Pentathlon Social Science Section 3 & 4
In time, what did the CIA become like?
"a government within a government, which could evade oversight of its activities by drawing the cloak of secrecy about itself"
When was Vietnam liberated from the Japanese?
1945
When did Congress create the CIA?
1947
From 302 covert operatives in 1949, what number did covert operatives surge to in 1952?
2,812
In April 1955, delegations from _____ nations descended on the Indonesian city of Bandung for the inaugural Afro-Asian Conference
28
What did American covert intervention dramatically escalate into in Vietnam?
A full-blown war
What did Eisenhower view the British attack (on Egypt), which British Prime Minister Anthony Eden had deliberately hidden from Washington, as?
A fundamental betrayal of the trust that ungirded the special relationship between the two English-speaking nations
In Poland, what did the Communist Party's top official die of?
A heart attack after reading a transcript of Nikita Khrushchev's speech
What did US officials view China's burgeoning influence on new states and independence movements throughout Asia as?
A major threat
What is "non-alignment"?
A movement led by leaders of a newly independent nations in Asia and Africa to declare neutrality in the Cold War
Who was Jacobo Arbenz?
A populist military officer and democratically elected leader of Guatemala who was overthrown in a CIA-backed coup in 1954
Who was Ho Chi Minh?
A prominent Vietnamese Revolutionary and president of North Vietnam from 1945 to 1969; nicknamed "Uncle Ho", he led his nation's struggle for independence from the French, resistance of the Japanese occupation during WW2, and fight for a unified Communist Vietnam against the United States
What happened at colonization accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s?
A series of revolutions, civil wars, and proxy conflicts oriented the Cold War away from Europe
What was Gamal Nasser nationalizing the Suez Canal calculated to deliver?
A strong rebuke to Egypt's former colonial masters and pressure the United States to reconsider its refusal to fund the Aswan Dam
What did an expanded CIA offer the president a way to wield American power?
A way to wield power without congressional and public scrutiny
What did placing the blame entirely on Stalin do for Nikita Khrushchev?
Absolved Nikita Khrushchev from his own responsibility and allowed the premier to consolidate his power base by marginalizing old guard officials like Vyacheslav Molotov
As tensions between Great Britain and Iran escalated, what did rumors say Mohammad Mossadegh was doing?
Actively courting Soviet aid
What did the election of Jacobo Arbenz provoke?
Anxiety within US foreign policy circles
When was the Bandung Conference?
April, 1955
What did Gamal Nasser sought from the Soviets?
Arms and other manufactured goods
What did Mohammad Mossadegh view foreign control of Iran's natural resources as?
As a form of colonialism that infringed on national sovereignty
What happened as a result of American policy makers' struggle to distinguish anticolonial nationalism, or a movement to gain political independence from a controlling nation, from doctrinaire communism?
As a result, they frequently backed unpopular, authoritarian regimes in the name of anti-communism
What did Jacobo Arbenz do after pledging to institute dramatic land reforms?
Began to expropriate uncultivated land, including hundreds of thousands of acres held by the US-owned United Fruit Company
What did Nikita Khrushchev accuse Stalin of doing after denouncing him?
Betraying Leninism through his murderous campaign of Terror
What did CIA agents do during their mission for Operation PBSUCCESS?
CIA agents helped train rebel forces, ran a radio station that broadcast propaganda, and even escorted the military junta into the capital
What did success in Iran and Guatemala both affirm Eisenhower's commitment to?
CIA intervention as a cost effective Cold War strategy and also bred overconfidence in the power of covert operations to achieve foreign policy objectives
What did Gamal Nasser leave the Bandung determined to do?
Chart an independent course for his nation and rid the Middle East of the last vestiges of European colonialism
In the long term, what did the removal of a democratically elected and popular leader in favor of a corrupt dictator do?
Deeply damaged America's reputation among Iranians and sowed the seeds for the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979
What did anti-communism consistently trump?
Democratic ideals in the US foreign policy decisions to back dictatorial governments
What did the Secret Speech directly lead to?
Domestic reforms, collectively known as de-Stalinization, Nikita Khrushchev attempted to rehabilitate Soviet Marxism-Leninism by distancing the ideology from the murderous legacy of Stalin
What did Jacobo Arbenz pledge to institute?
Dramatic land reforms
What did Gamal Nasser sought from the Americans?
Economic aide for large scale development projects like the Aswan High Dam
What was Iran to the United States?
Economically and strategically important
What percentage was the United States paying the war costs of the Vietnam War?
Eighty percent
What was covert action orchestrated by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) one of the defining features of?
Eisenhower's "New Look" Cold War Strategy
Define the "New Look" Policy.
Eisenhower's foreign policy strategy that aimed to save money by relying on nuclear weapons and covert action over conventional arms and forces
What did a wave of popular protests in Poland lead the (Communist) party to do?
Expel several other Stalinists from its ranks and restore Wladislaw Gomulka, who had been imprisoned in one of Stalin's purges, as its leader
When did Nikita Khrushchev, in his capacity as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, address a closed session of the Twentieth Party Congress in Moscow?
February 25, 1956
What did the Southeast Asian nation of Vietnam have a long history of?
Foreign domination
What did Gamal Nasser do on July 26, 1956?
Gamal Nasser nationalized-or took government control of a privately owned enterprise without just compensation- the Suez Canal
What did the CIA do under Eisenhower?
Greatly expanded its capabilities
In another sense, how was Nikita Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" like opening Pandora's box?
His devastating indictment of Stalin invited a wider interrogation of Stalinism, which, by 1956, had thoroughly infected all the nations in the Soviet orbit
Who ruled North Vietnam?
Ho Chi Minh and his communist party
When did rumors say Mohammad Mossadegh was actively courting Soviet aid?
In the early months of 1953
What did intelligence reports find out about the connection between Jacobo Arbenz and Moscow?
Intelligence reports found no direct connection between Jacobo Arbenz and Moscow
What country was an oil-rich nation that bordered the Soviet Union?
Iran
Why did Washington view the 1953 coup in Iran as a double success?
It had saved Iran from falling into Moscow's orbit and provided American corporations access to Iran's oil
What did France, Britain, and the young state of Israel do after ignoring Washington's advice?
Launched a coordinated invasion of Egyptian territory in late October (1956)
What did Eisenhower do after agreeing that Mossadegh seemed likely to lead Iran into the Soviet camp?
Mid-June gave the green light to a CIA backed coup officially known as Operation AJAX
Who was the newly elected prime minister of Iran in 1951?
Mohammad Mossadegh
Where and when did Ho Chi Minh study Marxist revolution?
Moscow's Communist University for the Toilers of the East the 1930's
What did the newly elected prime minister Mohammad Mossadegh move to do in 1951?
Moved forward with a plan to nationalize Iran's oil industry
What did the zero-sum thinking American policymakers held make them think about nations NOT allied with the United States?
Nations NOT allied with the Untied States were against freedom and likely to turn communist
Who ruled South Vietnam?
Ngo Dinh Diem
What did Nikita Khrushchev overturn regarding Stalin?
Nikita Khrushchev completely overturned the heroic image of Stalin that official Soviet propaganda had diligently promoted even after his 1953 death
What was the "Secret Speech"?
Nikita Khrushchev's February 25, 1956, speech to the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that catalogued and condemned Stalin's crimes
What would "non-aligned" states do?
Not join formal security alliances with the United States or the Soviet Union but would maintain diplomatic ties with both
What did the Soviet Union and China do in turn to the Eisenhower administration pouring billions of dollars of aid into propping up French Rule?
Officially recognized Ho's provisional government and provided military training, aid, and logistical support to his Viet Minh fighters
What did the first CIA interventions in Iran and Guatemala do?
Overthrew democratically elected governments identified as too pro-Soviet or insufficiently pro-American and installed in their place US-friendly autocratic regimes-meaning they were run by leaders with absolute power, dictators
After Gamal Nasser embraced "non-alignment", what did he look to do?
Play the superpower rivals against each other
What did the Eisenhower administration pour billions of dollars of aid into?
Propping up French Rule
Following the liberation of Vietnam from the Japanese, what did the communist leader Ho Chi Minh do?
Renewed his longstanding call for independence in a declaration that quoted directly from Thomas Jefferson
Although US intervention achieved its immediate objective in Guatemala, what did it fuel?
Resentment in Latin America that ironically helped future communist movements-like Cuban Marxist revolutionaries- gain traction in the region
What did the fear of a communist takeover of South Vietnam prompt Eisenhower to do?
Secretly funnel money, military supplies, and CIA advisers
What did the Secret Speech do?
Sent shockwaves through the Soviet Union and the international communist movement
When did colonization accelerate?
The 1950s and 1960s
Who was Shah Reza Pahlavi?
The American-backed dictator of Iran who came to power following a CIA coup in 1953 and who was overthrown in the 1979 Islamic Revolution
What dominated Iran's oil industry?
The British-owned, Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
What party did Ho Chi Minh belong to?
The Communist Party
During the purges of the mid to late 1930s, how many arrests and executions were led directly from Stalin's orders?
The arrests of more than 3.5 million people and the summary execution of 688,503 Soviet citizens
Who was Gamal Nasser?
The charismatic Arab nationalist and leader of Egypt's military government
What was "Operation AJAX"?
The code name for the 1953 CIA coup that ousted Mohammad Mossadegh and brought Reza Shah Pahlavi to power in Iran
What was Operation PBSUCCESS?
The code name for the 1954 CIA coup that ousted Jacobo Arbenz and installed a US-backed military dictatorship in Guatemala
Who was Mohammad Mossadegh?
The democratically elected prime minister of Iran who was ousted in a CIA coup in 1953
What did alarms sounded by officials that the government appeared to be drifting toward the Soviet Union or toward Marxist ideology in Iran and Guatemala lead to?
The first CIA interventions
Who was Allen Dulles?
The first director of the CIA (1953-61) who oversaw the agency's expansion during the Eisenhower administration; he was instrumental in the elevation of clandestine intervention with US foreign policy; he was the brother of John Foster Dulles
What did the Dulles brothers fear Jacobo Arbenz's land redistribution represented?
The first stage of a communist infection that could spread throughout the region left unchecked
A central provision of the (Geneva) conference's Geneva Accords scheduled national elections for 1956 to establish what?
The government of an independent and unified Vietnam
By the end of August 1953, who successfully ousted Mossadegh?
The pro-American Shah Reza Pahlavi
Allen Dulles and other Cold War warriors celebrated the liberation of Guatemala from communism even though intelligence reports found no direct connection between Jacobo Arbenz and Moscow, meanwhile, why did the Guatemalan people find little to celebrate?
They suffered decades of repressive military rule and brutal civil war that destabilized and devastated the country
What was Allen Dulles' relation to John Foster Dulles?
They were brothers
Why did Eisenhower pressure Britain and France to withdrawal their respective troops?
To allow a UN peacekeeping force to monitor the ceasefire and return possession of the canal to Egypt
Why did Congress create the CIA?
To coordinate and streamline American intelligence gathering
What did American policy makers often struggle to do?
To distinguish anticolonial nationalism, or a movement to gain political independence from a controlling nation, from doctrinaire communism
What did the Eisenhower endorsed, CIA-led military coup code named Operation PBSUCCESS force Jacobo Arbenz to do?
To flee the country after resigning his office in June of 1954
What did Eisenhower pressure Britain and France to do?
To halt the (Suez) invasion
What did Truman choose to do on US support of French colonialism in the Southeast Asian nation?
Truman, despite America's wartime support of Ho's fight against Japanese occupation, chose to double down on US support of French colonialism in the Southeast Asian nation
Who was John Foster Dulles?
US Secretary of State (1953-59), and brother of Allen Dulles, who championed massive retaliation as the official policy of the United States
Using Operation AJAX, what did the CIA help do?
Undermine Mossadegh by bribing local officials, disseminating propaganda, organizing protests, and arming anti-government forces
What did India's Jawharal Nehru, Indonesia's Sukarno, and others call for at the Bandung Conference?
Unity among former colonized peoples and advocated for non-alignment in the Cold War
What did peace negotiations at the Geneva Conference establish?
What was meant to be a temporary partition of the nation (Vietnam) at the 17th parallel
Who were the Viet Minh?
a Vietnamese independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh that defeated the French Army at Dien Bien Phu in 1954
What was non-alignment ESSENTIALLY?
a declaration of neutrality
Who succeeded Emperor Bao Dai?
anti-communist Catholic Ngo Dinh Diem
the United States delivered a _____________ ________ to Britain's international standing, accelerated the pace of ____________________, and clearly asserted American dominance of the ______________ ____________.
humiliating blow, decolonization, Western alliance
What was North Vietnam known as?
the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
What was South Vietnam known as?
the Republic of Vietnam
What did the ill-timed attack on Egypt provide a distraction for and inadvertently aided?
the Soviet's ruthless suppression of a popular uprising in Hungary
What did both Washington and Moscow, in a rare moment of agreement, jointly condemn?
the Suez invasion
Who was Ngo Dinh Diem?
the US-backed Catholic authoritarian leader of the republic of Vietnam from 1954 until 1963, when he was assassinated in a military coup
