Pathophysiology Chapter 3

A client is admitted with cold exposure. How should the nurse explain the changes experienced by the client? Select all that apply. "Decrease in blood flow leads to hypoxia." "Hypoxia leads to tissue injury and death." "Vasoconstriction leads to decreased blood flow to tissues." "Cold decreases edema formation." "Decreased blood viscosity."

"Decrease in blood flow leads to hypoxia." "Hypoxia leads to tissue injury and death." "Vasoconstriction leads to decreased blood flow to tissues."

A client with pulmonary hypertension has hypertrophy of the heart's right ventricle. Which explanation is appropriate to tell the client?

"The cells enlarge in your heart from the increased workload."

A nurse is caring for four clients. Which client is at greatest risk for high blood levels of lead? A 17-year-old student who takes a woodworking class A 2-year-old anemic child who lives in a turn-of-the-century home A 30-year-old office worker with asthma A 62-year-old smoker with hypercalcemia

A 2-year-old anemic child who lives in a turn-of-the-century home

The nurse is reviewing the effects of various pharmaceutical agents. Which fact about the effect of medications on the body will the nurse apply in practice?

Antineoplastic drugs directly damage cells.

What happens when a cell is confronted with a decrease in work demands?

Cell becomes smaller.

Which process associated with cellular injury is most likely to be reversible? Cell damage resulting from accumulation of fat in the cytoplasm Cellular changes as a result of ionizing radiation Cell damage resulting from accumulation of free radicals Apoptosis

Cell damage resulting from accumulation of fat in the cytoplasm

Which situation causes atrophy? Select all that apply. Disuse Denervation Increased endocrine stimulation Increased nutrition Decreased blood flow

Disuse Denervation Decreased blood flow

The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the wind chill factor is -10°F (-23°C). When assessing the man's fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which type of cellular injury?

Hypoxic

Which situation causes hypertrophy?

Increase in workload

Which statement is true in relation to lead exposure?

Lead is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract or the lungs.

A public health nurse is conducting a wellness seminar in which a participant has asked how to minimize the potentially harmful effects of free radicals. What should the nurse recommend?

Make dietary changes and limit UV exposure.

Which change exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy?

Muscle mass increase with exercise

What happens as a cell's workload declines? Select all that apply. Oxygen consumption decreases. Protein synthesis decreases. Insulin levels increase. Energy expenditure increases. Cell size decreases.

Oxygen consumption decreases. Protein synthesis decreases. Cell size decreases.

Hypertrophy may occur as the result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions. The increase in muscle mass associated with exercise is an example of physiologic hypertrophy. Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory. Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular heart disease or hypertension. What is compensatory hypertrophy?

When one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss

Assessment of a client with diabetes reveals that the toes are dark in color and the skin is shrunken and wrinkled, with a clear delineation between affected and unaffected regions. This client likely has:

dry gangrene

In a genetic disorder called xeroderma pigmentosum, an enzyme needed to repair sunlight-induced DNA damage is lacking. This autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by:

extreme photosensitivity and a greatly increased risk of skin cancer in skin that has been exposed to the sun.

A client has developed heart failure. The doctor reviews the client's chest x-ray and notes that the heart has enlarged. The changes in the size and shape of the heart are the result of:

hypertrophy

The nurse explains to the hypertensive client that the increased workload required to pump blood against an elevated arterial pressure results in a progressive increase in left ventricular muscle mass. This is an example of:

hypertrophy

A pregnant client reports that she constantly craves tuna sandwiches and eats one every day. The nurse determines that the client is at greatest risk for:

increased mercury levels that may affect fetal development.

A client has developed cell atrophy. The most likely cause would be: ischemia. overuse. endocrine stimulation. reinnervation.

ischemia