People

James Usher

(1581-1656) Archbishop who declared, based on biblical interpretation, that the Earth was created in 4004 B.C.

Charles Lyell

(1797-1875): Principles of Geology (three volumes, published 1830-1833); established the doctrine of uniformitarianism.

Max Uhle

- UC Berkeley Professor 1906 - Did one of the 1st stratigraphic excavations at Emeryville Shellmound, CA (this particular shellmound was 10m high and had a 100m diameter) - These shellmounds are considered artificial because they were produced by humans and this one is one of the hundreds that are rapidly disappearing - He found that there were 12 layers that could be grouped into 3 major occupations (He believed that it was 3 separate cultures, but others said that there was no change in CA. His worked was ignored but later found to be true) - Mostly worked in Peru

William Smith

1769-1839 English Principle of Faunal Succession: noted that different rock strata contain particular types of fossilized flora and fauna, and that these fossil forms and communities succeed each other in specific and predictable order that can be identified over wide distances

Jacque de Perthes

1788-1868 - Artifacts and extinct animal bones - A French scholar, archaeologist, and antiquary 1830 - Found worked flints in Somme River Valley that were ancient and dated to pre-Biblical times

Charles Darwin

1809 - 1882/Shrewsbury, England 1859 - Origin of Species 1871 - The Descent of Man - Uniformitarianism, Fossil finds, and his publications begin to undermine creationist ideas - Studied Finches on the Galapagos island for Natural Selection.

J.J.A. Worsaae

1821-1885 - Danish archaeologist and employer of Christian Thomsen - Tested CJT's 3-Age System using stratigraphy and found it to be correct, but also found another principle - The Principle of Association (objects accompanying a burial are used of the same time)

Franz Boas

1858-1942 - Father of American Anthropology - Direct historical approach - Reacted against the broad evolutionary schemes of those before him and demanded much greater attention to the collection and classification of information in the field.

William Rathje

Coined the term "garbology" which is the study of refuse and trash; he excavates landfills

David Hurst Thomas

David Hurst Thomas (born 1945) is the Curator of North American Archaeology in the Division of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History and a Professor at Richard Gilder Graduate School. He was previously a Chairman of the American Museum of Natural History's Anthropology Division. Conducted the first major probabilistic survey in the Reese River Valley.

Nicolaus Steno

Defined law of Superposition

A.E. Douglass

Developed dendrochronology in the 1920s (tree-ring dating)

Lewis Binford

Father of new archaeology (Processual Archaeology) - Did processual archaeology with Nunmiut people in Alaska

Nabonidus

First recorded archaeologists that used the direct historical approach for nationalistic reason

George Cuvier

French zoologist & Father of Paleontology; wrote a book in 1808 which stated: extinct animals occur in same basic sequence in different areas/rocks = they can be dated at the same time

Willard Libby

In 1949 he developed radiocarbon dating as a method to measure radioactivity. This process revolutionized archaeology and palaeontology

Cathy Schick

In Koobi Fora, Kenya she created "sites" in rivers and along Lake Morgan and found stone tools, debitage, and bone, and discovered animals had scavenged the bones and the artifacts that were left at her "sites" had disappeared because of floods and wind. With this data she collected from her "sites" she found how to interpret prehistoric sites properly. These results helped her determine how much a real archaeological site was disturbed. (Soil Creep or Slump-geomorphology, Bioturbation-movement done by biological organisms)

Jesse Figgins

Jesse D. Figgins was the first professional director of the Colorado Museum of Natural History (now the Denver Museum of Nature & Science), serving from 1910 until his resignation in 1935.

Julian Steward

Julian Haynes Steward (January 31, 1902 - February 6, 1972) was an American anthropologist best known for his role in developing "the concept and method" of cultural ecology, as well as a scientific theory of culture change.

Shoshone

Native American group that inhabited much of the Great Basin during both historic and prehistoric times.

Nunamiut

Nomadic people of Alaska that Lewis Binford lived with to learn about their culture

Luther Cressman and Donald Grayson

Went out and excavated sites in Fort rock basin to look for evidence

Manuel Gamio

Were forefront of wave ,Changing focus of archaeological research,Were ahead of times and Organic artifacts into meaningful units

Ales Hrdlicka

buds w/ Holmes; believed in "short camp"; left legacy for US archaeology- do work slowly, carefully, pay attention to stratigraphy

William H. Holmes

buds w/ Hrdlicka; believed in "short camp"; made a fake flake to dupe "long camp" folk; left legacy for US archaeology- do work slowly, carefully, pay attention to stratigraphy

Christian Thomsen

created the Three-Age System: Stone Age, Bronze Age, & Iron Age

Alfred Kroeber

criticized Uhle and argued there was no such change that occurred and said there was no AG in CA

Michael Schiffer

developed most of the terms for formation processes -criticized James Hill and Lightfoot saying that what they saw as use related context was actually transposed primary context - "Mr. transformational processes" - critiqued Hill, saying that it was all about transformational processes, more specifically depositional processes. Argued that the rooms were from the same time period & just used to dispose of different items.

Thomas Jefferson

first modern archaeologist; wanted to disprove Europeans that thought American plants, animals, & culture were less advanced; first to apply ideas of stratigraphy & superposition to archaeology

Charles Abbot

looked for paleoliths in the USand deemed that the ones near Europe looked the same so they must be just as old and tried to compare if they were just as old as the US ones

Nels Nelson

started American Museum of natural history.Ceramic culture history. Shows "battleship". Seriation diagram: Nelson's San Cristobal Potsherd frequencies. Popularity of artifact styles wax and wane. Usually in predictable way. Rare at first Became popular Aborted .Called battleship curve Normative normal distribution