Pathophysiology- Exam 1--questions--

The patient who has just undergone a kidney transplant starts to reject the new kidney. Which type of reaction is the patient experiencing? Autoimmune Allergy Antibody Alloimmune

Alloimmune

A nurse is explaining the role of antibodies to a patient. Which information should the nurse include? Antibodies can neutralize, agglutinate, or precipitate infectious organisms or their toxins. Antibodies are another name for natural killer cells that circulate in the body. Antibodies are ultimately responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Antibodies can stimulate vasodilation and vasopermeability during inflammation.

Antibodies can neutralize, agglutinate, or precipitate infectious organisms or their toxins.

The nurse is teaching the patient with a Type II reaction about how this process affects cells. Which information should the nurse include? Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity—involves natural killer cells Defective peripheral tolerance—T regulatory cells fail to adequately suppress autoreactive lymphocytes Retroviruses—infect and destroy helper T cells (CD4+ lymphocytes) Cryoglobulins—deposit in fingers, toes, and nose at low temperatures

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity—involves natural killer cells

A nurse is preparing a presentation on macrophages and dendrite cells. This should include which type of cell terminology? Maturation cells Antibody cells Antigen-presenting cells Antigen cells

Antigen-presenting cells

A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus asks the nurse what caused the disease. A nurse will identify the disease as which type? Antitoxin Allergen Alloimmune Autoimmune

Autoimmune

The nurse is correct in making which assumption when a patient has been diagnosed with septicema? The relevant pathogen has a protein shell called a capsid The disease process is most likely the result of a herpes simplex invasion Mycoses have been introduced into the bloodstream and are destroying T cells Bacteria are present in the bloodstream in sufficient quantity to cause clinical signs and symptoms

Bacteria are present in the bloodstream in sufficient quantity to cause clinical signs and symptoms

The nurse has been explaining to a student nurse about the different types of immunity. Which response indicates that the student nurse has a good understanding of adaptive immunity? Helper T cells are involved in only cell-mediated immunity. Antibodies are the primary cells in cell-mediated immunity. T cells are ultimately responsible for humoral immunity. Both the humoral and cell-mediated immunity develop memory cells.

Both the humoral and cell-mediated immunity develop memory cells.

A nurse is asked about the methods cytotoxic T (Tc) cells use to destroy infected cells. How should the nurse respond? By producing antibodies By directly killing infected or malignant cells By activating the kinin systems By stimulating B cell receptor complex

By directly killing infected or malignant cells

A nursing student comes to the nurse with some questions about receptors. The student asks about the location of CD8 receptors. The nurse tells the student that these are located on what structures? By producing antibodies By directly killing infected or malignant cells By activating the kinin systems By stimulating B cell receptor complex

By directly killing infected or malignant cells

A patient with cancer sustains an excessive amount of tumor necrosis factor alpha. For which condition should the nurse be particularly alert? Cachexia Hypothermia Decreased Inflammation increased bleeding

Cachexia

A patient has tuberculosis pulmonary infection. What type of Necrosis can the nurse expect to identify in the patients lungs? Caseous Fat Gangrenous Gas

Caseous

A patient has a primary immune deficiency. In this case which factors are deficient? Complement and phagocytes Mast cells and antibodies Antigens and allergens Histamine and B cells

Complement and phagocytes

What term does the nurse use to describe the process of endocytosis? Defensins Chronic inflammation Engulfment Wound Healing

Engulfment

Which concepts should the nurse discuss together when teaching about histamine receptors? H2 and edema H1 and lung H1 and decreased gastric secretions H2 and blood vessels

H1 and lung

Which disease process is an example of one that can be countered by passive immunotherapy with human immunoglobulin? Hepatitis B Rabies Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Ebola

Hepatitis B

While planning care for a patient with an infection, which immunity principle should guide the care? Adaptive immunity is provided by what two primary immune methods? Self and nonself. Humoral and cell-mediated. Innate and barriers. Skin and mucous membranes.

Humoral and cell-mediated.

a patient is diagnosed with gastroenteritis after eating food at a family reunion. the patients spouse who also attended the reunion is believed to be in the incubation period of the same infection process. which statement supports this assumption? i'm a little nauseous but i don't feel like vomiting I ate the same food but i'm not feeling okay i vomited a few times and now i feel okay i'm really nauseated but i haven't vomited

I ate the same food but i'm not feeling okay

Which interlukin (IL) is anti inflammatory? IL-1 IL-4 IL-6 IL-10

IL-10

When analyzing laboratory reports of a patient who has experienced an allergic reaction, which immunoglobulin should the nurse expect to see elevated? IgA IgM IgD IgE

IgE

A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a patient experiencing a typical primary immune response. Which antibody is most likely elevated? IgG IgM IgE IgA

IgM

A patient is diagnosed with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Which immunoglobulin would the nurse expect to be low? IgG IgM IgE IgA

IgM

What action increases an individual's risk of developing an endogenous infection? Not using insect repellent Ineffective perineal hygiene Drinking unpasteurized milk Careless handling of soiled cat litter

Ineffective perineal hygiene

Which microorganism regularly undergoes mutation of its antigens to resist the human immune system? Staphylococcus Influenza virus Herpes simplex virus Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Influenza virus

A nurse is aware that a patient has been diagnosed with a hepatitis B infection. Which chronic illness also noted in the patient's chart is likely the result of this infection? Kidney disease. Lyme arthritis. Poliomyelitis. Tuberculosis.

Kidney disease.

Which laboratory value is most consistent with Bruton agammaglobulinemia? High levels of IgA Low levels of B cells Low levels of fibrin High levels of antibodies

Low levels of B cells

If a patient has a phagocyte deficiency, which cells will be affected? Macrophages Helper T cells Mast cells Basophils

Macrophages

Which disease is an example of a virus that is considered a human pathogenic microorganism? Cholera Streptococcal pneumonia Measles Tinea pedis

Measles

A nurse is explaining adaptive immunity to a group of school teachers. Which information should the nurse include? Memory cells are produced. It is nonspecific to antigens. Immunity is short-lived. There is no response from the body.

Memory cells are produced

When discussing the process of infection, which statement made by the nurse regarding the term colonization requires immediate correction? The number of pathogens needed to cause infections varies dramatically The term describes the pathogen's ability to thrive within the human body The process depends of the pathogen's capacity to resist a human's immune system Most pathogens require only minimal exposure to trigger a serious infection.

Most pathogens require only minimal exposure to trigger a serious infection.

What cells are primarily responsible for phagocytic activity during inflammation? Histamine and interferons Neutrophils and macrophages interleukins and cytokines platelets and leukocytes

Neutrophils and macrophages

A new mother asks the nurse about immunity of her newborn as she is breastfeeding. The nurse's response should include a discussion on which type of immunity? Immunoglobulin Active Passive Innate

Passive

A nurse on the unit asks a student nurse which cells produce antibodies during an immune reaction. The student nurse should include which in the answer? T cells Mast cells Plasma cells Macrophages

Plasma cells

Which type of immune response to antigen Y occurs when a patient is exposed to antigen X and is later exposed to antigen Y? Primary Secondary Determinant Immunosuppressive

Primary

The patient tells the nurse, "I'm tired and achy. I think I'm coming down with some kind of infection." Which stage of the infection process is the patient likely experiencing? Incubation Invasion Convalescence Prodromal

Prodromal

Which factor has the greatest impact on the strongest resistance to reinfection by the same microbe in the future? Early treatment Recovery from a previous infection Absence of any existing chronic conditions Adherence to prescribed medication therapy

Recovery from a previous infection

A cancer patient develops an immune deficiency due to the course of the disease. This immune deficiency would be identified as which type? Congenital Primary Secondary Genetic

Secondary

The nurse would be most concerned when learning that lab testing has confirmed that a patient has been infected with what multiple antibiotic resistant pathogen? Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus influenzae Salmonella Chlamydia

Staphylococcus aureus

A patient overhears the word "Fab portion" in relation to antibodies and asks the nurse what this means. Which is the best response? The Fab portion binds to a specific antigen. The Fab portion creates the hinge region of the antibody. The Fab portion consists of light chains only. The Fab portion interacts with inflammatory cells.

The Fab portion binds to a specific antigen.

What is the infection-related action associated with the term virulence? How the microorganism damages the target tissue The ability to cause a serious illness The capacity to invade and multiple within the host The power to trigger the immune system

The ability to cause a serious illness

A patient asks the nurse what T regulatory (Treg) cells do. How should the nurse respond? They can stimulate B and T cells to reproduce quickly. They can suppress the immune response. They can stimulate the inflammatory response. They can suppress antigens by destroying the membrane.

They can suppress the immune response.

A patient has hypogammaglobulinemia from a B cell immune deficiency disorder. What should the nurse teach the patient about immunoglobulin injections for this condition? This treatment is only temporary. This treatment will provide a cure. This treatment may cause an exacerbation. This treatment should be avoided.

This treatment is only temporary.

A nurse is discussing immunity and the role of the central/primary lymphoid organs. Which organs is the nurse discussing? Heart and appendix Adenoids and tonsils Lymph nodes and spleen Thymus and bone marrow

Thymus and bone marrow

Graves disease is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction? Type I Type II Type III Type IV

Type II

A patient has a severe rash due to contact with poison ivy. Which type of reaction did this patient experience? Type IV Type III Type II Type I

Type IV

A nurse is discussing the process of protein catabolism, which is the nurse describing? Hormonal hyperplasia anoxia process Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway vacuolation

Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

A patient has gout, Which of the following laboratory results should the nurse monitor? Calcium Fatty Acids Uric Acid Sodium

Uric Acid

The nurse assesses the skin of a patient experiencing an allergic reaction. The nurse notes fluid-filled blisters surrounded by redness (hives). Which medical term should the nurse use to describe this finding? Erythema Anaphylaxis Pruritus Urticaria

Urticaria

which patient is at risk for developing an ear infection? a 15 year old with simple fractures of the left femur and ankle a 25 year old who received numerous mosquito bites on camping trip a 45 year old with ragweed and dust allergies a 65 year old who has a history of smoking

a 25 year old who received numerous mosquito bites on camping trip

A nurse is administering a medication to block the actions of prostaglandin. The medication is effective when which of the following occurs? a decrease in pain more rapid clotting platelets mannose is released

a decrease in pain

which patient is at greatest risk for developing a direct,vertically transmitted infection? an older adult diagnosed with HIV a newborn delivered vaginally a teenager engaging in unprotected sex a middle-aged adult who works at an animal shelter

a newborn delivered vaginally

a nurse is explaining variant genes to a group of nursing students. when discussing the retinoblastoma gene, what type of gene is the nurse describing? an oncogene a tumor suppressor gene a caretaker gene a growth-factor gene

a tumor suppressor gene

which of the following terms should the nurse use to describe a genetic event capable of activating oncogenes? pleomorphisis loss of heterozygosity amplification necrosis

amplification

The following Patients have a fractured bone. Which has the greatest risk for developing a life-threatening infection? a teeneager with a history of drug abuse an older adult with type 2 diabetes a young adult currently being treated for acute depression a middle aged adult with a history of 2 pack a day use of tobacco

an older adult with type 2 diabetes

when the cancer patient has a hemoglobin of 8 mg/dl, what condition will the nurse observe documented on the chart? hypoglycemia thrombocytopenia leukopenia anemia

anemia

A patient has Jaundice. Which of the following laboratory results is most critical for the nurse to monitor? lead melanin billrubin iron

billrubin

Of the following injuries, which is commonly seen in emergency departments or health care settings? sharp force blunt force Gunshot wounds infectious wounds

blunt forces

Which statement indicates a knowledge deficit regarding adaptive changes of cells? cells can adapt to changes in the environment by: atrophy hypertrophy hyperplasia catabolism

catabolism

what bacterial pathogen is capable of producing the most poisonous exotoxin currently known? most spirochetic shaped pathogens S. Aureus Most pyogenic bacteria clostridium botulinum

clostridium botulinum

which nursing action presents the greatest risk for developing an infection by indirect transmission? changing bed linen for a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis administering an IM injection to a patient experiencing severe vomiting collecting and bagging bloody dressing materials being bitten while attempting to restrain an aggressive, hallucinating patient

collecting and bagging bloody dressing material

A patient has a mutation in the APC gene. the nurse knows that this is mostly associated with cancer of the breast colon liver stomach

colon

A nurse is describing the process of metastasis. which is necessary in order for metastasis to occur? decreased cellular motility decreased cell adhesions temporary cessation of cell division proximity to body cavities

decreased cell adhesions

A patient is receiving antibiotics for an infection. for which side effect should the nurse particularly monitor coughing edema sneezing diarrhea

diarrhea

a patient being treated for chronic otitis media that has been resistant to treatment. what assessment question, directed at determining the cause of the ear infection , is most appropriate for the nurse to ask? are you allergic to any antibiotics? when did you first notice the ear pain ? do you have a permanent pacemaker implanted? have you been experiencing any drainage from the affected ear?

do you have a permanent pacemaker implanted?

the nurse is expecting a patient with an asphyxial injury. which type of injury should the nurse expect to see in the patient? stabbing laceration infection drowning

drowning

on completion of a presentation about the plasma protein system, which comment by a student nurse indicates teh need for more teaching? a component of the plasma protein synthesis is the: complement system elactase system clotting system kinnin system

elactase system

Which of the following treatments to help cancer related or chemotherapy-related anemia should the nurse discuss with the patient? exercise chemotherapy erythropoietin calcium and magnesium supplements

erythropoietin

Which condition is most closely associated with dysfunctional wound healing? optimal function excessive fibrin production adequate oxygen to tissue minimal bleeding

excessive fibrin production

Neuromuscular dysfunction and the release of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 are thought to be responsible for which of the following assessment findings of cancer? cachexia thrombocytopenia metastasis fatigue

fatigue

which statement indicates that the nurse needs more instruction regarding anemia and cancer? anemia in individual s with cancer can be the result of: decreased erythropoietin chronic bleeding fatigue iron deficiency

fatigue

it has been suggested that a patient has a disseminated candidiasis-associated infection. which assessment findings would confirm that suspicion? select all that apply delirium fever nausea and vomiting hypotension tachycardia

fever hypotension tachycardia

The ingestion of which of the following is the most likely cause of mercury poisoning among children? paint poultry fish glue

fish

A patient has a Helicobacter pylori infection. which type of cancer is most closely associated with this type of infection? lymphoma colon cancer gastric cancer bladder

gastric cancer

which symptom surprise the nurse when assessing a patient with cachexia? anorexia weight loss heart murmur weakness

heart murmur

A nurse is teaching student nurses how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks the body. An essential teaching point is that HIV attaches to CD4 receptors found on: helper T cells. cytotoxic T cells. plasma cells. viruses.

helper T cells

what factor facilitates the influenza A virus in creating changes to alter teh effectiveness of a persons immune system? ability to enter into a latency phase that allows the spread of the pathogen the virus overwhelms the system by engaging in unregulated, inhibited growth protein synthesis is stopped hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA are activated

hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA are activated

the nurse is assessing the patients wound and notes exudate containing red blood cells (erythrocytes), which document should the nurse make in the patients chart? serous exudate present hemorrhagic exudate Fibrinous exudate present purulent exudate present

hemorrhagic exudate

When mast cells degranulate, they release secondary medicators that have an effect similar to: toxins. histamine. bradykinin. antibodies.

histamine.

which of the following is correct regarding paraneoplastic syndrome? paraneoplastic syndrome is self vs non self antigenic marker the effects of this syndrome are angiogenic the inflammatory response will be depressed hormones are probably causing the signs and symptoms

hormones are probably causing the signs and symptoms

which statement made by a patient diagnosed with the flu requires intervention on the part of the clinic nurse? ill stay away from my grandchildren unirl after I start feeling better i expect ill feel physically worse before i feel better im feeling really tired but i guess that is pretty typical of the flu im hoping not to relapse in a few weeks like my brother did

ill stay away from my grandchildren unirl after I start feeling better

which of the following alterations in metabolism does the nurse expect to find in people with cancer? increased metabolic rate decreased fat breakdown increased anabolism overproduction of protein

increased metabolic rate

a cancer patient is experiencing pain the nurse wants the patient to be independent in managing the pain. whic technique shoudl the nurse implement? nutritional supplements antiemetic medications adult stem cells individual-controlled analgesia

individual-controlled analgesia

A patient is experiencing leukopenia from cancer and chemotherapy treatment. which condition should the nurse asses for in this patient? allergic reactions auto immune disease bleeding infection

infection

A patient with metastatic cancer is receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy. what is the priority complication the nurse should assess for in this patient? alopecia infection paraneoplastic syndrome pain

infection

a patient has hemosiderosis. what principle should the nurse remember while planning care? this patient has excessive: protein glycogen iron cholestrol

iron

what pathway is the nurse describing when a carbohydrate (mannose) froma bacterial cell wall activates the complement system? classical antibody lectin alternative

lectin

one of the functions of complement: histamine chemotaxis leukocyte degranulation opsonization cell regeneration

opsonization

Bradykins are primarily responsible for which phenomenon? Vasoconstriction smooth muscle relaxation decreased vascular permeability pain

pain

While caring for pregnant patient, the nurse realizes that the patient is experiencing hypertrophy of the uterus myometrium. This is called: Pathologic hypertrophy physiologic hypertrophy stretch hypertrophy trophic hypertrophy

physiologic hypertrophy

the student nuse expresses some confusion about the purpose of perfusion of anti inflammation. An explanation by the nurse should include the fact that inflammation: encourages infection concentrates toxins prepares an injured area for healing inhibits adaptive immune responses

prepares an injured area for healing

which drug resistant pathogen is one of most concern for the staff caring for a severely burned patient? salmonella typhi shigella campylobacter pseudomonas aeruginosa

pseudomonas aeruginosa

what existing condition places a patient at greatest risk for developing an infection? allergy to wheat psoriasis cataracts hypertension

psoriasis

a patient presents to the emergency department after taking cocaine and amphetamines. The nurse will assess for signs and symptoms that are most commonly seen with: opioid narcotics cannabinoid use psychomotor and CNS stimulation Sedative-hypnotics

psychomotor and CNS stimulation

what provides the strongest resistance to a re infection by a viral pathogen? a vaccination recovery from an initial infection passive immunity antibiotic therapy

recovery from an initial infection

while assessing an inflamed digit of the patient, the nurse would expect to observe: coughing ,sneezing,vomiting redness,heat,swelling pain, cyanosis,wheezing jaundice,constipation,vasodilating

redness,heat,swelling

when a patients wound has healed as the result of collagen scar tissue. the result is referred to as: regeneration resolution retraction repair

repair

the nurse is providing home health assessment visits to a patient diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. which system assessment is most important for this patient when considering the development of a biofilm-related infection? gastrointestinal respiratory musculoskeletal renal

respiratory

which situation is an example of communicability of an infectious pathogen? ten children attending the same daycare center are diagnosed with measles the infection that results after being bitten on the face by unleashed neighborhood dog 5 teenage athletes with fungal foot infections after showering in the schools locker rooms the nausea and vomiting that occurs after eating potato salad at a picnic on the 4th of July

ten children attending the same daycare center are diagnosed with measles

a patient diagnosed with food poisoning asks, "why do I keep getting more nauseous and continue to void? it's been 24 hours since i ate the bad food". what response should the nurse provide? you are still in the acute illness period of the infection process the bacteria are continuing to multiply rapidly your symptoms are going to lessen any time now ill give you a dose of antiemetic medication as soon as it's possible

the bacteria are continuing to multiply rapidly

A nurse is teaching the staff about tissue loss in cancer wasting. which information should the nurse include? a factor that contributes to the tissue loss in cancer wasting is: the release of cytokines malabsorption direct invasion of the bone marrow defects in erythropoietin production

the release of cytokines

The cancer patient asks the nurse to explain the purpose of neoadjuvant therapy . the nurse should explain that this will help shrink the tumor before surgery this will completely remove the tumor this type of treatment will occur after surgery the treatment uses only surgery

this will help shrink the tumor before surgery

which princinciple should the nurse use to guide nursing care when administering chemotherapeutic agents? these agents primarily target: all cells all cancer cells only cells that are incapable of mitosis this will help shrink the tumor before surgery

this will help shrink the tumor before surgery

The family of a patient with an allergic response wants to know more about the process. The nurse should identify that there are cells called "mast cells" that release histamine, and that the function of the histamine is to cause: vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. decreased gastric secretions and attraction of viruses. bronchodilation and activation of the complement cascade. dehydration and opsonization of bacteria.

vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.

considering the life cycle of a viral infection, which event is associated with the uncoating step of the process? viral nucleic acid is released from the capsid the virus attaches to a specific receptor on the target cell the virus injects either DNA or RNA into the target cell new virions are formed

viral nucleic acid is released from the capsid

which form of pathogen is most likely to cause a person to person infection bacteria virus fungus parasite

virus

The patient with cervical cancer is to undergo brachytherapy. the nurse explains that this therapy: chemotherapy that will being intravenously (IV) a surgical intervention in which the cancer will be removed an intervention in which the cervical cancer will be frozen then removed when a radiation source will be inserted internally into the cervix

when a radiation source will be inserted internally into the cervix

which laboratory test provides the most info regarding the patient's ability to respond to a fungal infection? platelet count RBC count white blood cell count serum glucose level

white blood cell count

education regarding Toxoplasma gondii, a common parasite found in the united states , is most relevant for what segment? children younger than 10 woman of child bearing age men older than 55 individuals with chronic health disorder

woman of child bearing age

Which patient is most likely to have a transfusion reaction? A patient with type AB receiving blood from a person with type B A patient with type B receiving blood from a person with type B A patient with type O receiving blood from a person with type AB A patient with type A receiving blood from a person with type O

A patient with type O receiving blood from a person with type AB

While reviewing a patient's chart, the nurse sees the term "immunodeficiency." Which disorder is most commonly associated with immunodeficiency? Allergy Autoimmunity Alloimmunity AIDS

AIDS