Pathophysiology Week 2 mechanisms of defense and tissue integrity

When looking at this photo, what factors can you see that might make her higher risk for pressure ulcers? Select all that apply. High Cholesterol Immunocompromised Age Nutrition Hypoglycemia Immobility

Age Immobility

Which of the following describes the cause of skin rashes? A surgical incision that causes an opening in the skin for purposes of accessing an organ External object striking the skin directly causing the opening of the skin surface Pressure on an area that causes the skin to open and become infected An immune or inflammatory response that causes the skin to react to and fight a potential invader

An immune or inflammatory response that causes the skin to react to and fight a potential invader

A patient started a new antibiotic for a leg infection. The patient reports feeling dizzy and having difficulty breathing and talking. Red, raised hives are on the face, neck, and chest. The nurse suspects that the patient is experiencing which condition? Hyperimmune response Allergic reaction Suppressed immune response Anaphylactic reaction

Anaphylactic reaction

The parents of a toddler question the nurse about the need for vaccinations: "Why does our child need all those shots? " The nurse can explain to the parents that which of the following are true about vaccinations? (Select all that apply.) Are part of primary prevention for diseases Help protect individuals and communities Are only required for infants Are only required for older adults Prevent the child from getting childhood diseases Are recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Are part of primary prevention for diseases Help protect individuals and communities Are recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

The correct order for wound healing is:

Blood clot forms and seals the area.​ Inflammation develops.​ Foreign material and cell debris are removed. ​ Granulation tissue grows into the gap.​ Cells produce collagen and new blood vessels.​ Collagen fibers promote formation of a tight, strong scar.​ Capillaries in the area decrease, and scar color fades.

An adult who has experienced stomach pains for the past three months visits their care provider for results of a recent test. He is informed that he has an ulcer with fibrosis, fibroblasts, and macrophages present. His treatment plan addresses which pathologic process? Chronic inflammation Acute inflammation Interstitial inflammation Fibrinous inflammation

Chronic inflammation

Identify as Chronic or Acute Used to describe diseases characterized by a sudden onset with a short, relatively severe course. The immediate response to tissue injury, which lasts from minutes to days. Used to describe diseases characterized by long duration and slow progression. The repeated destruction and repair of tissue for weeks to years after the initial injury.

Chronic: Used to describe diseases characterized by long duration and slow progression. The repeated destruction and repair of tissue for weeks to years after the initial injury. Acute: Used to describe diseases characterized by a sudden onset with a short, relatively severe course. The immediate response to tissue injury, which lasts from minutes to days.

Which statements describe the functions and structures of the skin? (Select all that apply) Epidermal ridges combined with sweat and oil create fingerprints Collagen is the strongest fiber in the skin The reticular layer promotes stretching of the skin The papillary layer is the strongest portion of the dermis Blood vessels in the dermis supply the epidermis with nutrients

Collagen is the strongest fiber in the skin The reticular layer promotes stretching of the skin The papillary layer is the strongest portion of the dermis Blood vessels in the dermis supply the epidermis with nutrients

The nurse reviews the patient's complete blood count (CBC) results and notes that the neutrophil levels are elevated, but monocytes are still within normal limits. This indicates what type of inflammatory response? None present​ Early stage acute​ Chronic Resolved

Early stage acute

Individuals of low socioeconomic status are at an increased risk for infection because of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Mostly male gender High cost of medications Inadequate nutrition Uninsured or underinsured status Easy access to health screenings

High cost of medications Inadequate nutrition Uninsured or underinsured status

In which of the following layers would a subcutaneous injection be administered? Stratum spinosum Hypodermis Dermis Stratum basale Stratum corneum

Hypodermis

When an individual is hypersensitive or allergic to a specific thing, excessive amounts of what are produced? (Select all that apply) Carbon dioxide molecules Inflammatory mediators Immune mediators T lymphocytes

Inflammatory mediators Immune mediators

Which immune chemical mediators contribute to the swelling associated with acute inflammation? (Select all that apply.) Leukotrienes Histamine Kinins Chemotactic factors Prostaglandins

Leukotrienes Histamine Kinins Prostaglandins

While the skin has the ability to block UV light which may cause damage, it also has the ability to absorb (Select all that apply) Proteins Lipid-based drugs Water Microbes Poisons

Lipid-based drugs Poisons

Which factors, if noted while assessing a nevus on someone's back, may be a sign of skin cancer? (Select all that apply.) New moles or odd-shaped lesions that develop A lesion with clear borders​ A change in shape, size, color, or texture of a lesion, especially an expanding, irregular circumference or surface A mole that is one uniform color A sore that does not heal A skin lesion that bleeds repeatedly, oozes fluid, or itches

New moles or odd-shaped lesions that develop A change in shape, size, color, or texture of a lesion, especially an expanding, irregular circumference or surface A sore that does not heal A skin lesion that bleeds repeatedly, oozes fluid, or itches

The nurse identified each of the following clinical manifestations of inflammation. Which would the nurse classify as a local response? (Select all that apply.) Pain Redness Heat Fever Swelling

Pain Redness Heat Swelling

The nurse assesses the patient and notes all of the following. Which of the findings indicates clinical manifestations of systemic inflammation? (Select all that apply.) Patient reports, "I'm tired all the time. I haven't felt like myself in days." Fever Elevated white blood cell count on lab results Thick, green nasal discharge Patient complaint of pain at 6 on a 0-10 scale on palpation of frontal and maxillary sinuses

Patient reports, "I'm tired all the time. I haven't felt like myself in days." Fever Elevated white blood cell count on lab results

A 72-year-old is recovering two days after having knee replacement surgery. The incisions are experiencing which type of healing? Granuloma formation Primary intention Scar formation Secondary intention

Primary intention

A simple intervention that can avoid the development of pressure ulcers includes: Ensure the patient eats their entire meal Give pain medication when patient has complaints of pain Give daily insulin as ordered Reposition patient every 1-2 hours, avoiding pressure on boney prominences

Reposition patient every 1-2 hours, avoiding pressure on boney prominences

Receptors in the skin related to cold, pressure, pain, and vibration are related to which function? Protection Sensation UV light protection Barrier to infection Vitamin D synthesis

Sensation

In which layer of the epidermis are the youngest keratinocytes located? Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum Stratum basale Stratum spinosum

Stratum Basale

longer term immunity resulting from production of antibodies in response to a foreign invader in the body; an unvaccinated child has the measles and recovers, leaving antibodies present to defend from the illness

active immunity

How can the cycle of infection be broken? (Select all that apply.) using large doses of antimicrobial drugs blocking transmission reducing the reservoir of microorganisms increasing host resistance

blocking transmission reducing the reservoir of microorganisms increasing host resistance

A communicable disease that can be easily transmitted from person to person is which type of disease? contagious iatrogenic acute nosocomial

contagious

The "incubation period" refers to the time period between which events? the onset of the prodromal period and the peak of the acute infection the acute period and establishment of chronic infection entry of the pathogen into the body and appearance of clinical signs the onset of clinical signs and signs of recovery from infection

entry of the pathogen into the body and appearance of clinical signs

A difference between an acute disease and chronic disease is that chronic diseases have a(n) ____________ period of illness.

extended

Which of the following would be a sign of systemic infection? fever muscle aches headache nausea

fever

Which of the following is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease? food poisoning due to a preformed bacterial toxin in food infection with a respiratory virus skin infection acquired from a dog bite infection acquired from the stick of a contaminated needle

food poisoning due to a preformed bacterial toxin in food

During an oral procedure, the dental hygienist nicked the patient's gum with a sharp instrument. This allowed Streptococcus, a bacterium normally present in the mouth, to gain access to the blood. As a result, the patient developed bacterial endocarditis (an infection of the heart). Which type of disease is this? communicable Zoonotic nosocomial vectors

nosocomial

When an infectious disease is occurring globally at a higher rate than usual, it may be designated as a/an: emerging disease. epidemic. pandemic. sporadic event.

pandemic

A teacher is educating another student about the importance of adequate nutrition to help maintain skin integrity. The teacher helps the student realize that this breaks the chain of infection by the __________________ element?

portal of entry

Secondary bacterial infections occur frequently during virus infections (i.e. influenza or coronavirus) primarily because: antiviral drugs lower host resistance the viral infection is usually self-limiting the virus causes tissue inflammation and necrosis respiratory droplets transmit infections

the virus causes tissue inflammation and necrosis

Which factors can prevent or reduce the effectiveness of wound healing of a pressure ulcer? (Select all that apply.) Uncontrolled blood sugar Frequent repositioning Poor circulation to the wound area Appropriate wound management Inadequate protein intake

uncontrolled blood sugar poor circulation to the wound area inadequate protein intake

Select the items below that are non-modifiable risk factors: Age Sedentary lifestyle Family History Diabetes Tobacco Use

Age Family History

Which of the following protects the skin against infection by microbes? (Select all that apply) Antimicrobial peptides Vitamin D Nerve endings Dryness Acid mantle

Antimicrobial peptides dryness Acid Mantle

Which immune cells are activated first when suspicious cells are identified in the blood stream? T cells Kinins Phagocytes B cells

B cells

Which of the following contribute to the color of the skin? (Select all that apply) Carotene Keratin Hemoglobin Collagen Melanin

Carotene Hemoglobin Melanin

What is the chemical mediator released from mast cells and basophils during an allergic reaction? Kinins Histamine Cytokines Prostaglandins

Histamines

Hypersensitivity reactions stimulate a(n) ______________ response.

Inflammatory

Which immune cells containing specific antibodies may be administered to prevent, or decrease the severity of, illness in an individual exposed to a pathogen? Immunoglobulins Helper T cells B lymphocytes Natural killer cells

Innunoglobulins

What type of infection occur in hospitals, health care facilities, and doctor offices? Nosocomial infection Viral infection Bacterial infection Reservoir infection

Nosocomial infection

Tissue integrity can be affected by which of the following challenges? (Select all that apply.) Other conditions or diseases Ineffective or overactive inflammatory response Surrounding harsh environments Poor nutritional levels Inconsistent or inappropriate tissue wound care

Other conditions or diseases Ineffective or overactive inflammatory response Surrounding harsh environments Poor nutritional levels Inconsistent or inappropriate tissue wound care

What is the function of the non-specific (innate) immune system?​ Protect the heart and lungs Prevent pathogens from entering the body Retain information from previous infections Respond to pathogens detected in the body

Prevent pathogens from entering the body

Review the risk factors below and select the risk factors specific to Pressure Ulcers: Good nutrition Sedentary Lifestyle Hypoglycemia High blood pressure Diabetes High cholesterol Age Incontinence

Sedentary Lifestyle Diabetes Age Incontinence

Why are areas of the heel and adipose in the subcutaneous layer often yellowish-orange? The pigment hemoglobin is stored there The pigment carotene is stored there The pigment pheomelanin is stored there The pigment keratin is stored there The pigment eumelanin is stored there

The pigment carotene is stored there

Evaporation of water from the skin functions in Protection from UV light Expressiveness Protection from abrasions Thermoregulation Strengthening the bones

Thermoregulation

What are culture and sensitivity tests used for? To identify the causative microbe and the effective antimicrobial agent for it To provide living host cells for microbes requiring such for replication To determine the type of microbe present in an exudate To provide a specific medium that supports maximum microbial growth

To identify the causative microbe and the effective antimicrobial agent for it

Hypersensitivity reactions are also known as: Immunodeficiency reactions Immunosuppressive responses Antibiotic reactions Allergic reactions

allergic reactions

A person steps on a rusty nail and develops tetanus. In this case, the person has acquired a(n)_________________ disease.

noncommunicable

A patient comes to college health clinic with a complaint of red, painful, itchy feet. During health history, the patient tells the nurse that he is a college student living in a dorm and shares a bathroom with other students. What teaching should the nurse provide for this patient? "Avoid sharing personal items and wear non-skid shoes in the bathroom" "Have bloodwork checked monthly" "Don't shower as often" "Disinfect showers and bathroom floors monthly after use"

"Avoid sharing personal items and wear non-skid shoes in the bathroom"

A public health educator is teaching a group of business professionals about disease transmission. The educator knows that additional teaching is needed when one of the participants states which of the following? "Food and water supplies in foreign countries can contain microorganisms to which my body is not accustomed and has no resistance" "I need to be sure to practice good hand hygiene when traveling in crowded planes and trains" "When traveling outside of the country, I need to be sure that I receive appropriate vaccinations" "If I don't feel sick, then I don't have to worry about spreading diseases"

"If I don't feel sick, then I don't have to worry about spreading diseases"

The pathophysiologic inflammation of these signs progresses as follows. Rearrange the steps below into the correct order. -Loss of function occurs as a result of swelling. For example, swelling can impede muscle and joint movement. Pain can also cause guarding and avoidance of painful voluntary movement, which also contributes to loss of function. -Increased blood flow results in both redness and warmth. -Proinflammatory hormones (e.g., prostaglandins, cytokines, histamines) increase blood flow to the injured area. -Pain results from the pressure of swollen tissues that stimulate pain receptors. -Swelling is the result of a combination of increased blood flow and extravasation of WBCs, fluids, and other substances out of the vascular system into the injured area.

-Proinflammatory hormones (e.g., prostaglandins, cytokines, histamines) increase blood flow to the injured area. -Increased blood flow results in both redness and warmth. -Swelling is the result of a combination of increased blood flow and extravasation of WBCs, fluids, and other substances out of the vascular system into the injured area. -Pain results from the pressure of swollen tissues that stimulate pain receptors. -Loss of function occurs as a result of swelling. For example, swelling can impede muscle and joint movement. Pain can also cause guarding and avoidance of painful voluntary movement, which also contributes to loss of function.

Which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for a nosocomial infection? 32-year-old who is immunocompromised 21-year-old with diabetes 70-year-old with congestive heart failure 16-year-old with pneumonia

32-year-old who is immunocompromised

Which of the following describes the cause of Pressure Ulcers: A wound that appears after an area of skin is exposed to high temperatures An area of skin exposed after being dragged along the concrete A wound that develops from continued pressure in a specific area of skin After surgery, a non-healing wound that develops from a surgical incision

A wound that develops from continued pressure in a specific area of skin

Acute inflammatory components OR Immunity or immune response cellular components? Lymphatic tissues Cytokines Histamine Antibody Antigen Prostaglandins ​

Acute Inflammatory Components: cytokines, histamines, prostaglandins Immunity or immune response cellular components: Lymphatic tissue, antibody, antigen