PEDS Exam 6 Review

radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine. scan that visualized gallbladder to determine patency of bilineary system. Use radioneuclotide that is ejected from the gallbladder to calculate this. NEED AN IV TO GET THIS

(Hepatobiliary scan) HIDA scan

When is tympany normal vs abnormal

-Normal in the stomach to indicate gas -Abnormal in the chest indicates air in the chest (pneumothorax)

Right lower quadrant pain may indicate ___________. Right upper quadrant may indicate ___________.

-right lower quadrant pain may warn of appendicitis. Right upper quadrant can be liver enlargement

A child is diagnosed with intussusception. The nurse anticipates that what action would be attempted first to reduce this condition? 1 Barium enema 2 Surgery 3 Upper endoscopy 4 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

1

The nurse is reviewing the medical record of a child with a cleft lip and palate. When reviewing the child's history, what would the nurse identify as a risk factor for this condition? 1 Mother age 42 with pregnancy 2 Maternal use of acetaminophen in third trimester 3 Preterm birth 4 History of hypoxia at birth

1

-With fever the increase of fluid loss increases at a rate of about ___ ml/kg in 24-hour period for every degree rise in temperature

7

is a protein made by your liver. It helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn't leak into other tissues. It is also carries various substances throughout your body, including hormones, vitamins, and enzymes. Low levels can indicate a problem with your liver or kidneys.

Albumin

_______________ - series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally (also called lower GI series)

Barium Enema

midline closure defect that occurs during embryonic period of development. Leaves the bladder open and exposed outside the abdomen. s/s- red appearance of the _______ seen on the __________wall. Treatment is ____________? Keep infant supine position and keep it moist

Bladder exstrophy red appearance of the bladder seen on abdominal wall Treatment is surgical. Preop focuses on protection the bladder and reduce infection. Keep infant in supine position and keep it moist. Sponge bath infant.

Omeprazole and Lansoprazole are what classification? Used for? adverse reactions?

Blocks the pump that produce acids, Used for: GERD, H. pylori Adverse reactions: headache, nausea, abdominal pain or diarrhea.

Steatorrhea (fatty stools) is a classic symptom of ?

Celiac disease

the two major types of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis

-undescended testicles. Can occur in one or both where testicles do not drop into the scrotal sac. If left untreated can lead to increase risk for testicular cancer Treatment= ?

Cryptorchidism Surgery

what is the difference between omphalocele and Gastroschisis?

Gastroschisis there is no sac that protects herniated organs. Exposure to things like amniotic fluid so it makes them thick and inflamed.

Generally, __________related transplants have a decreased rejection rate compared to _________ transplants

Generally, living-related transplants have a decreased rejection rate compared to cadaver transplants

If child is in ESRD and needs a transplant, then kidney will have to match ______ type and __________, living transplants have _______ rejection rates than cadaver so living relative is preferred. To prevent rejection, administer _____________ accurately.

If child is in ESRD and needs a transplant, then kidney will have to match blood type and antigens, living transplants have decrease rejection rates than cadaver so living relative is preferred. To prevent rejection, administer immunosuppressants accurately.

a condition in which one segment of intestine "telescopes" inside of another, causing an intestinal obstruction (blockage). Although it can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, it usually occurs at the junction of the small and large intestines Causes edema, vascular compromise, and ultimately a bowel obstruction that can be partial or complete. Risk factors are basically anything that can cause inflammation or a congenital anomaly.

Intussusception

___________ tube- placed directly into the kidneys to drain urine and used in Urinary tract anomalies.

Nephrostomy

occurs as a result of increased glomerular basement membrane permeability, which allows abnormal loss of protein in the urine. kidney disorder that causes your body to excrete too much protein in your urine. it is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.

Nephrotic syndrome

Position for enemas. Infant or toddlers? Child or adolescent?

Position the child: Infant or toddler on abdomen with knees bent Child or adolescent on left side with right leg flexed toward chest

Metoclopramide is classified as? Helps control ______ reflex. stimulates ____ motility and helps empty the stomach faster. Adverse reaction? Basically increases ___________?

Prokinetics. helps control acid reflex. used for GERDS. stimulates GI motility Central Nerves system Basically increases peristalsis.

thicken of the luminal side of the pyloric canal. Creates a gastric outlet obstruction. Generally presents between 3-6 weeks of life. Causes non billarous vomiting. Vomiting will become more frequent and forceful (projectile). Treatment?

Pyloric stenosis surgical

Remember "STOMA" for perfoming ostomy care what does "STOMA" stand for? Use a _________ especially if skin breakdown

S- set up equipment T- Take off the pouch O-Observe the stoma and surrounding skin M-Measure the stoma, mark the new pouch backing and cute the new backing to size A- apply the new pouch Use a barrier wafer especially if skin breakdown

Nursing interventions for omphalocele and gastroschisis: use ______ technique, cover the abdominal contents with __________ dressing, avoid trauma to intestine, cover with ________ warp to minimize heat and fluid loss, prevent abdominal distention with low suction to ______ tube, monitor fluid status.

Sterile technique, Cover the abdominal contents with a non-adherent sterile dressing avoiding trauma to the intestine, cover with plastic wrap to minimize heat and fluid loss; prevent abdominal distention with low suction to orogastric tube, monitor fluid status.

On exams what are signs of dehydration? what about severe dehydration

Sunken fontanels would be moderate dehydration Tenting, hypotension Dusky Extremities- severe dehydration

What is the treatment for omphalocele or gastroschisis and how is it diagnosed

Surgery. Prenatal ultrasound.

-To palpate for inguinal hernia have the patient do what?

Turn their head and cough.

__________ test can detect H. Pu;pro om exhaled breath.

Urea breath test

•Bacterial or yeast overgrowth. •Chemical factors such as bubble bath, soaps, or perfumes found in personal care products. •Poor hygiene. •Tight clothing may cause a heat rash in the perineal area. use _________ underwear. Treatment based on the agent yeast= BV or trichomanias?

Vulvovaginitis use cotton underwear Treatment: Based on the agent Yeast= antifungal medication BV or trichomanias- metronidazole.

IBS in children may be genetic or inflammatory response to enviornmental trigger. Treatment- includes adequate nutrition with high _____ and high ___ diets. avoid _____. may need vitamin and iron supplements because of absorption issues.

adequate nutrition with high protein and high carb diets, avoid lactose (may be tolerated poorly), vitamin and iron supplements cause of absorption issues

when assessing the GU disorders listen to heart sounds carefully because _________ with ________ disorders may have a flow murmur that is present

anemic with renal disorders

-Rebound tenderness which is pain when you release pressure can be a sign of __________

appendicitis

_______________- uses a piece stomach of intestine to enlarge the bladder compacity. Since a Portion of the GI tract tissue is used Urine is going to be mucous like.

bladder augmentation

The child with Hirschsprung disease may have either a _____________ or ___________, depending on the extent of disease in the intestine. In either case, perform proper care to avoid skin breakdown

colostomy or ileostomy, depending on the extent of disease in the intestine. In either case, perform proper ostomy care to avoid skin breakdown

To diagnoses _____________ needs to occur at least once per week for 2 consecutive months to be diagnosed. Treatment?

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) We rule out everything else then diagnosis this Treatment- dietary manipulation . High fiber. Medications to control diarrheal and even anti depressant to block neurotransmitters to block the brain gut connection

_____________ - defect in the umbilical ring. abdominal contents that are externalized in a peritoneal sac.

omphalocele

Restore fluids and prevent progression of hypovolemia, try to provide ________ hydration to children with moderate to mild states For mild to moderate dehydration require ____ to ____ mL/kg over 4 hours

oral hydration Children with mild to moderate dehydration require 50 to 100 mL/kg of Oral Solution over 4 hours.

Stool collection techniques If a child has runny stool, a piece of _________ in the diaper may catch the stool. How fast should a stool sample be be sent to laboratory?

plastic wrap Immediately for accurate results

Palpable kidneys indicate ________ or __________

tumor or hydronephrosis

Omphal/o means?

umbilicus, navel

Interventions of omphalocele or gasatroschisis

-Sterile technique, Cover the abdominal contents with a non-adherent sterile dressing avoiding trauma to the intestine, cover with plastic wrap to minimize heat and fluid loss; prevent abdominal distention with low suction to orogastric tube, monitor fluid status. •Many times may start and IV and start antibiotics

What occurs in the gastrointestinal system of the child with Hirschsprung disease? 1 There is a partial or complete mechanical obstruction in the intestine. 2 There is a severe narrowing of the lumen of the pylorus. 3 There is an invagination or telescoping of one portion of the bowel into a distal portion. 4 There is a relaxed sphincter in the lower portion of the esophagus.

1

A child presents with intermittent abdominal pain, severe anorexia, and diarrhea. The child's height and weight is significantly behind standards for age. There is skin breakdown in the anal region. The nurse explains that this presentation is consistent with which diagnosis? 1 Crohn disease 2 ulcerative colitis 3 food poisoning 4 Hirschsprung disease

1 Intermittent abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, growth delays, and perianal lesions are characteristic of Crohn disease. In ulcerative colitis, the pain is continuous with bloody diarrhea, but anorexia, weight loss, and growth delay are mild. Food poisoning is an acute condition and may result in weight loss but not growth delays. In Hirschsprung disease the bowel lacks nerve innervation, so it lacks motility and fecal output.

A child is admitted with a temperature, 101.2°F (38.4°C); pulse rate 100 beats/min; respirations 24 breaths/min. On admission the pain is localized in right lower quadrant. Legs are drawn up against the abdomen. Bowel sounds are sluggish. Rebound tenderness is present. White blood cell count of 17,000/mm3. Ultrasound confirms appendicitis. Which instruction would the nurse give to the child and the parent? 1 Do not rub or put pressure on the abdomen. 2 Drink cool fluids to reduce the temperature. 3 Use a heating pad to decrease the abdominal discomfort. 4 Place an ice pack over the place of the discomfort.

1 The nurse would instruct the child/parent to not rub or put pressure on the abdomen as palpating an inflamed appendix may cause it to rupture. A child with appendicitis will be NPO for surgery and therefore not instructed to drink. Heat to the abdomen may also cause the inflamed appendix to rupture. Ice is not an effective intervention.

Fluid Maintenance of a child

100 ml/ kg for first 10 kg 50 ml/kg for next 10 kg 20 ml/kg for remainder of body weight.

Unclamp the tubing and administer the prescribed volume of enema solution at a rate of about ____ mL per minute. Recommended volumes: ____ mL or less for the infant ___-___ mL for the toddler or preschooler ___-_____ mL for the school-age child Hold the child's buttocks together if needed to encourage retention of the enema for __-__ minutes

100 ml/minute Recommended volumes: 250 mL or less for the infant 250-500 mL for the toddler or preschooler 500-1,000 mL for the school-age child Hold the child's buttocks together if needed to encourage retention of the enema for 5-10 minutes

For severe dehydration give IV fluids of ___ ml/kg of isotonic fluids ________, milk, undiluted fruit juice, soup or broth are NOT appropriate for oral rehydration

20 ml/kg •Tap water, milk, undiluted fruit juice, soup, and broth are NOT appropriate for oral rehydration.

The nurse is talking with a woman who is in her 2nd trimester of pregnancy who has been diagnosed with polyhdyramnios. The physician has ordered an ultrasound be performed to check for the presence of esophageal atresia. Which statement by the woman indicates an understanding of the relationship between these conditions? 1 "Babies with esophageal atresia produce an excessive amount of amniotic fluid." 2 "Reductions in amniotic fluid are associated with the development of esophageal atresia." 3 "Babies with esophageal atresia have an inability to swallow amniotic fluid causing the excess buildup." 4 "Enzymes in amniotic fluid can cause the development of esophageal atresia."

3

The novice nurse is discussing the diagnosis of intussusception with a group of peers. What statement demonstrates the nurse's appropriate understanding regarding this disorder? 1 "There is a telescoping of the lower part of the bowel up over the upper part of the bowel." 2 "The disorder is seen most often in female infants under the age of 3 months." 3 "The infant is pale, cries weakly, and has spasms of pain continuously." 4 "The stools of the infant are called currant jelly stools and consist of blood and mucus."

4

The nurse is caring for a teenager diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. Which order would the nurse question? 1 NPO 2 Nasogastric tube placed to suction 3 Serum amylase levels 4 PO pain management

4

The nurse is teaching an in-service program to a group of nurses on the topic of gastrointestinal disorders. The nurses in the group make the following statements. Which statement is mostaccurate related to the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux? 1 A partial or complete intestinal obstruction occurs. 2 A thickened, elongated muscle causes an obstruction at the end of the stomach. 3 There are recurrent paroxysmal bouts of abdominal pain. 4 In this disorder the sphincter that leads into the stomach is relaxed.

4

The nurse is conducting a physical examination of an infant with suspected pyloric stenosis. Which finding indicates pyloric stenosis? 1 Sausage-shaped mass in the upper mid abdomen 2 Perianal fissures and skin tags 3 Abdominal pain and irritability 4 Hard, moveable "olive-like mass" in the upper right quadrant

4 A hard, moveable "olive-like mass" in the right upper quadrant is the hypertrophied pylorus. A sausage-shaped mass in the upper mid abdomen is the hallmark of intussusception. Perianal fissures and skin tags are typical with Crohn disease. Abdominal pain and irritability is common with pyloric stenosis but are seen with many other conditions.

Medications for crohn disease and ulcerative colitis _____ prevent relapse in ulcerative colitis _________- help maintain remission, monitor for neutropenia and hepatic toxicity/ liver issues _________- in severe crohns

5 ASA amino modulator methotrexate

Medication for GU disorders. ____________- oxybutin, belladonna, opium suppository, cause smooth muscle relaxation of bladder and used for like spasms or contractions usually after surgical procedures. Also control nocturnal enuresis (involuntary urine that happens at night while sleeping). _____________ used for nocturnal enuresis _________ drugs- things that interfere with normal function of DNA. Used to produce long term remission in nephrotic syndrome. Make sure they are tapped off over time and monitor for hypertension ____________- affects serotonin and treats anuresis and can cause decrease appetite ____________- like cyclosporine are used with renal transplants to keep tissue rejection low. Do NOT give with grape juice and with tacrolimus give on empty stomach.

Anticholinergics- oxybutin, belladonna, opium suppository, cause smooth muscle relaxation of bladder and used for like spasms or contractions usually after surgical procedures. Also control nocturnal enuresis (involuntary urine that happens at night while sleeping). Desmopressin Cytotoxic drugs- things that interfere with normal function of DNA. Used to produce long term remission in nephrotic syndrome. Make sure they are tapped off over time and monitor for hypertension Tricyclic antidepressant- affects serotonin and treats anuresis and can cause decrease appetite Immunosuppressants- like cyclosporine are used with renal transplants to keep tissue rejection low. Do NOT give with grape juice and with tacrolimus give on empty stomach.

Babies with cleft palate may have _______ missing or malformed. May have _______ delays. Opening of the cleft palate also contributes to fluid build up in the __________ and sometimes lead to acute infection.

Babies may also have teeth that are missing, or malformed, mispositioned. May have nasal quality to speech and delays in speech. We like to have speech inherited by the age of 4. The opening of the cleft palate also contributes to fluid build up in the middle ear (otitis media) and sometimes can lead to acute infection

__________- radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate

Barium Swallow

Use the ________ of the stethoscope when auscultating the infant's or child's blood pressure so that you can hear the softer Korotkoff sounds more accurately

Bell

comes from autoimmune associated with gluten, found in main grains. Causes damage to small intestine Have diarrhea, fatty stools, constipation, failure to thrive, abdominal distention, bloating

Celiac

_________ is the most common congenital cranial facial anomalies.

Cleft Palate/ lip

at what age do we do surgical repairs for Cleft lip? Cleft Palate?

Cleft lip- repaired surgery 2-3 months Cleft palate- repaired surgery 6-9 months.

Signs of Esophageal atresia/fistula include? Treatment?

Copious- frothy bubbles from mouth and nose. Drooling, abdomen distention, poor feeding Treatment= surgery

________- more direct measure closer than the bun. May do a serum level and urinalysis level if it doubles means there is a 50% reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. Kidney compromise If urine has blood in it (hematuria) it may cause the urine to appear like a tea color or like a greenish color.

Creatinine

more direct measurement of renal function, only minimally affected by liver function. Generally, doubling of the _________ level is suggestive of a 50% reduction in glomerular filtration rate.

Creatinine

A 24-hour urine collection is evaluated for the presence of creatinine, then compared with the serum creatinine level to determine ___________________.

Creatinine clearance

__________-esophagus and trachea are not separating normally during embryonic development. Look at maternal history for polyhydramnios (extra fluid that surrounds the baby greater than 24). The polyhydramnios is caused because fetus can not swallow effectively and absorb the extra amniotic fluid in utero to lead to the polyhydramnios.

Esophageal atresia/fistula

Passage of gastric contends into the esophagus. A normal occurrence in infants and children and generally resolves by ____ months of age. The longer that the PH is below 4 the higher the suspicion

GERD. Resolves by 18 months of age

____________- herniation of the actual abdominal contents through wall defect. usually to the left or right umbilicus.

Gastroschisis

Ranitidine and Famotidine are what classification? They are used for? To reduce ______ secretions Adverse effects include __________ and _________

H2 Blockers. used in heartburn, GERD, Drowsiness or dizziness *When I DINE, I need something for acid and heartburn*

_______ can determine biliary atresia, neontal liver trauma (hepatitis), RUQ pain, and congenital malformation

HIDA scan

•Often typically preceded after a diarrheal illness that includes hemorrhagic colitis. •Damage is due to microthrombotic events in kidneys. •Characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, ARF.

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

movement disorder of intestinal tract that results in obstruction. Characterized by failure to pass stool/ meconium stool within first 24 hours of life. Newborns who needed rectal stimulation to pass first meconium stool or if they pass a meconium plug should be evaluated Signs? Treatment?

Hirschsprung disease. s/s Distended abdomen and possible be able to palpate stool mass in the abdomen. Rectal exam, with Hirschsprung's will not have stool. Treatment is surgical

__________- fluid in scrotal sac. Benign and self limiting. Resolves spontaneously by 1 year of age. _________- venous varicosity and swelling of the scrotal sac Can have low sperm count and result in infertility. We watchfully wait cause most resolve ______________ or can do surgery.

Hydrocele. varicocele Can have low sperm count and result in infertility. We watchfully wait cause most resolve spontaneously or can do surgery.

urethra defect. Opening of penis on the ventral side rather than at the tip. Newborns should not undergo ___________ until it has been repaired. For bladder spasm may give __________. Double diapering is a method postop to protect urethra and stent after surgery. Inner diaper contains stool and outer diaper contains urine for separation and lowers risk of infection.

Hypospadias circumcision. For bladder spasm may give oxybutin. Double diapering is a method post op to protect urethra and stent after surgery.

How far to insert the tube for enema: Infant? Child?

Insert the tube into the rectum: 2.5-4 cm (1-1.5 in) in the infant 5-7.5 cm (2-3 in) in the child

When does Hemolytic Uremic syndrome mostly occur? S/S include? labs will show elevated ____ and ____ (affecting kidney function), Leukocytosis with ______ shift, hypertension, hyponatrium, hyperkalemia, and decreased platelets. Treatment- Maintain _______ balance, correct ___________ and _________ electrolyte abnormalities; dialysis if needed. May give __________ to increase intravascular pressure. (this should be monitored because rapid infusion can cause _______.

It precedes after diarrheal illness that includes hemorrhagic colitis. S/S= pallor, edema, anuria, assess for tenderness to abdomen and check for neurological involvement. May have seizure or coma potentially Labs- Elevated BUN and creatinine (affecting kidney function), leukocytosis with LEFT shift, hypertension, hyponatrium, hyperkalemia and decrease platelets on labs Treatment- maintain fluid balance, correct hypertension and acidosis electrolyte abnormalities dialysis if needed May give albumin which increases intravascular pressure. Results in movement of fluid from the intrasticial (edema) to the intravascular space. Indicated in the fluid volume access Rapid infusion of albumin can cause vascular overload, so it is very monitored

_________ is Caused by fibrous band that connects the small intestine to the umbilicus. Most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract. Treatment?

Meckel Diverticulum surgical. To remove diverticulum itself. May need to resection. Follow orders, by giving blood if needed, IV fluids, Maintaining NPO and post op care.

results in increase glomerular basement membrane permeability. your body to excrete too much protein in your urine. it is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood. signs and symptoms include? Treatment?

Nephrotic syndrome S/S- edema, abdominal ascites, skintight and stretched, skin breakdown, increase weight gain, and hypertension, and then protein in urine on urinalysis. Treatment= corticosteroids long term and Albumin for severe edema and diuretics.

Signs of Cleft Palate Specialty devices to help with feeding?

Not able to get adequate seal on nipple and may get lots of air intake May see things like gagging, choking, nasal regurgitation, and prolonged period of feeding. Haberman Feeder- bottles with Longer nipple custom for babies with different kinds of cleft palate

cleft palate/lip nursing care is to prevent _______ postoperative. Make sure infant is not rubbing suture line, to prevent this lay them ______ or _________ position. May need arm restrains to stop hands from touching face or putting them in the mouth. Also prevent __________ in infants cause it puts tension on suture line. Optimally, speech articulation should be clear by __ years of age, or additional surgical intervention may be necessary

Nursing care is to prevent injury postoperatively. Make sure the infant is not rubbing suture line so to prevent this lay them in supine or side lying position. May need arm restrain to stop hands from touching face or putting them in the mouth. Also prevent vigorous crying in infants cause that cause tension on suture line as well post surgical Optimally, speech articulation should be clear by 4 years of age, or additional surgical intervention may be necessary

signs of intussusception when palpating abdomen may have the presence of a _________ like mass in the upper mid abdomen. Treatment?

Onset of intermittent (kind of comes and goes) severe Abdominal cramping, kids may scream when they put their knees to their stomach. Vomiting and diarrhea. Stools will look like jelly. When palpating the abdomen may have a presence of a sausage like mass in the upper mid abdomen. Treatment- barium enema which can be for most of this cases. Surgery If enema is not successful. Sometimes resections if we have bowel necrosis.

For H. Pylori urea breath test make sure child has not had _____ medication for 5 days prior to the test? They will need complete __________ and _________ therapy for 14 days after diagnoses

PPI antibiotics and pepto bismol

- more serious. Constricting band behind the glands of penis results in incarceration. If left untreated can cause issues. Treatment= ?

Paraphimosis Treatment= circumcision.

Manifest from bacterial invasion for cervix and vagina, goes into the uterus and fallopian tubes Common causes-_____________, __________ Treatment? Education on how to prevent: PID includes?

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Common cause- chlamydia, gonorrhea Treatment- outpatient. IV and oral antibiotics. If the child is severely ill or high fever, then may get hospitalized. And IV antibiotics and fluid hydration. Education on how to prevent it- Use condoms, check for stds. Proper hygiene. Not multiple sexual partners

what is anorectal malformation?

Perforated anus. Infants require a stage repair and bowel connected to anal opening. If fully perforated anus and anal opening may need to be inputted. Final repair is achieved the stoma will be closed and bowel will begin to pass through anal opening.

foreskin of the penis that can not be contracted. Normal in the newborn but Can be pathologic later Treatment?

Phimosis Treatment- topical steroid cream applied twice a day for a month.

fungal infection in oral mucosa, most common in newborns and infants. Also kids at risk are those immune disorders, kids using oral corticosteroids inhalers for asthma. And those receiving therapy that suppresses the immune system. Also antibiotic use can contribute. And kids breast feeding, it can transfer by the mother via the breast.

Thrush

What is caused most commonly by E. Coli and may consist of fever, irritability, failure to thrive, jaundice, painful urination. in the infant

UTI

most common cause is E. Coli. S/S fever, irritability, failure to thrive, or jaundice. Painful urination Treatment- _________

UTI antibiotics

Kidneys in younger kids are less able to concentrate urine and reabsorb amino acids so they are at higher risk of __________ at times of fever etc. urethra is much shorter in what gender? Renal system- functional maturity around ___ years of age.

dehydration Females 2 years old

full bladder may also have a ______ sound over the symphysis pubis

dull sounds.

hirsutism is what? what can cause it?

excessive hair growth Corticosteroid.

What is ascities?

fluid in the abdomen

Goals of omphalocele is to prevent _________?

hypothermia

tympany in abdomen

implies gas filled

The kidneys in a child are large in relation to the abdomen until the child reaches adolescence this makes them less protected from ________ by the ribs and fat padding.

injury

Signs of GERD If untreated can cause recurrent? Treatment?

s/s- recurrent vomiting/ regurgitation, weight loss/gain, irritability, resp symptoms, feeding refusal, poor dental from acid. Untreated GERD can cause recurrent pneumonia, asthma, laryngitis. Treatment= antibiotics if caused by H pylori, histamine 2 blockers and PPI

Glomerular filtration rate: ______ in infant; risk for dehydration

slower

________________ tube- placed in the bladder via the abdominal wall above the symphysis pubis. Postoperatively we use this for drainage of urine with reconstructive surgeries

suprapubic tube

Signs of thrush? Treatment?

thick white patch on the tongue or palate. Looks like curdled milk, but will NOT wipe away like milk would. Nystatin four times daily. Give after feeding to allow it to main in contact with lesions.

surgical diversion of uterus to abdominal wall. requires a stoma and a pouch for the bladder. This happens in a case when the bladder needs to be removed or does not function properly.

urinary diversion