PE Module 3/ Endocrine System

The thyroid's hormones regulate vital body functions, including:

Breathing Heart rate Central and peripheral nervous systems Body weight Muscle strength Menstrual cycles Body temperature Cholesterol levels Much more!

What is the biggest problem for the pineal gland?

Calcification

Diseases or disorders of the thymus gland include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Congenital disorders Thymus cancer Autoimmune problems

________also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels. This typically happens because of treatment for diabetes when too much insulin is taken, however, such an occurrence is relatively uncommon.

Hypoglycemia

Hyperparathyroidism can cause several health problems, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Kidney stones (and kidney failure) Bone fractures Nervous system problems Severe osteoporosis and osteopenia Pancreatitis Peptic ulcers

_________glands control the calcium in our bodies--how much calcium is in our bones, and how much calcium is in blood. (In other words, it regulates calcium levels in the human body.

Parathyroid

________glands control the calcium in our bodies--how much calcium is in bones, and how much calcium is in our blood. (In other words, it regulates calcium levels in the human body.

Parathyroid

_________. _________are the most common pituitary disorder, and many adults have them

Pituitary tumors

The pineal gland is involved in several functions of the body including:

Secretion of the hormone melatonin Regulation of endocrine functions Conversion of nervous system signals to endocrine signals Causes feeling of sleepiness Influences sexual development

The _________glands aresmall glands located on top of each kidney. They produce hormones that humans cannot live without, including sex hormones and cortisol. Cortisol helps one respond to stress and has many other important functions.

adrenal

The most common disorders and diseases of the adrenal glands include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

adrenal cancer Cushing's syndrome Addison's disease congenital adrenal hyperplasia

The -______the outer part of the adrenal gland-produces hormones that vital to life, such as cortisol (which helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress) and aldosterone (which helps control blood pressure).

adrenal cortex

The adrenal glands are two glands that sit on top of the kidneys, and they are made up of two distinct parts. What are those two parts?

adrenal cortex adrenal medulla

The -__________________the inner part of the adrenal gland- produces nonessential (that is, you don't need them to live) hormones, such as adrenaline (which helps your body react to stress)

adrenal medulla

Hypothalamic hormones include which of the following? (Select all that are correct.)

corticotrophin-releasing somatostatin dopamine gonadotropin-releasing growth hormone-releasing thyrotropin-releasing

The hypothalamus' primary function is _______which is to maintain the body's status quo system-wide.

homeostasis

The ______controls the function of most other endocrine glands and is therefore sometimes called the master gland.

hypothalamus

The ______uses a set-point to regulate the body's systems, including electrolyte and fluid balance, body temperature blood pressure, and body weight. It receives inputs from the body, then makes the proper changes if anything differentiates from this set-point. The set-point can temporarily change, but remains remarkably fixed from day-to-day

hypothalamus

The endocrine system is made up of the :

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and testicles (in males).

Although the names are similar, the thyroid and parathyroid are ______related.

not

The ______has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.

pancreas

The ______is an organ located in the abdomen. It plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body's cells.

pancreas

The most common form of pancreatic cancer is ______. ________an exocrine tumor arising from the cells lining the pancreatic duct.

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

The ______gland is a small, pinecone shaped gland of the endocrine system. A structure in the brain, this gland produces the hormone melatonin

pineal

The _____is a pea-sized gland that is housed within a bony structure (sella turcica) at the base of the brain. The sella turcica protects it but allows very little room for expansion.

pituitary

What the two primary hormones secreted by the ovaries?

progesterone estrogen

What are the two types of pituitary tumors?

secretory non-secretory

The most common symptoms hypothalamic disease include which of the following? (Select all correct answers.)

slow heart rate extreme thirst and frequent urination (diabetes insipidus) low body temperature increased appetite and rapid weight gain

The testicles produce and store sperm, and they are also the body's main source of male hormones. What is the of the male hormone?

testosterone

The ______gland , despite containing glandular tissue and producing several hormones, is much more closely associated with the immune system than with the endocrine system.

thymus

The ______serves a vital role in the training and development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell. T cells defend the body from potentially deadly pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

thymus

Unlike most organs that grow until the age of maturity, the _______enlarges throughout childhood but slowly shrinks from the onset of puberty and throughout adulthood. As it shrinks, its tissues are replaced by adipose tissue. The shrinking is due to the reduced role of the thyroid in adulthood the immune system produces most of its T cells during childhood and requires very few new T cells after puberty.

thymus