not require participation by specific immune cells (lymphocytes)?

Phagocytosis of antigen by macrophage

Which term describes an abatement or decline in disease manifestations:

Remission

Which of the following is a statement about disease pathogenesis?

Streptococcal infection activates immune cells, leading to inflammation.

Which of the following disorders is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury?

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Characteristics of Autosomal recessive disorders include all of the following EXCEPT:

The mating of a carrier and an affected individual results in a 25% chance of producing an affected offspring

All of the following characteristics are true about Autosomal Dominant disorders EXCEPT:

The mating of a normal and an affected individual results in a 25% chance of producing an affected offspring

Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is TRUE?

The typical physical characteristics are present at birth.

Which of the following is the most common chromosomal disorder that is the leading cause of mental retardation in newborns and is associated with an increased risk due to maternal age?

Trisomy 21

Chaperone proteins (heat-shock proteins) help misfolded proteins refold correctly.

True

Which of the following hypersensitivity type reactions is NOT mediated by antibodies?

Type IV

What is characteristic of a congenital disorder?

Usually manifested in the neonatal period.

In addition to disease or illness, which of the following factors may cause variations in physiologic parameters?

all of the above

The warning signs for cancer include:

all of the above

Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?

an unwanted effect of a prescribed drug

The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to:

any tissue injury

Etiology is defined as the study of the:

causes of a disease

A high serum lactate level (lactic acidosis) usually indicates the presence of

cellular hypoxia

Down syndrome is an example of a/an:

chromosomal disorder

Why is excessive bleeding a common occurrence with acute leukemia?

decreased platelets

One reason for staging a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis is to:

determine the best treatment and the prognosis

Antigen-presenting cells function to

display foreign antigen on their cell surfaces bound to MHC.

A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures would be called:

dysplasia

Predisposing factors to leukemia commonly include:

exposure to radiation

A frameshift mutation usually causes a single base pair substitution.

false

Metaplasia is an irreversible process.

false

Most homeostatic mechanisms function via positive feedback loops.

false

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma tends to spread in a predictable pattern.

false

Trisomy 18 is also called Down syndrome.

false

Type II hypersensitivity reactions are also called immune complex reactions.

false

Ubiquitin is a protein that attaches to cellular proteins and targets them to the lysosomes.

false

Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?

fever

Pathophysiology involves the study of:

functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes

Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include:

histamine and prostaglandins

The major cause of death from leukemic disease is

infection

Distinguishing clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus include:

inflammation in multiple organs

Activation of the complement cascade results in

inflammation.

Which of the following is typical of Hodgkin's disease?

initial tumor is single, painless, enlarged lymph node, often cervical

A point mutation

involves the substitution of a single base pair.

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, G.P. is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

kill rapidly dividing cells.

J.B. is a 12-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Manifestations of J.B.'s leukemia prior to treatment would include all of the following except

leukopenia

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

liquefactive

Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions because

massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation.

A factor associated with risk of Down syndrome is

maternal age

A spontaneous alteration in genetic material that may result from exposure to harmful substances is termed:

mutation

J.B. is a 12-year-old boy with ALL. As part of J.B.'s treatment, he must undergo several weeks of chemotherapy. The most serious complication of chemotherapy is

nausea and vomiting.

Multiple myeloma is a malignant tumor involving:

plasma cells

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

primary prevention

Injury that occurs when blood flow is restored to previously ischemic tissues is called _____ injury.

reperfusion

Remission for cancer is generally defined as a period in which:

signs and symptoms are absent

A classification process that applies to a specific malignant tumor and describes the extent of the disease at a given time is called:

staging

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

tertiary prevention

A fetus is most vulnerable to environmental teratogens during

the first trimester

Inflammation is said to be nonspecific because

the inflammatory reaction is similar regardless of cause.

Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology?

the science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases

The most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are:

thrombocytopenia and leucopenia

Cancer cells have a higher mutation rate than normal cells.

true

Cancers arise from stem cells present in tissues.

true

Clonal expansion of B lymphocytes upon first exposure to antigen requires T helper stimulation.

true

DNA mutation is a rare event because of DNA repair mechanisms.

true

Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions require participation by T lymphocytes.

true

Each B lymphocyte is able to bind to and produce antibody against only one specific antigen.

true

Generally the higher a tumor's grade, the higher its malignant potential.

true

Genotype refers to the specific set of gene alleles an individual possesses.

true

Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes occurs in most types of cancer.

true

Mast cells bind to the Fc portion of IgE antibodies.

true

Plasma cell myeloma is a myeloid neoplasm.

true

Polycythemia vera is a myeloid neoplasm.

true

Proto-oncogenes are normal cellular genes.

true

Recessive gene traits are expressed when an individual is homozygous for the gene.

true

Spontaneous conversion to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may occur with polycythemia vera, chronic myeloid leukemia, and essential thrombocythemia.

true

The difference between leukemia and lymphoma is that of disease stage.

true

Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome are examples of sex chromosome disorders.

true

A woman, aged 23, has developed a skin rash as well as nausea and vomiting, after taking an antimicrobial drug for a short time. The skin rash is red and quite itchy and is spreading over her entire body. The physician stops the medication because of this allergic reaction. The patient has also had hay fever during the summer and fall for the past few years and recently has demonstrated a severe reaction on several occasions to insect bites. What kind of hypersensitivity are these allergic reactions?

type 1