PCAL
Insulin glargine (Lantus®) injection is available in 10-mL vials containing 100 units/mL. How many milliliters would a patient administer for: A starting dose of 10 units?
0.1 mL insulin glargine
If an ophthalmic solution contains 1 mg of dexamethasone phosphate in each milliliter of solution, how many milligrams of dexamethasone phosphate would be contained in 2 drops if the eyedropper used delivered 20 drops per milliliter?
0.1 mg dexamethasone
Rx Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 100 mg Sterile Water for Injection ad 100 mL Sig: 2 drops into eyes q 4 hours x 2 days; then 2 drops q 6 hours x 4 days. Calculate the percent strength of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in the prescription.
0.1% w/v dexamethasone
If an intravenous fluid is adjusted to deliver 15 mg of medication to a patient per hour, how many milligrams of medication are delivered per minute?
0.25 mg
A morphine sulfate extended-release liposome injection (Depodur®) contains morphine sulfate 10mg/mL of injection. Calculate the percentage strength of morphine sulfate in the injection.
1% w/v morphine
Procaine hydrochloride (m.w. 273) is a 2-ion electrolyte, dissociating 80% in a certain concentration. Calculate its dissociation factor:
1.8
How many grams each of sodium chloride and dextrose are present in a 1000 mL IV bag of 0.18% sodium chloride and 4% dextrose?
1.8 g NaCl, 40 g dextrose
A glass plummet weighs 14.35 g in air, 11.40 g when immersed in water, and 8.95 g when immersed in sulfuric acid. Calculate the specific gravity of the acid.
1.831
If the cost of the quantity of a drug product to be dispensed is $4.00 and the pharmacist applies an 80% markup on cost, what would be the prescription price?
$7.20
If the daily dose of a drug is given in the literature as 8 mg/kg of body weight or 350 mg/m2, calculate the dose on each basis for a patient weighing 150 lb. and measuring 5 ft. 8 in. in height.
545.5 mg and 630 mg
A patient received 250 mL of an infusion at a rate of 40 mL/hr. What was the infusion time in hours, minutes?
6 hours, 15 minutes
Rx Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate 400 mg/5 mL Disp. 100 mL Sig. _ tsp. q.i.d. until all medication is taken. If the dose of erythromycin ethylsuccinate is given as 40 mg/kg per day, How many days will the medication last?
10 days
A solution contains 20 mg% (20 mg/100 mL) of Ca++ ions. Express this concentration in terms of milliequivalents per liter.
10 mEq/L
Calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to make 1000 g of the ointment. Coal Tar 5 parts Zinc Oxide 10 parts Hydrophilic Ointment 50 parts What is the part of Zinc oxide in the ointment preparation?
153.85 g of Zinc Oxide
A solution of sodium chloride contains 77 mEq/L. Calculate its osmolar strength in terms of milliosmoles per liter. Assume complete dissociation.
154 mOsmol/L
If 500 mL of mineral oil is used to prepare a liter of mineral oil emulsion, how many grams of the oil, having a specific gravity of 0.87, would be used in the preparation of 1 gallon of the emulsion?
1646.5 g
ENSURE liquid is chosen for enteral nutrition for this patient. A quart container provides 37g protein, 143 g carbohydrates, 37 g lipids, and 1.06 kcal/mL. If the product contains 85% free water, does it meet the patient's daily water requirement?
1675 mL/day
Calculate the body mass index for a per son measuring 1.7 meters in height and weighing 87 kilograms:
30 BMI
Rx Ofloxacin Ophthalmic Solution 0.3% Disp. 10 mL Sig: 2 drops into eyes q 4 hours x 2 days; then 2 drops q 6 hours x 4 days. A pharmacist filled the prescription with OCUFLOX. How many milligrams of ofloxacin are contained in the dispensed prescription?
30 mg ofloxacin
Tretinoin gel (Retin-A Micro®) is available in two strengths: 0.1% w/w and 0.04% w/w. Which of these represents equivalent concentrations of the two strengths?
30 mg/30 g and 6 mg/15 g
A pediatric patient received 50 mL of an infusion at 10 drops/minute with an administration set that delivered 60 drops/ mL. Calculate the duration of the infusion in minutes.
300 minutes
A 15-mL package of nasal spray delivers 20 sprays per milliliter of solution, with each spray containing 1.5 mg of drug. How many total sprays will the package deliver?
300 sprays
How many milliequivalents of Li+ are provided by a daily dose of four 300-mg tablets of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3— m.w. 74)?
32.43 mEq
A flavored potassium chloride packet contains 1.5 g of potassium chloride. How many milliequivalents of potassium chloride are represented in each packet?
20.13 mEq
The adult dose of a liquid medication is 0.1 mL/kg of body weight to be administered as a single dose. How many teaspoonfuls should be administered to a person weighing 220 lb.?
2 tsp.
Adhesive tape made from fabric has a tensile strength of not less than 20.41 kg/2.54 cm of width. Reduce these quantities to grams and millimeters:
20,410 g/25.4 mm
An elixir contains 40 mg of drug in each 5 mL. How many milligrams of the drug would be used in preparing 4000 mL of the elixir?
32000 mg
If 0.5 mL of a mumps virus vaccine contains 5000 units of antigen, how many units would be present in each milliliter if the 0.5 mL of vaccine was diluted to 2 mL with water for injection?
2500 units antigen
ALFERON N injection contains 5 million IU of interferon alpha-n3 per milliliter. How many units will an injection of 0.05 mL deliver?
250000 international units
The following regimen for oral prednisone is prescribed for a patient: 50 mg/ day x 10 days; 25mg/day x 10 days; 12.5 mg/day x 10 days; 5 mg/day x 10 weeks. How many scored 25-mg tablets and how many 5-mg tablets should be dispensed to meet the dosing requirements?
35 25-mg tablets and 70 5-mg tablets
The dose of mitomycin injection is 20mg/m2 per day. Determine the daily dose for a patient who weighs 144 lb. and measures 68 in. in height.
35.4 mg mitomycin
A 10-mL ampule of potassium chloride contains 2.98 g of potassium chloride (KCl). What is the concentration of the solution in terms of milliequivalents per milliliter?
4 mEq
A patient cuts 100-mg scored tablets to take his 50-mg prescribed daily dose. A prescription for thirty 100-mg tablets costs $45, and a prescription for thirty 50-mg tablets costs $40. The patient asked the pharmacist to weigh an uncut tablet on an electronic balance into two ''halves.'' The uncut tablet was found to weigh 240 mg, and the cut ''halves'' weighed 125 mg and 115 mg, respectively. What was the percentage error in the weight of the cut tablets compared with ''exact halves''?
4.2%
A gas chromatographic column measures 1.8 m in length. Convert this measurement to inches:
70.90 inches
An inhalation aerosol contains 225 mg of metaproterenol sulfate, which is sufficient for 300 inhalations. How many micrograms of metaproterenol sulfate would be contained in each inhalation?
750 mcg metaproterenol
Calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to make 1000 g of the ointment. Coal Tar 5 parts Zinc Oxide 10 parts Hydrophilic Ointment 50 parts What is the part of coal tar in the ointment preparation?
76.92 g of Coal Tar
Calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to make 1000 g of the ointment. Coal Tar 5 parts Zinc Oxide 10 parts Hydrophilic Ointment 50 parts What is the part of hydrophilic ointment in the ointment preparation?
769.23 g
Convert 26°C to corresponding degrees Fahrenheit:
78.8°F
How many milliequivalents of ammonium (NH4+) ion are contained in 1 liter of a 4.2% w/v solution of ammonium chloride?
785.05 mEq
In what proportions may a manufacturing pharmacist mix 20%, 15%, 5%, and 3% zinc oxide ointments to produce a 10% ointment?
7:5:5:10
A physician orders a 2-g vial of a drug to be added to 500 mL of D5W. If the administration rate is 125 mL per hour, how many milligrams of the drug will a patient receive per minute?
8.33 mg
The biotechnology-derived product interferon beta-1b contains 32 million international units per milligram. Calculate the number of international units present in a vial containing 0.3 mg of interferon beta-1b.
9600000 units
It is accepted as the clinical standard for judging excessive weight and obesity. And, it is defined as body weight in kilograms divided by the square of height measured in meters:
Body mass index
It is the method of calculating drug doses that is widely used for two types of patient groups: cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and pediatric patients:
Body surface area
(CALCULATION OF DOSES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS) It is the quantitative amount administered or taken by a patient for the intended medicinal effect:
Dose
The following statements about the dose of drug are correct: I. Dosage regimen is the schedule of dosing. II. Single dose is the amount taken at one time. III. Total dose is the amount taken during the course of therapy. IV. Divided dose is taken two or more times per day depending on the characteristics of the drug.
I, II, III and IV
It is considered most useful standard for the determination of specific gravities of gases:
Hydrogen
A FLEET saline enema containing 19 g of monobasic sodium phosphate (monohydrate) and 7 g of dibasic sodium phosphate (heptahydrate) in 118 mL of aqueous solution is:
Hypertonic solution
An ophthalmic solution containing 40 mg/mL of cromolyn sodium and 0.01% of benzalkonium chloride in purified water is:
Hypotonic solution
Similar in amount to usual doses are administered according to the dosage regimen to sustain the desired drug blood levels or drug effects is known as:
Maintenance dose
Interpret the following Subscription (Ft. cap. #1. DTD no.xxxvi N.R.) taken from a prescription:
Make one capsule. Dispense 36 such doses. Do not repeat.
(ISOTONIC AND BUFFER SOLUTIONS) When a solvent passes through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one, the concentrations become equalized and the phenomenon is known as:
Osmosis
The strengths of very dilute solutions are commonly expressed in terms of:
PPM/PPB
Subdivisions of one billionth (10-9) of the basic unit mean:
Nano
The following statements about osmotic pressure are correct, except: I. Two solutions that have the same osmotic pressure are termed isosmotic. II. A solution having the same osmotic pressure as a specific body fluid is termed isotonic. III. Solutions of lower osmotic pressure than that of a body fluid are termed hypotonic. IV. Solutions having a higher osmotic pressure are termed hypertonic.
None of the above
It is defined as any medication route other than the alimentary canal and thus includes all routes of injection:
Parenteral
It is the branch of medicine that deals with disease in children from birth through adolescence:
Pediatrics
It expresses the number of milliliters of a constituent in 100 mL of solution or liquid preparation:
Percent volume-in-volume (v/v)
(PERCENTAGE, RATIO STRENGTH, AND OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF CONCENTRATION) It expresses the number of grams of a constituent in 100 mL of solution or liquid preparation and is used regardless of whether water or another liquid is the solvent or vehicle:
Percent weight-in-volume (w/v)
The strength of an official diluted acid is expressed as:
Percent weight-in-volume (w/v)
It expresses the number of grams of a constituent in 100 g of solution or preparation:
Percent weight-in-weight (w/w)
The strength of an official undiluted (concentrated) acid is expressed as:
Percent weight-in-weight (w/w)
ENSURE liquid is chosen for enteral nutrition for this patient. A quart container provides 37g protein, 143 g carbohydrates, 37 g lipids, and 1.06 kcal/mL. How many grams each of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids would this volume provide?
Protein 77.07 g/day, carbohydrates 297.88 g/day, lipids 77.07 g/day
(ALCOHOL PROOF STRENGTH CONVERSIONS) It is an aqueous solution containing 50% v/v of absolute alcohol (100% v/v ethyl alcohol):
Proof spirit
It is twice the percentage strength of alcohol and thus 50% v/v alcohol is 100 proof:
Proof strength
Certain dose of biologic or immunologic products, such as vaccines, may be administered to protect the patient from contracting a specific disease is called:
Prophylactic dose
It is defined as the expression of the equality of two ratios:
Proportion
These are consecutive figures that express the value of a denominate number accurately enough for a given purpose:
Significant figures
It is usually defined as an abstract number representing the ratio, expressed decimally, of the volume of a substance to the volume of an equal weight of another substance taken as a standard, both having the same temperature:
Specific volume
Multiples of one trillion times (1012) the basic unit mean:
Tera
(THERMOMETRY) The United States Pharmacopeia provides the definition for the storage of pharmaceuticals in a refrigerator as:
between 2°C and 8°C
Direction to the patient such as "n.p.o (non per os)" means:
nothing by mouth
It is used as the standard for the determination of specific gravities of liquids and solids:
Water
A prescription drug cost the pharmacist $42.00 for a bottle of 100 tablets. What would be the cost for 24 tablets?
$10.08
A patient cuts 100-mg scored tablets to take his 50-mg prescribed daily dose. A prescription for thirty 100-mg tablets costs $45, and a prescription for thirty 50-mg tablets costs $40. The patient asked the pharmacist to weigh an uncut tablet on an electronic balance into two ''halves.'' The uncut tablet was found to weigh 240 mg, and the cut ''halves'' weighed 125 mg and 115 mg, respectively. How much money did the patient save on a monthly basis by dosing with half tablets?
$17.50
If the tax on alcohol is quoted at $13.50 per proof gallon, how much tax would be collected on 10 gallons of alcohol marked 190 proof?
$256.50
The cost of 100 antacid tablets is $2.10. What should be the selling price per 100 tablets to yield a 40% gross profit on the selling price?
$3.50
The list price of an antihistamine elixir is $6.50 per pint, less 40%. What is the net cost per pint of the elixir?
$3.90
It is generally accepted that _ degree Celsius is the freezing point of both blood serum and lacrimal fluid:
-0.52
A solution of anhydrous dextrose (m.w. 180) contains 25 g in 500 mL of water. Calculate the freezing point of the solution.
-0.52°C
Procaine hydrochloride (m.w. 273) is a 2-ion electrolyte, dissociating 80% in a certain concentration. Calculate the freezing point of a molal solution of procaine hydrochloride:
-3.35°C
Sodium chloride is a 2-ion electrolyte, dissociating 90% in a certain concentration. Calculate the freezing point of a molal solution:
-3.53°C
Purified water contains not more than 10 ppm of total solids. Express this concentration as a percentage.
0.001% w/v
If 100 mL of a pharmaceutical preparation contains 20 mcL of a 50% w/v solution of benzalkonium chloride, what is the percentage strength of that agent in the solution?
0.01% w/v benzalkonium
Digoxin (Lanoxin®) pediatric elixir contains 0.05 mg of digoxin in each millimeter of elixir. How many milligrams of digoxin would be administered with a dose of 0.6 mL?
0.03 mg digoxin
Insulin glargine (Lantus®) injection is available in 10-mL vials containing 100 units/mL. How many milliliters would a patient administer for: A maintenance dose of 4 units?
0.04 mL insulin glargine
Oxycodone hydrochloride oral concentrate solution (Oxyfast®) contains 20 mg/1 mL. If a dose of 0.75 mL is added to 30 mL of juice prior to administration. Calculate the percentage concentration (w/v) of oxycodone hydrochloride in the drink:
0.049% w/v oxycodone
A vaginal cream contains 0.01% (w/v) of intradermal skin prick of 0.05 mL of a 1:1,000,000 (w/v) dilution of fire ant extract. How many micrograms of extract would be administered in this manner?
0.05 mcg fire ant extract
A sample of Oriental ginseng contains 0.4 mg of active constituents in each 100 mg of powdered plant. How many milligrams of active constituents would be present in 15 mg of powdered plant?
0.06 mg
Express 1:1500 as a percentage strength:
0.067%
The dose of Voltaren® (diclofenac sodium) gel, when applied to the hands in the treatment of arthritic pain, is 2 g four times a day. The gel contains diclofenac sodium 1% and is available in 100- g tubes. How many grams of the drug diclofenac sodium would be administered per day and how many days of treatment would be available per tube of gel?
0.08 g diclofenac per day for 12.5 days
One-half liter of solution for intravenous infusion contains 2 g of drug. How many milliliters of the solution would contain 0.5 mg of drug?
0.125 mL
Hydromorphone hydrochloride suppositories contain 3 mg of active ingredient and weigh approximately 2 grams each. What is the equivalent percentage strength?
0.15%
How many milliliters of U-100 insulin zinc suspension should be used to obtain 18 units of insulin?
0.18 mL U-100 insulin zinc suspension
Rx Sol. Silver Nitrate 0.5% 15 Make isoton. sol. Sig. For the eyes. How many grams of potassium nitrate should be used to make the prescription isotonic?
0.19 g potassium nitrate
Procaine hydrochloride (m.w. 273) is a 2-ion electrolyte, dissociating 80% in a certain concentration. Calculate its sodium chloride equivalent:
0.21
Rx Dipivefrin Hydrochloride 1⁄ 2% Scopolamine Hydrobromide 1/3% Sodium Chloride q.s. Purified Water ad 30 Make isoton. sol. Sig. Use in the eye. How many grams of sodium chloride should be used in compounding the prescription?
0.236 g sodium chloride
How many grams of a 1:10 trituration are required to obtain 25 mg of drug?
0.25 g
Each 1-mL adult dose of hepatitis A vaccine contains 1440 EL.U. of viral antigen. What would be the pediatric dose of this vaccine if 360 EL.U. of viral antigen are to be administered?
0.25 mL
How many milliliters of an injection containing 20 mg of gentamicin in each 2 mL should be used in filling a medication order calling for 2.5 mg of gentamicin to be administered intramuscularly?
0.25 mL gentamicin
A pediatric vitamin drug product contains the equivalent of 0.5 mg of fluoride ion in each milliliter. How many milligrams of fluoride ion would be provided by a dropper that delivers 0.6 mL?
0.3 mg fluoride
SYMBICORT 80/4.5 is an oral inhalation product containing 80 mcg of budesonide and 4.5mcg of formoterol fumarate per inhalation. The dose is stated as ''two inhalations twice daily.'' How much of each drug would be administered daily?
0.32 mg budesonide, 0.018 mg formoterol
(REDUCING AND ENLARGING FORMULA) If a formula for 1000 mL contains 6 g of a drug, how many grams of drug are needed to prepare 60mL of the formula?
0.36 g
Digoxin (Lanoxin®) is available for parenteral pediatric use in a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. How many milliliters would provide a dose of 40 mcg?
0.4 mL
Pediatric Lanoxin® injection contains digoxin, 100 mcg/mL. What volume must be administered to provide a dose of 0.04 mg?
0.4 mL Lanoxin® injection
If an insulin injection contains 100 units of insulin in each milliliter, how milliliters should be injected to receive 40 units of insulin?
0.40 mL insulin injection
Norgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets are available containing 0.5 mg of norgestrel and 50 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. How many grams of ethinyl estradiol ingredient would be used in making 10,000 tablets?
0.5 g ethinyl estradiol
Each 0.01 mL of a mumps vaccine contains 400 TCID50 of the mumps virus. If the usual dose contains 20,000 TCID50, how many milliliters of vaccine should be administered?
0.5 mL mumps vaccine
In acute hypersensitivity reactions, 0.5 mL of a 1:1000 (w/v) solution of epinephrine may be administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Calculate the milligrams of epinephrine given.
0.5 mg epinephrine
A vial contains 80 mg of drug in 2 mL of injection. How many milliliters of the injection should be administered to obtain 0.02 g of drug?
0.5000 mL
Rx Zinc Sulfate 0.06 Boric Acid q.s. Purified Water ad 30 Make isoton. sol. Sig. Drop in eyes. How many grams of boric acid should be used in compounding the prescription?
0.502 g boric acid
If a topical cream contains 1.8% (w/w) of hydrocortisone, which of the following strengths is equivalent?
0.54 g hydrocortisone in 30 g of cream
How many milliliters of an injection containing 250 mg of aminophylline in each 10 mL should be used in filling a medication order calling for 15 mg of aminophylline?
0.6 mL aminophylline injection
If chloroform has a specific gravity of 1.476, what is its specific volume?
0.678
A metered dose inhaler contains 225 mg of metaproterenol sulfate, which is sufficient for 300 inhalations. How many milligrams of metaproterenol sulfate would be administered in each inhalation?
0.75 mg metaproterenol
If 250 mL of alcohol weighs 203 g, what is its density?
0.812 g/mL
A pycnometer weighs 21.62 g. Filled with water, it weighs 46.71 g; filled with another liquid, it weighs 43.28 g. Calculate the specific gravity of the liquid.
0.863
A liquid contains 0.25 mg of a substance per milliliter. How many grams of the substance will 3.5 L contain?
0.875 g
Epogen® injection is available containing in each milliliter, 2000, 3000, 4000, or 10,000 units of epoetin alfa. If the staring dose for a 160-lb. patient is prescribed at 50 units/kg, which of the following would provide that dose?
0.9 mL of 4000 units/mL
If a liquid medicine is to be taken three times daily, and if 180 mL are to be taken in 4 days, how many tablespoonfuls should be prescribed for each dose?
1 tablespoonful
Reduce 1.256 g to micrograms:
1,256,000 mcg
If one 20-mL ampule contains 0.5 g of aminophylline, how many milliliters should be administered to provide a 25-mg dose of aminophylline?
1.0 mL
What is the representative specific gravity of water at 25 degree Celsius?
1.00
The dosage of the drug thiabendazole (Mintezol®) is determined in direct proportion to a patient's weight. If the dose of the drug for a patient weighing 150 pounds is 1.5 grams, what would be the dose for a patient weighing 110 pounds?
1.1 g thiabendazole
If 150 mL of a sorbitol solution weigh 170 g, what is its specific gravity?
1.133
What is the specific gravity of a mixture of 1000 mL of syrup with a specific gravity of 1.300, 400 mL of glycerin with a specific gravity of 1.250, and 1000 mL of an elixir with a specific gravity of 0.950?
1.146
Five pints of diluted hydrochloric acid weighs 2.79 kg. Calculate its specific gravity.
1.180
An oral liquid concentrate of sertraline hydrochloride (Zoloft®) contains 20 mg/mL of the drug. How many grams of sertraline hydrochloride are in each 60-mL container of the concentrate?
1.2 g sertraline
If 2 fl. oz. of glycerol weighs 74.1 g, what is its specific gravity?
1.253
If a 5-g packet of a potassium supplement provides 20 milliequivalents of potassium ion and 3.34 milliequivalents of chloride ion, how many grams of the powder would provide 6 milliequivalents of potassium ion?
1.50 g
One milligram of streptomycin sulfate contains the antibiotic activity of 650 mcg of streptomycin base. How many grams of streptomycin sulfate would be the equivalent of 1 g of streptomycin base?
1.538 g streptomycin
The average adult is considered to have a Body surface are (BSA) of:
1.73 m2
Isotonic sodium chloride solution contains 0.9% w/v sodium chloride. If the E value of boric acid is 0.52, calculate the percentage strength (w/v) of an isotonic solution of boric acid.
1.73% w/v
A formula for 1250 tablets contains 6.25 grams (g) of diazepam. How many grams of diazepam should be used in preparing 350 tablets?
1.75 g diazepam
Sodium chloride is a 2-ion electrolyte, dissociating 90% in a certain concentration. Calculate its dissociation factor:
1.9
If a commercially available insulin preparation contains 1 ppm of proinsulin, how many micrograms of proinsulin would be contained in a 10-mL vial of insulin?
10 mcg proinsulin
What is the percentage of zinc oxide in an ointment prepared by mixing 200 g of 10% ointment, 50 g of 20% ointment, and 100 g of 5% ointment?
10%
Rx Acetaminophen Drops Disp. 15 mL Sig. 0.5 mL t.i.d. If the dropper is calibrated to deliver 22 drops/mL, how many drops should be administered per dose?
11 drops
If a biologic product contains 7.5 Lf Units of diphtheria toxoid per 0.5 mL, how many flocculating units would be present in a 7.5-mL multiple dose vial?
112.5 Lf Units dipthheria toxoid
How many grams of sodium fluoride should be added to 100,000 liters of drinking water containing 0.6 ppm of sodium fluoride to provide a recommended concentration of 1.75 ppm?
115 g sodium fluoride
Roman numerals are commonly used in prescription writing to designate quantities, XIJ means:
12
A low-strength child's/adult chewable aspirin tablet contains 81 mg of aspirin per tablet. How many tablets may be prepared from 1 kg of aspirin?
12,345 tablets
The dose of gentamicin for premature and full-term neonates is 2.5 mg/kg administered every 12 hours. What would be the daily dose for a newborn weighing 5.6 lb.?
12.5 mg
How many 0.1-mg tablets will contain the same amount of drug as 50 tablets, each of which contains 0.025 mg of the identical drug?
12.5 tablets
The dose of gentamicin for premature and full-term neonates is 2.5 mg/kg administered every 12 hours. What would be the daily dose for a newborn weighing 5.6 lb.?
12.73 mg gentamicin
How many milliliters of a 1:5000 w/v solution of the preservative lauralkonium chloride can be made from 125 mL of a 0.2% solution?
1250 mL
A patient received a 500-mL whole blood transfusion at 9:13 PM at a rate of 30 drops per minute via an administration set that delivers 10 drops/mL. At what time was the transfusion completed?
12:00 midnight
At a constant temperature, the volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure. If a gas occupies a volume of 1000 mL at a pressure of 760 mm, what is its volume at a pressure of 570 mm?
1333 mL
A solution contains 322 mg of Na+ ions per liter. How many milliosmoles are represented in the solution?
14 mOsmol
Restasis® Ophthalmic Emulsion contains 0.05% w/v cyclosporin. If a dose of one drop measures 28 mcL, how many micrograms of cyclosporin are present?
14 mcg cyclosporine
A blood volume expansion solution contains 6% (w/v) of hetastarch. How many grams of agent would be present in 250 mL of the solution?
15 g hetastarch
If a pediatric vitamin contains 1500 units of vitamin A per milliliter of solution, how many units of vitamin A would be administered to a child given 2 drops of the solution from a dropper calibrated to deliver 20 drops per milliliter of solution?
150 units vitamin A
Alclometasone dipropionate (Aclovate®) ointment contains 0.05% w/w of the drug in 15-g and 45-g tubes. Calculate the difference in the quantity of drug between the two tube sizes.
15 mg alclometasone
Oxycodone hydrochloride oral concentrate solution (Oxyfast®) contains 20 mg/1 mL. If a dose of 0.75 mL is added to 30 mL of juice prior to administration. Calculate the milligrams of oxycodone hydrochloride administered:
15 mg oxycodone
Aspirin tablets generally contain 325 mg of aspirin. How many such tablets may be prepared from 5 kg of aspirin?
15,384 tablets
A cough syrup contains 0.09 g of dextromethorphan HBr in each fluidounce. How many milligrams of this agent would be present in each teaspoonful dose?
15.2 mg dextromethorphan
In the United States Pharmacopeia, the standard temperature for specific gravities is 25 degree Celsius, except for that of alcohol, which is _ degree Celsius:
15.56
Add 7.25 L and 875 cL. Reduce the result to milliliters:
16,000 mL
A penicillin V potassium preparation provides 400,000 units of activity in each 250-mg tablet. How many total units of activity would a patient receive from taking four tablets a day for 10 days?
16,000,000 units
Acyclovir (Zovirax®) suspension contains 200mg of acyclovir in each 5mL. How many milligrams of acyclovir are contained in a pint (473 mL) of suspension?
18,920 mg acyclovir
If a potassium chloride elixir contains 20 milliequivalents of potassium ion in each 15 mL of elixir, how many milliliters will provide 25 milliequivalents of potassium ion to the patient?
18.75 mL
How many grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) should be used in preparing 20 liters of a solution containing 154 mEq/L?
180.18 g
Zoster Vaccine Live (Zostavax®) contains about 29,850 plaque-forming units (PFU) of attenuated virus per 0.1 cL. Approximately how many PFUs would be contained in each 0.65-mL dose?
19,400 PFU
Calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to make 240 mL of calamine lotion. Calamine 80 g Zinc Oxide 80 g Glycerin 20 g Bentonite Magma 250 mL Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution, to make 1000 mL What is the amount of Zinc oxide in the preparation?
19.2 g
Calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to make 240 mL of calamine lotion. Calamine 80 g Zinc Oxide 80 g Glycerin 20 g Bentonite Magma 250 mL Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution, to make 1000 mL What is the amount of calamine in the preparation?
19.2 g
ENSURE liquid is chosen for enteral nutrition for this patient. A quart container provides 37g protein, 143 g carbohydrates, 37 g lipids, and 1.06 kcal/mL. How many milliliters of ENSURE should this patient receive daily to meet his caloric requirements?
1970.58 mL/day
Express 0.275 mg of active ingredient in 5 mL of solution as a ratio strength:
1:18182
A hospital pharmacist wants to use three lots of zinc oxide ointment containing, respectively, 50%, 20%, and 5% of zinc oxide. In what proportion should they be mixed to prepare a 10% zinc oxide ointment?
1:1:10
If 50 mL of a 1:20 w/v solution are diluted to 1000 mL, what is the ratio strength (w/v)?
1:400
Express 0.125% as a ratio strength:
1:800
Rx Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate 400 mg/5 mL Disp. 100 mL Sig. _ tsp. q.i.d. until all medication is taken. If the dose of erythromycin ethylsuccinate is given as 40 mg/kg per day, What would be the proper dose of the medication in the Signa if the prescription is for a 44-lb. child?
1⁄2 tsp. erythromycin
If a Ventolin® inhaler contains 20 mg of albuterol, how many inhalation-doses can be delivered if each inhalation-dose contains 90 mcg?
2 inhalers
In a clinical study, a drug produced drowsiness in 30 of the 1500 patients studied. How many patients of a certain pharmacy could expect similar effects, based on a patient count of 100?
2 patients
How many grams of hydrocortisone should be used in preparing 120 suppositories, each weighing 2g and containing 1% of hydrocortisone?
2.4 g hydrocortisone
What molar ratio of salt to acid would be required to prepare a buffer solution with a pH of 4.5? The pKa value of the acid is 4.05 at 25°C.
2.82:1
How many milliliters of a 1% stock solution of a certified red dye should be used in preparing 4000mL of a mouthwash that is to contain 1:20,000 w/v of the certified red dye as a coloring agent?
20 mL
How many milliliters of a solution containing 2 mEq of potassium chloride (KCl) per milliliter should be used to obtain 2.98 g of potassium chloride?
20 mL
A liquid oral concentrate of morphine sulfate contains 2.4 g of morphine sul fate in a 120-mL bottle. Calculate the concentration of morphine sulfate on a mg/mL basis:
20 mg/mL morphine sulfate
How many 0.000065-gram doses can be made from 0.130 gram of a drug?
2000 doses
What is the osmolarity of an 8.4% w/v solution of sodium bicarbonate?
2000 mOsmo/L
Rx Ephedrine Sulfate 0.3 g Sodium Chloride q.s. Purified Water ad 30 mL Make isoton. sol. Sig. Use as directed. How many milligrams of sodium chloride should be used in compounding the prescription?
201 mg sodium chloride
If the dose of Taxol® (paclitaxel) in the treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer is 135 mg/m2, what would be the dose for a patient 155 cm tall and weighing 53 kg?
202.5 mg
How many milliliters of 37% w/w hydrochloric acid having a specific gravity of 1.20 are required to make 1000 mL of diluted hydrochloric acid 10% w/v?
225 mL
A fixed-dose combination product contains amlodipine besylate and atorvastatin calcium (Caduet®) for the treatment of both hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. If a physician starts a patient on a 5-mg/10-mg dose for 14 days and then raises the dose to 10 mg /20 mg, how many milligrams of each drug will the patient take during the first 30 days?
230 mg amlodipine, 460 mg atorvastatin
If 100 capsules contain 500 mg of an active ingredient, how many milligrams of the ingredient will 48 capsules contain?
240 mg
VIRAMUNE Oral Suspension contains 1% w/v of nevirapine. Calculate the milligrams of nevirapine present in a 240 mL bottle of the suspension.
2400 mg nevirapine
If a diabetic patient injects 20 Units of insulin twice daily, how many days will a 10-mL vial of the U- 100 product last the patient?
25 days
Rimantadine HCl syrup contains 2.4 g of rimantadine HCl in each 240 mL of syrup. How many milligrams of rimantadine HCl would there be in 2.5 mL delivered by oral dispenser?
25 mg rimantadine
What is the percentage strength (w/w) of a solution made by dissolving 62.5 g of potassium chloride in 187.5 mL of water?
25% w/w potassium chloride
What is the percentage strength of alcohol in a mixture of 500 mL of a solution containing 40% v/v alcohol, 400 mL of a second solution containing 21% v/v alcohol, and a sufficient quantity of a nonalcoholic third solution to make a total of 1000 mL?
28.4%
A patient was administered 150 mL of D5W at a rate of 25 mL/hr. If the infusion was begun at 8 AM, at what time was it completed?
2:00 PM
How many milliliters of each of two liquids with specific gravities of 0.950 and 0.875 should be used to prepare 1500 mL of a liquid having a specific gravity of 0.925?
2:1
Rx Antipyrine 5% Glycerin ad 60 Sig: Five drops in right ear. How many grams of antipyrine should be used in preparing the prescription?
3 g antipyrine
Rx Lactic Acid 4 g Salicylic Acid 5 g Trichloroacetic Acid 2 g Flexible Collodion q.s. ad 100 g Sig: wart remover. Use as directed. If the specific gravity of the mixture is 0.781, what are the w/v concentrations of lactic acid, salicylic acid, and trichloroacetic acid in the mixture?
3.12% w/v lactic acid, 3.91% w/v salicylic acid, and 1.56% w/v trichloroacetic acid
A 125-mL container of amoxicillin contains 600 mg/5 mL. How many milliliters would be used to administer 400 mg of amoxicillin?
3.33 mL
How many milliliters each of purified water and an isotonic sodium chloride solution should be used to prepare 30 mL of a 1% w/v isotonic solution of fentanyl citrate (E =0.11)?
3.67 mL purified water, 26.33 mL NaCl
A neonate is considered premature if born at less than _ weeks' gestation:
37
A metronidazole vaginal gel contains 0.75% of drug in 70-g tubes. An applicator will hold 5 g of gel for each administration. How much drug will be contained in each application?
37.5 mg metronidazole
Convert 98.6°F to corresponding degrees centigrade:
37°C
Rx Progesterone, micronized 4 g Glycerin 5 mL Methylcellulose (1%) Solution 50 mL Cherry Syrup ad 100 mL What is the percentage concentration (w/v) of progesterone in the prescription?
4% w/v progesterone
A pharmacist had 5 grams of codeine sulfate. He used it in preparing the following: 8 capsules each containing 0.0325 gram; 12 capsules each containing 0.015 gram; 18 capsules each containing 0.008 gram. How many grams of codeine sulfate were left after he had prepared the capsules?
4.416 grams codeine sulfate
How many grams of azelaic acid (Finacea®) are contained in 30-g tubes of the 15% w/w ointment?
4.5 g azelaic acid
If the dose of a drug is 10 mg/m2 per day, what would be the daily dose, in milligrams, for a child weighing 30 lb. and measuring 26 in. in height?
4.5 mg
The dissociation constant of ethanol amine is 2.77 x 10-5 at 25°C. Calculate its pKb value.
4.56
Calcium gluconate (C12H22CaO14— m.w. 430) injection 10% is available in a 10-mL ampule. How many milliequivalents of Ca++ does the ampule contain?
4.65 mEq
Calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to make 240 mL of calamine lotion. Calamine 80 g Zinc Oxide 80 g Glycerin 20 g Bentonite Magma 250 mL Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution, to make 1000 mL What is the amount of glycerin in the preparation?
4.8 mL
What is the weight, in kilograms, of 1 gallon of sorbitol solution having a specific gravity of 1.285?
4.86 kg
An intravenous fluid of 1000 mL of lactated Ringer's injection was started in a patient at 8 AM and was scheduled to run for 12 hours. At 3 PM, 800 mL of the fluid remained in the bottle. At what rate of flow should the remaining fluid be regulated using an IV set that delivers 15 drops/mL to complete the administration of the fluid in the scheduled time?
40 drops/min
Mylicon® drops contain 2 g of simethicone in a 30-mL container. How many milligrams of the drug are contained in each 0.6-mL dose?
40 mg simethicone
If the adult dose of a drug is 100 mg, what would be the dose for a child with a body surface area of 0.70 m2?
40.46 mg
The prophylactic dose of riboflavin is 2 mg. How many micrograms of riboflavin are in a multiple vitamin capsule containing 1⁄5 the prophylactic dose?
400 mcg riboflavin
Calculate the osmolarity, in milliosmoles per milliliter, of a parenteral solution containing 2 mEq/mL of potassium acetate (KC2H3O2—m.w. 98).
4000 mOsmol/mL
What is the volume, in milliliters, of 1 lb of benzyl benzoate having a specific gravity of 1.120?
405.357 mL
An elixir of ferrous sulfate contains 220 mg of ferrous sulfate in each 5mL. If each milligram of ferrous sulfate contains the equivalent of 0.2 mg of elemental iron, how many milligrams of elemental iron would be represented in each 5 mL of the elixir?
44 mg elemental iron
Each tablet of Tylenol with Codeine contains 30 mg of codeine phosphate and 300 mg of acetaminophen. By taking two tablets daily for a week, how many milligrams of acetaminophen drug would the patient take?
4200 mg acetaminophen
How many grams of anhydrous dextrose should be used in preparing 1 liter of a 1⁄2% isotonic ephedrine sulfate nasal spray?
43.61 g anhydrous dextrose
A physician orders 2 mg of ampicillin to be added to each milliliter of a 250-mL bottle of 5% dextrose in water (D5W) for intravenous infusion. If the 250 mL of solution represents a single dose and if the dose of ampicillin is 25 mg/kg of body weight, how many pounds does the patient weigh?
44 lb.
If 500 g of dextrose are dissolved in 600 mL of water with a resultant final volume of 1 liter, what is the percentage strength of dextrose in the solution on a w/w basis?
45.45% w/w dextrose
ENSURE liquid is chosen for enteral nutrition for this patient. A quart container provides 37g protein, 143 g carbohydrates, 37 g lipids, and 1.06 kcal/mL. If the patient is to continue receiving this formula at home by intermittent feedings over 40 minutes every 4 hours, what volume would be administered with each feeding, and what would be the flow rate in mL/hr?
493 mL/hr
In what proportion should alcohols of 95% and 50% strengths be mixed to make 70% alcohol?
4:5
If an injectable solution contains 25 mcg of a drug substance in each 0.5 mL, how many milliliters would be required to provide a patient with 0.25 mg of the drug substance?
5 mL
If 500 mL of a 15% v/v solution are diluted to 1500 mL, what will be the percentage strength (v/v)?
5%
Rx Progesterone, micronized 4 g Glycerin 5 mL Methylcellulose (1%) Solution 50 mL Cherry Syrup ad 100 mL What is the percentage concentration (v/v and w/v) of glycerin (sp gr 1.25) in the prescription?
5% v/v and 6.25% w/v glycerin
A physician reduces a patient's once-daily dose of conjugated estrogen (Premarin®) from tablets containing 0.625 mg to tablets containing 0.45 mg. What is the total reduction in conjugated estrogens taken, in milligrams, during a 30-day month?
5.25 mg conjugated estrogen
Rx Lactic Acid 4 g Salicylic Acid 5 g Trichloroacetic Acid 2 g Flexible Collodion q.s. ad 100 g Sig: wart remover. Use as directed. Flexible collodion contains 20% w/w camphor and 30% w/w castor oil. How many grams of each would be contained in 30 g of the mixture?
5.34 g camphor and 8.01 g castor oil
What is the pH of a buffer solution prepared with 0.055 M sodium acetate and 0.01 M acetic acid? The pKa value of acetic acid is 4.76 at 25°C.
5.5
Adalimumab (HUMIRA), a recombinant human monoclonal antibody, is available in a prefilled syringe containing 40 mg/0.8 mL of injection. Calculate the concentration of drug on a mg/mL basis:
50 mg/mL
How many gallons of 20% v/v alcohol would be the equivalent of 20 proof gallons?
50 gallons
Rx Acetaminophen Drops Disp. 15 mL Sig. 0.5 mL t.i.d. If acetaminophen drops contain 1.5 of acetaminophen per 15-mL container, how many milligrams are there in each prescribed dose?
50 mg acetaminophen
What is the percentage strength (v/v) of alcohol in a mixture of 3000 mL of 40% v/v alcohol, 1000 mL of 60% v/v alcohol, and 1000 mL of 70% v/v alcohol? Assume no contraction of volume after mixing.
50%
How many colchicine tablets, each containing 600 mcg, may be prepared from 30 g of colchicine?
50,000 tablets
A physician orders 2 mg of ampicillin to be added to each milliliter of a 250-mL bottle of 5% dextrose in water (D5W) for intravenous infusion. How many milligrams of ampicillin should be added?
500 mg ampicillin
Add 0.5 kg, 50 mg, and 2.5 dg. Reduce the result to grams:
500.3 g
How much water should be added to 4000 g of 90% w/w alcohol to make 40% w/w alcohol?
5000 mL
A prefilled syringe contains 20 mg of drug in 2 mL of solution. How many micrograms of drug would be administered by an injection of 0.5 mL of the solution?
5000 mcg
How many grams of 10% w/w ammonia solution can be made from 1800 g of 28% w/w strong ammonia solution?
5040 g
How many milliosmoles of sodium are represented in 1 liter of 3% hypertonic sodium chloride solution? Assume complete dissociation.
512.82 mOsmol
What is the volume, in milliliters, of 1 kg of sulfuric acid with a specific gravity of 1.83?
546.448 mL
Calculate the osmolar concentration, in terms of milliosmoles, represented by 1 liter of a 10% w/v solution of anhydrous dextrose (m.w. 180) in water.
555.56 mOsmol
The oral dose of a drug is 2.5 mg. If a solution contains 0.5% w/v of the drug in a dropper bottle that delivers 12 drops/mL, how many drops would supply the dose?
6 drops
How many grams of digoxin (Lanoxin®) would be required to make 25,000 tablets each containing 250mcg of digoxin?
6.25 g digoxin
How many milliliters of 85% w/w phosphoric acid having a specific gravity of 1.71 should be used in preparing 1 gallon of 1⁄4% w/v phosphoric acid solution to be used for bladder irrigation?
6.5 mL
What is the pH of a buffer solution prepared with 0.5 M disodium phosphate and 1 M sodium acid phosphate? The pKa value of sodium acid phosphate is 7.21 at 25°C.
6.91
Calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to make 240 mL of calamine lotion. Calamine 80 g Zinc Oxide 80 g Glycerin 20 g Bentonite Magma 250 mL Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution, to make 1000 mL What is the amount of bentonite magma in the preparation?
60 mL
What should the markup percentage be on the cost of an item to yield a 40% gross profit on the selling price?
66 2⁄3%
At what rate, in drops per minute, should a dose of 20 mcg/kg/min of dopamine be administered to a 65-kg patient using a solution containing dopamine, 1200 mcg/mL, and a drip set that delivers 60 drops/mL?
66 drops/min
A commercial package contains thirty-six 200-mg tablets of ibuprofen. How many kilograms of ibuprofen were used in the manufacture of 1000 pack ages of the product?
7.20 kg
Add 0.0025 kg, 1750 mg, 2.25 g, and 825,000 mcg, and express the answer in grams:
7.325 g
What is the weight, in pounds, of 5 pints of nitric acid?
7.4 lb
Sterile solutions of potassium chloride (KCl) containing 5 mEq/mL are available in 20-mL containers. Calculate the amount, in grams, of potassium chloride in the container.
7.45 g
If a cough syrup contains 0.18 g of dextromethorphan HBr in 120 mL, how many milligrams of the drug are contained in each teaspoonful dose?
7.5 mg dextromethorphan
How many proof gallons are contained in 5 gallons of 75% v/v alcohol?
7.5 proof gallons
How many grams of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3—m.w. 84) should be used in preparing a liter of a solution to contain 44.6 mEq per 50 mL?
74.928 g
Rx Lactic Acid 4 g Salicylic Acid 5 g Trichloroacetic Acid 2 g Flexible Collodion q.s. ad 100 g Sig: wart remover. Use as directed. The specific gravity of castor oil is 0.955. How many milliliters of the oil are contained in 30 g of the mixture?
8.39 mL castor oil
If the adult dose of a drug is 25 mg, what would be the dose for a child weighing 40 lb. and measuring 32 in. in height?
8.53 mg
A piece of copper metal weighs 53.6 g, and has a volume of 6 mL. Calculate its density.
8.933 g/mL
How many capsules, each containing a 150-mcg dose of a drug may be prepared from 0.12 g of the drug?
800 capsules
How many milliliters of a 1:400 w/v stock solution should be used to make 4 liters of a 1:2000 w/v solution?
800 mL
ENSURE liquid is chosen for enteral nutrition for this patient. A quart container provides 37g protein, 143 g carbohydrates, 37 g lipids, and 1.06 kcal/mL. If the formula is to be delivered continuously over a 24-hour period, what would be the flow rate in mL/hr?
82 mL/hr
How much water should be mixed with 5000 mL of 85% v/v alcohol to make 50% v/v alcohol?
850.0 mL
What is the weight, in kilograms, of 5 liters of sulfuric acid with a specific gravity of 1.84?
9.2 kg
Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive agent administered before and after organ transplantation at a single daily dose of 15 mg/kg. How many milliliters of a 50-mL bottle containing 100 mg of cyclosporine per milliliter would be administered to a 140-lb. kidney transplant patient?
9.55 mL cyclosporine
If a city water supply has a limit of 250 ppm of nitrate ion, what is the maximum amount of nitrate ion, in grams, that may be present in a 10,000-gallon reservoir?
9462.5 g nitrate ion
The following approximate equivalent of household measures are correct, except:
A. A teaspoon measures 5 mL B. A desert spoon measure 10 mL C. A table spoon measures 15 mL D. A glassful or cupful measures 250 mL
The following pairs about drug abbreviations are correct, except:
A. APAP : acetaminophen B. AZT : zidovudine C. HCTZ : hydrochlorothiazide D. MTX : methyldopa
The following approximate equivalent of household measures are correct, except:
A. An ounce measures 30 mL B. A teacupful measures 180 mL C. An official dropper measures 20 gtt/mL D. A pint measures 250 mL
The following pairs about clinical abbreviations are correct, except:
A. BP : blood preasure B. BS : blood sugar saline C. CHD : coronary heart disease D. CHF : coronary heart failure
The following pairs about route of administration abbreviations are correct, except:
A. ID : intradermal B. NGT : nasogastric tube C. IT : interstitial D. PV : vaginally
The rapid injection of intravenous medications, as in emergency or critical care situations, is termed, except:
A. IV push B. IV infusion C. IV stat D. IV bolus
It is the amount that produces the desired intensity of effect in 50% of the individuals tested:
A. Median effective dose B. Median toxic dose C. ED50 D. A and C
It is the amount that produces toxic effects in 50% of the individuals tested.
A. Median effective dose B. Median toxic dose C. TD50 D. B and C
The process of changing from the common systems and units of measurement (e.g., pounds, feet, gallons) to the SI metric system is termed:
A. Metrification B. Metric transition C. A and B D. None of the above
The following statements about pediatric patients are correct, except:
A. Neonate is from birth to 1 month B. Infant is 1 month to 1 year C. Late childhood is 1 year through 5 years D. Adolescence is 13 years to 17 years of age
Colligative properties of solutions depend on the number of particles in solution. It may include the following, except:
A. Osmotic pressure B. Vapor pressure C. Melting point D. Freezing point
It is the feeding of a patient by the intravenous infusion of fluids and basic nutrients:
A. Parenteral nutrition B. Intravenous hyperalimentation C. Enteral nutrition D. A and B
A larger-than-usual initial dose required to achieve the desired blood drug level is called:
A. Priming dose B. Loading dose C. Maintenance dose D. A and B
The following pairs about Signa commonly found in prescriptions are correct, except:
A. s.i.d. : once a day B. s.o.s. : immediately C. ut dict. : as directed D. p.r.n. : as needed
Interpret the following direction (AMBIEN 10 mg p.o. qhs x 5 d) taken from a medication order:
AMBIEN 10 milligrams by mouth at every bedtime for 5 days.
It is the amount that ordinarily produces the medicinal effect intended in the adult patient:
Adult dose
It is an arithmetical method of solving problems that involves the mixing of solutions or mixtures of solids possessing different percentage strengths:
Alligation
This method may be used to determine the proportion or quantities of two or more components to combine in order to prepare a mixture of a desired strength:
Alligation alternate
This method may be used to determine the strength of a common ingredient in a mixture of two or more preparations:
Alligation medial
A system of measure which was once the predominant pharmacist's system of volumetric and weight measure:
Apothecaries' system
Interpret the following Signa (Appl. ung. left eye ad lib.) taken from a prescription:
Apply ointment to the left eye immediately.
A system of measure widely used in the United States in measuring body weight and in selling goods by the ounce or pound:
Avoirdupois system
It is a system, usually an aqueous solution, that possesses the property of resisting changes in pH with the addition of small amounts of a strong acid or base:
Buffer solution
The fabrication of a pharmaceutical product from individual ingredients, carefully weighed, measured, and mixed is called:
Compounding
(DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND SPECIFIC VOLUME) It is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance. It is usually expressed as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc):
Density
It indicates the quantitative range or amounts of the drug that may be prescribed within the guidelines of usual medical practice:
Dosage range
(ENTERAL AND PARENTERAL NUTRITION, BODY MASS INDEX, AND THE FOOD NUTRITION LABEL) It is a method of providing nutritional support via tubes inserted into the stomach or small intestine. It finds application in patients who have an inability or decreased ability to ingest nutrients by mouth:
Enteral nutrition
It is the field that encompasses the management of illness in the elderly:
Geriatrics
Buffer equation was derived from:
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
When performing pharmaceutical calculations, some students prefer to use a method that involves the logical sequencing and placement of a series of ratios (termed factors) into an equation: I. Dimensional analysis II. Factor analysis III. Factor-label method IV. Unit-factor method
I, II, III and IV
A prescription is usually written on preprinted forms containing the traditional symbol Rx which means: I. "Recipe" II. "Take thou" III. "You take" IV. "Menu"
I, II, and III
These are sterile pharmaceutical solutions or suspensions of a drug substance in an aqueous or nonaqueous vehicle. They are usually administered by needle into almost any part of the body:
Injections
(COMMON SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT) It is formerly called the metric system and the internationally recognized decimal system of weights and measures:
International System of Units
It is considered as the historic base unit of mass (weight) in SI units which is originally defined as the mass of a liter of water, is now represented by a standard mass of platinum-iridium:
Kilogram
The strength of a toxoid is generally expressed in terms of:
Lf Unit
It is an order for medication and instructions written by the physician in hospitals and other institutions:
Medication Order
Inscription is typically seen in a prescription order written by a licensed physician includes:
Medication prescribed
(SOME CALCULATIONS INVOLVING ''Units,'' ''mcg/mg,'' AND OTHER MEASURES OF POTENCY) The potency of antibiotics may also be designated in terms of:
Microgram
(ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS: MILLIEQUIVALENTS, MILLIMOLES, AND MILLIOSMOLES) It is a unit of measurement of the amount of chemical activity of an electrolyte:
Milliequivalent
It expresses the number of milligrams of substance in 100 mL of liquid. It is used frequently to denote the concentration of a drug or natural substance in a biologic fluid, as in the blood:
Milligram percent
Osmotic pressure is proportional to the total number of particles in solution. The unit used to measure osmotic concentration is:
Milliosmole
It is the minimum concentration determined that can be expected to produce the drug's desired effects in a patient:
Minimum effective concentration
It is the base level of blood serum concentration that produces dose-related toxic effects:
Minimum toxic concentration
International system of units expresses most clinical laboratory values, including those of electrolytes in terms of:
Molar concentrations
The relative magnitude of two quantities is called:
Ratio
It is defined as the milliosmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent:
Osmolality
It is defined as the milliosmoles of solute per liter of solution:
Osmolarity
The concentrations of weak solutions are frequently expressed in terms of:
Ratio Strength
It is defined as the area of study that applies the basic principles of mathematics to the preparation and safe and effective use of pharmaceuticals.
Pharmaceutical calculations
(PHARMACOECONOMIC CALCULATIONS) It encompasses the economic aspects of drugs, from the costs associated with drug discovery and development to the costs of drug therapy analyzed against therapeutic outcomes:
Pharmacoeconomics
It involves the study of the rate and extent of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination:
Pharmacokinetics
It is the use of pharmacologically active substances in the treatment of disease and illness:
Pharmacotherapy
It involves the mixing, assembling, packaging, and labeling of a medication on receipt of a prescription order for a specific patient:
Pharmacy Compounding
(INTERPRETATION OF PRESCRIPTIONS AND MEDICATION ORDERS) It is defined as an order for medication issued by a physician, dentist, or other properly licensed medical practitioner:
Prescription
It is a special glass bottle used to determine specific gravity of different substances:
Pycnometer
It is a ratio, expressed decimally, of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a substance chosen as a standard, both substances at the same temperature or the temperature of each being known:
Specific gravity
(ALTERING PRODUCT STRENGTH, USE OF STOCK SOLUTIONS, AND PROBLEM-SOLVING BY ALLIGATION) These are concentrated solutions of active or inactive substances and are used by pharmacists as a convenience to prepare solutions of lesser concentration:
Stock solution
Dispensing instructions to the pharmacist as normally seen in a prescription is known as:
Subscription
Rx symbol is a typical component of the prescription, is called:
Superscription
The strength of a viral vaccine is expressed most commonly in terms of:
TCID50
Other products, such as antitoxins, may be administered to counter a disease after exposure or contraction:
Therapeutic dose
Directions to the patient or the Signa such as "take Furosemide 20 mg po q AM" is considered:
Transcription
These are dilutions of potent medicinal substances. They were at one time official and were prepared by diluting one part by weight of the drug with nine parts of finely powdered lactose:
Trituration
The potency of insulin preparation is generally expressed in terms of:
Units
The potency of many pharmaceutical products derived from biological sources is based on:
Units of activity
(CALCULATION OF DOSES: PATIENT PARAMETERS) It is the amount that ordinarily produces the desired therapeutic response in the majority of patients in a general, or otherwise defined, population group:
Usual dose
In prescription filling directions such as "d.t.d. (dentur tales doses)" mean:
give of such doses
The term percent and its corresponding sign, %, mean:
parts per hundred
