Pathos (finals)

Be careful with fear appeals

-A fear appeal attempts to persuade people to engage in a particular action or accept a belief in order to avoid some negative consequence of not acting or believing.

Pathos is

-Emotional appeals -The speaker attempts to evoke certain feelings or emotions in the listeners.

Overuse of Emotion Appeals

-Emotional appeals can be very effective, but they can also be abused. -When using emotional appeals, consider what you are trying to accomplish, who your audience is, and when and where you'll be speaking. -e.g., Not a good idea to appeal to disgust by showing graphic photos of slaughtered animals during a luncheon or dinner speech. -Avoid showing graphic images simply for shock value. (Can contribute to a negative attitude toward the speaker by the audience).

Motivational appeals

-motivation is the force that draws our attention to certain things and makes us act in certain ways (again, relies on positive—attracting/ or negative—repelling emotions) A) Fear -horrible things will happen if you fail to do something or take action B) Compassion -concern, pity, or sympathy for another C) Pride -a feeling of personal accomplishment; something cherished, valued or held in high regard D) Anger -provoke with strong displeasure E) Guilt -a feeling of responsibility or remorse F) Fairness -to establish or restore moral balance in the world so that everyone gets the treatment they deserve

Delivery

-tone of voice, gestures, and facial expressions should reflect the seriousness of the topic -the goal is to convince the listeners you feel these emotions yourself -however, don't be overly emotional

Additional techniques for incorporating pathos into your in-class speech

1) Emotive language 2) Visual imagery 3) Delivery 4) Appeal to needs 5) Motivational appeals

Objects

1) Idol (positive) 2) Abomination (negative)

People (can be used as a person, group of people, or organization)

1) Saint (positive) 2) Sinner (negative)

Social Events & Conditions (larger, global scale)

1) Utopia (positive) 2) Wasteland (negative)

Actions (a more individualized action)

1) Virtue (positive) 2) Vice (negative)

Two types of emotions

1) appealing (positive) 2) repelling (negative)

Appeal to needs

A) Basic Needs -being able to breathe clean air, drink uncontaminated water, have food, shelter, good health, freedom from pain, freedom from stress, enjoyment B) Safety -to be free from threat, have security and stability C) Social Needs -to be accepted by others, have friendship, love, family togetherness D) Esteem -to feel good about yourself, pride, recognition, success E) Self-Actualization -to reach your full potential, seek challenges, achieve your ultimate goal

Fear appeals are not successful because

A) The audience should be concerned but not apprehensive. B) Too much anxiety leads to rejection. C) People prefer not to deal with the negative.

Fear appeals can be effective when

A) The fear appeal is mild. B) The fear appeal is directed at loved ones rather than the audience members themselves. C) The negative information is followed with suggestions for improvement.

Abomination

Abomination is the opposite of idol. The speaker wished to discourage the audience from buying or using a product by highlighting its inferior or harmful qualities. The same negative emotions can be used if you want the audience to believe the tree should be cut down, the building should be demolished, or the landmark should be destroyed

Idol

Idol is usually used to persuade the audience to buy or use a particular product, but idol can also be used to persuade the audience to protect a tree, preserve a building, or refurbish a particular landmark. The strategy instills value to the object and highlights that objects positive qualities

Saint

Saint is used to highlight the good qualities or characteristics of the person, group, or organization so the audience will admire and respect them - it is aimed at establishing or building up the ethos of the person, group, or organization

Sinner

Sinner is used to attack the ethos of a person, group, or organization. The speaker wants the audience to shun them because of their negative qualities or characteristics

Wasteland

This strategy asks the audience to envision a world in chaos, on the verge of destruction, hopeless, dark, depressing. Most global warming rhetoric relies on wasteland.

Utopia

This strategy asks the audience to envision a world where every need is met, fairness prevails, peace reigns, everyone is happy, and so forth.

Vice

Vice is used to persuade the audience to stop doing something because it is harmful to themselves or others

Virtue

Virtue is used to persuade the audience to take some action because it is good, moral, helpful, or beneficial to themselves or others

The strategies of pathos can be used __ or in __ with each other

alone or in conjunction

Visual imagery

use photos and video clips to stir emotions

Emotive language

use words that evoke emotion