perio exam
What are the two main types of cementum? a. Typical and atypical b. Cellular and acellular c. Differentiated and undifferentiated d. Rapid and slow
b. Cellular and acellular
Which of the following is not a direct result of nicotine consumption? a. Increased heart rate b. Decreased respiratory rate c. Peripheral vasoconstriction d. Rise in blood pressure
b. Decreased respiratory rate
What is the distinguishing feature of necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis? a. Existence in conjunction with other systemic diseases b. Destructive progression of the disease c. Buildup of calculus and bacterial plaque biofilm on 50% of teeth d. Severe headache to accompany other features of the disease
b. Destructive progression of the disease
Which of the following terms can be defined as "outgrowths of bone of varied size and shape?" a. Endostoses b. Exostoses c. Bone formation d. Collagen
b. Exostoses
What are the two subgroups of aggressive periodontitis? a. Mild and severe b. Generalized and localized c. Acute and chronic d. Painful and pain-free
b. Generalized and localized
Which of the following seems especially important for patients with the so-called early onset periodontitis? a. Environmental factors b. Genetic factors c. Behavioral factors d. Miscellaneous factors
b. Genetic factors
Which of the following is a dimension to the new classification system that enables clinicians to incorporate individual characteristics into the diagnosis and related treatment plans? a. Staging b. Grading c. Diagnosing d. Prioritizing
b. Grading
What are two key factors that have led to decreasing tooth loss for all age-groups? a. Extensive research and increased patient appointments b. Increased health awareness and improvements in preventive dentistry c. Steady incline in the age of dentists and better dental insurance coverage options d. Fewer cavities and an improved patient-dentist relationship
b. Increased health awareness and improvements in preventive dentistry
What is the principal cell type of the gingival epithelium?' a. Langerhans cells b. Keratinocytes c. Melanocytes d. Merkel cells
b. Keratinocytes
Which of the following is the term used to describe an accumulation of microorganisms, desquamated epithelial cells, leukocytes, and a mixture of salivary proteins and lipids, with few or no food particles? a. Calculus b. Materia alba c. Bacterial plaque biofilm d. Saliva
b. Materia alba
Which of the following terms in a non-hemoglobin-derived brown pigment that provides physiologic pigmentation? a. Melatonin b. Melanin c. Melasma d. Mucosa
b. Melanin
Which of the following stages of periodontitis is associated with a clinical attachment loss of 3 to 4 mm? a. Mild chronic periodontitis b. Moderate chronic periodontitis c. Severe chronic periodontitis d. Acute chronic periodontitis
b. Moderate chronic periodontitis
What types of cells produce the organic matrix of bone? a. Osteoclasts b. Osteoblasts c. Chrondroblasts d. Fibroblasts
b. Osteoblasts
Which of the following is not one of three major salivary glands? a. Parotid b. Submaxillary c. Submandibular d. Sublingual
b. Submaxillary
Which kind of epithelium lines the gingival sulcus? a. Oral epithelium b. Sulcular epithelium c. Gingival epthelium d. Junctional epithelium
b. Sulcular epithelium
The three sources of blood supply to the gingiva are arterioles, vessels of the periodontal ligament, and what other sources? a. Gingival crevicular areas b. Supraperiosteal arterioles c. Alveolar bones d. Gingival connective tissue
b. Supraperiosteal arterioles
There are four principal components of the normal periodontium: the gingiva, the periodontal ligament, the alveolar bone, and what other component? a. Lips b. Oral mucosa b. Cementum d. Dorsum of the tongue
c. Cementum
What is the most prevalent form of periodontitis? a. Acute periodontitis b. Mild periodontitis c. Chronic periodontitis d. Localized periodontitis
c. Chronic periodontitis
What color is typically used to describe the color of the attached and marginal gingiva? a. Salmon pink b. Magenta c. Coral pink d. Bluish pink
c. Coral pink
Which of these processes seems to be unaffected by increasing age? a) Morphologic changes in the alveolar bone b) The widening of the cementum c) The changing in structure of the periodontal ligament d) Healing rate of bone in extraction sockets
d) Healing rate of bone in extraction sockets
Which of the following periodontal classification is a newly established category not previously covered in the 1999 classification system? a) Periodontal health, gingival diseases and conditions b) Periodontitis c) Other conditions affecting the periodontium d) Peri-implant diseases and conditions
d) Peri-implant diseases and conditions
Which stage of periodontitis has the potential for tooth loss of five or more teeth? a) Stage I b) Stage II c) Stage III d) Stage IV
d) Stage IV
What percentage of dental calculus is primarily composed of inorganic components? a. 10% to 30% b. 20% to 40% c. 50% to 70% d. 70% to 90%
d. 70% to 90%
Which of the following is composed of microbial cells within a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances? a. Bacteriodetes b. Nucleic acids c. Biomes d. Biofilm
d. Biofilm
As a periodontal pocket deepens, __________ fibers embedded in the cementum are destroyed, and _______ becomes exposed to the oral environment. a. Oral; gingiva b. Oral; the pocket c. Collagen; the pocket d. Collagen; cementum
d. Collagen; cementum
What is the correct term for inflammation of the gums? a. Dental biofilm b. Oral cancer c. Periodontitis d. Gingivitis
d. Gingivitis
Which of the following is the most common viral origin of gingival diseases? a. HIV b. Influenza c. Adenoviruses d. Herpesviruses
d. Herpesviruses
The gingiva is divided anatomically into three areas: marginal, attached, and what other areas? a. Unilateral b. Unattached c. Alveolar d. Interdental
d. Interdental
The improper use of dental floss may result in what? a. Lacerations of the interdental papilla b. Chronic toothbrush trauma c. Attachment loss d. Acute gingival abscess
a. Lacerations of the interdental papilla
Where is subgingival calculus located? a. Coronal to the gingival margin b. Below the crest of the marginal gingiva c. Between teeth d. On the surfaces of natural teeth and dental prostheses
b. Below the crest of the marginal gingiva
Which type of periodontitis primarily affects first molars and incisor teeth in adolescents? a. Localized aggressive periodontitis b. Generalized aggressive periodontitis c. Minimally aggressive periodontitis d. Acutely aggressive periodontitis
a. Localized aggressive periodontitis
Which of the following diseases is not associated with smoking? a. Emphysema b. Breast cancer c. Kidney cancer d. Stroke
b. Breast cancer
Which type of cells are the key infiltrating cells in periodontitis that accumulate in large numbers in inflamed periodontal tissues? a. Neutrophils b. Microphages c. Osteoblasts d. Fibroblasts
a. Neutrophils
Which of the following terms can be defined as "mineralized dental plaque"? a. Biofilm b. Calculus c. cavity d. Saliva
b. Calculus
Which of the following is an acute phase protein that is widely regarded as a marker of inflammatory burden and response to bacterial infection? a) C-reactive protein b) D-reactive protein c) B-reactive protein d) E-reactive protein
a) C-reactive protein
It has been reported that what part of the periodontium thins and has decreased keratinization with age? a) Gingival epithelium b) Periodontal ligament c) Alveolar bone d) Cementum
a) Gingival epithelium
Staging describes the complexity of each case and incorporates which of the following elements? a) Severity of disease b) Association of gum recession c) Diagnosis of the problem d) Grading of the periodontitis
a) Severity of disease
Which of the following is part of the peri-implant evaluation? a) Visual inspection b) Diagnosis c) Treatment planning d) Flossing
a) Visual inspection
Periodontitis is defined as one or more sites with clinical attachment loss of ____ mm or greater and a pocket depth of ____ mm or greater. a. 4; 4 b. 4; 2 c. 2; 2 d. 2; 4
a. 4; 4
Which form of periodontitis differs from the chronic form primarily because of the rapid rate of disease progression seen in an otherwise healthy individual? a. Aggressive b. Passive c. Localized d. Generalized
a. Aggressive
Which form of periodontitis is also known as early-onset periodontitis? a. Aggressive periodontitis b. Necrotizing periodontal disease c. Localized periodontitis d. Nonaggressive periodontitis
a. Aggressive periodontitis
If a patient has been diagnosed with symptomatic lichen planus and tests positive for superimposed candidiasis, what is the correct course of action? a. Antifungals b. Antivirals c. Antibacterials d. Antacids
a. Antifungals
Which of the following is not a clinical sign that suggests the presence of periodontal pockets? a. Bluish red thinned marginal gingiva b. Tooth mobility c. Localized pain d. Gingival bleeding and suppuration
a. Bluish red thinned marginal gingiva
What are the two most common locations for the development of supragingival calculus? a. Buccal surfaces of the maxillary molars and the lingual surfaces of the mandibular anterior teeth b. Lingual surfaces of the mandibular molars and the buccal surfaces of the maxillary molars c. Buccal surfaces of the mandibular molars and the lingual surfaces of the maxillary molars d. Lingual surfaces of the maxillary molars and the buccal surfaces of the mandibular anterior teeth
a. Buccal surfaces of the maxillary molars and the lingual surfaces of the mandibular anterior teeth
Which of the following medications can modify gingival diseases (i.e., gingival overgrowth)? a. Calcium channel blockers and anticonvulsants b. Antidepressants and NSAIDs c. Diuretics and alpha blockers d. Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors
a. Calcium channel blockers and anticonvulsants
Which of the following is the most prevalent species of Candida in the oral cavity? a. Candida albicans b. Candida glabrata c. Candida tropicalis d. Candida parapsilosis
a. Candida albicans
What happens if acute inflammation goes unresolved: a. Chronic inflammation and disease will establish b. The inflammation will automatically diminish and return to its normal state c. The site will become infected and antibiotics will be necessary d. A dentist will need to perform a deep cleaning of the site
a. Chronic inflammation and disease will establish
Which of the following factors related to aging may actually pay a larger role in periodontal health than age alone? a. Cognitive and motor function skills b. Growth of cancer cells c. Hypertension and heart-related issues d. Loss of bone density
a. Cognitive and motor function skills
What is the term used to describe pigmented deposits on the tooth surface? a. Dental stains b. Bacterial plaque biofilm c. Calculus d. Teeth marks
a. Dental stains
Which of the following is a systemic factor that can contribute to gingivitis? a. Diabetes b. Aging c. Weight gain d. Weight loss
a. Diabetes
What are two key factors that must be considered in relation to possible changes in demand from older individuals for periodontal treatment? a. Increased life expectancy and greater health expectations b. Increased reliance on dentures and the decline of flossing c. Decreased brain function and improvements in preventive dentistry d. Patient compliance and lower health expectations
a. Increased life expectancy and greater health expectations
Why is early diagnosis and treatment of NUP crucial? a. Osseous defects that occur during the late stages of the disease are extremely difficult to resolve. b. Without proper diagnosis, NUP can easily progress into NUG c. Calcium buildup associated with NUP becomes harder to rectify as the patient ages. d. Without proper diagnosis, NUP can easily progress into HIV, which then progresses to AIDS.
a. Osseous defects that occur during the late stages of the disease are extremely difficult to resolve.
What is the primary source of mineralization for supragingival calculus? a. Saliva b. Tobacco use c. Bacterial plaque d. biofilm Protein
a. Saliva
What forms the temporomandibular joint? a. The articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone of the cranium b. The upper jawbone and the temporal bone of the cranium c. The articulation of the mandible and the occipital bone of the cranium d. The upper jawbone and the occipital bone of the cranium
a. The articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone of the cranium
Clinical evidence now shows that Streptococcus mutans can be detected in the mouth of predentate children before what event? a. The eruption of the first tooth b. The first bite of solid food c. The hormone irregularities of adolescence d. The eruption of wisdom teeth
a. The eruption of the first tooth
Which of the following is one of the three zones of the oral mucosa? a. The oral mucous membrane b. The gingiva and covering of soft palate c. The teeth and gums d. The bottom surface of the tongue
a. The oral mucous membrane
What is the main function of the gingival epithelium? a. To protect the deep structures while allowing for a selective interchange with the oral environment b. To differentiate and supply the cells necessary for the keratinization process c. To produce various types of cells, as well as replace any damaged cells d. To provide a healthy environment for the strategic exchange of processes and cells within the oral cavity
a. To protect the deep structures while allowing for a selective interchange with the oral environment
Gingival fibers consist of what type of collagen? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type III d. Type IV
a. Type I
How does necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) differ from necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)? a. With NUP, the loss of clinical attachment and alveolar bone is a consistent feature originating from the proximal region. b. With NUG, the loss of clinical attachment and alveolar bone is a consistent feature originating from the proximal region. c. With NUP, the malnutrition may be a contributing factor, whereas that is not an issue with NUG. d. With NUP, patients often have spontaneous bl
a. With NUP, the loss of clinical attachment and alveolar bone is a consistent feature originating from the proximal region.
Which of the following is considered to be the most important plaque retentive factor because of its ability to retain and harbor plaque bacteria on its rough surface as well as inside? a. Calculus b. Gums c. Enamel d. Saliva
a. calculus
Advanced forms of periodontal disease are characterized by tooth mobility, tooth loss, and tooth ______. a. migration b. disintegration c. removal d. sinking
a. migration
In general, restorative materials are not in themselves injurious to the periodontal tissues. One exception to this may be: a. self-curing acrylics. b. crowns c. dentures d. braces
a. self curing acrylics
The older population tends to present other comorbidities along with periodontitis. Which of the following are examples of these types of comorbidities that occur with age? a) Rapid gene formation b) Cardiovascular disease c) Growth of brain cells d) Skin cancer
b) Cardiovascular disease
Which of the following structures is not considered part of the periodontium? a) Cementum b) Periodontal bridge c) Alveolar bone d) Gingiva
b) Periodontal bridge
Which of the following 2018 periodontal classification now encompasses the 1999 diagnostic category of "Necrotizing Periodontal Disease"? a) Periodontal health, gingival diseases and conditions b) Periodontitis c) Peri-implant diseases and conditions d) Other conditions affecting the periodontium
b) Periodontitis
Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for loss of periodontal support? a) Increased age b) Smoking c) Lack of flossing d) Poor nutrition
b) Smoking
The colonization of which of the following is a secondary feature of aggressive periodontitis? a. Streptococcus pneumoniae b. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans c. Moraxella catarrhalis d. Streptococcus mutans
b. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
When does the colonization of the oral cavity start? a. A time of conception b. At time of birth c. At preschool age d. At teenager age
b. At time of birth
The specific microbial composition and structure of dental biofilms are highly dependent on which of the following parameters? a. The amount of sugar eaten and how many cavities exist b. The region of the tooth and the local environment parameters c. The mouth temperature and the BMI of the patient d. The flossing habits of the patient and the type
b. The region of the tooth and the local environment parameters
Which of the following is the term used for when trauma is induced by the dentist or health professional? a. Dental trauma b. latrogenic trauma c. Spontaneous trauma d. Inflicted trauma
b. latrogenic trauma
Which of the following is a mucocutaneous disorder that classically manifests with bilateral, white striae on the buccal mucosae? a. Mucous membrane pemphigoid b. Lichen planus c. Pemphigoid d. Pemphigus vulgaris
b. lichen planus
In the case of gingivitis, acute inflammation is ___ and _____. a. widespread; irreversible b. self-limited; reversible c. widespread; reversible d. self-limited; irreversible
b. self-limited; reversible
What two 1999 descriptors of rate of progression of periodontitis were grouped together in 2018 under the single category of "periodontitis"? a) Mild and severe b) Young and age-progressed c) Chronic and aggressive d) Gingival and dental
c) Chronic and aggressive
What word is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of disease and other health problems?" a) Pathology b) Periodontology c) Epidemiology d) Dentistry
c) Epidemiology
What is the distinctive difference between a diagnosis of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis? a) The amount of dental biofilm b) The progression of gum disease c) The presence of bone loss d) The depth of probing needed
c) The presence of bone loss
A smoker who has smoked 20 cigarettes per day for 20 years has how many pack-years of smoking? a. 5 b. 10 c. 20 d. 40
c. 20
What is the primary cause of gingiva inflammation? a. Age b. Tooth loss c. Bacterial plaque biofilm d. Tobacco use
c. Bacterial plaque biofilm
Why does the connective tissue of the gingiva have remarkably good healing and regenerative capacity? a. Because of the amount of tissue involved b. Because of the cleanliness of the tissue c. Because of the high turnover rate d. Because of the placement on the body
c. Because of the high turnover rate
What is the clinical term for grinding of the teeth? a. Xerostomia b. Sialorrhea c. Bruxism d. Clenching
c. Bruxism
Which of the following is an ultrafiltrate of blood, present in the gingival sulcus space, that contains several molecular components such as bacterial degradation products, host tissue degradation products, and inflammatory mediators? a. Periodontal fluid b. Saliva c. Gingival crevicular fluid d. Gingival filtrate
c. Gingival crevicular fluid
What kind of fluid originates from the postcapillary venules of the gingival plexus? a. Gingival activating fluid b. Antimicrobial peptide fluid c. Gingival crevicular fluid d. Epithelial fluid
c. Gingival crevicular fluid (wrong)
Which of the following is an accurate description of subgingival calculus? a. Soft and brittle b. Soft and smooth c. Hard and dense d. Hard and porous
c. Hard and dense
Which of the following is a change that is seen in the periodontal ligament as age progresses? a. Increased organic matrix production b. Increased epithelial cell rests c. Increased amounts of elastic fiber d. Increased numbers of fibroblasts
c. Increased amounts of elastic fiber
Inflammation is characterized by which of the following a. Decreased blood flow, vascular dilation, and increased vascular permeability b. Decreased blood flow, vascular dilation, and decreased vascular permeability c. Increased blood flow, vascular dilation, and increased vascular permeability d. Increased blood flow, vascular reduction, and increased vascular permeability
c. Increased blood flow, vascular dilation, and increased vascular permeability
Which of the following is an effect of smoking on periodontitis? a. Decreased gingival inflammation and bleeding on probing b. Decreased rate of tooth loss c. Increased prevalence of severity of periodontal destruction d. Increased prevalence of periodontitis with decreased number of cigarettes smoked per day
c. Increased prevalence of severity of periodontal destruction
Which of the following is an effect of smoking in relation to maintenance oral health care? a. Decreased risk of implant failure in smokers b. Decreased risk of disease recurrence in smokers c. Increases the need of retreatment in smokers d. Increased gain in clinical attachment level in smokers
c. Increases the need of retreatment in smokers
Which of the following is not a part of the masticatory system? a. Masticatory muscles b. Teeth in occlusion c. Lips d. Temporomandibular joints (TMJs)
c. Lips
What is the correct term now used to replace the phrase "bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw"? a. Gingivitis-related osteonecrosis of the jaw b. Drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaw c. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw d. Osteoporosis-related osteonecrosis of the jaw
c. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw
Which of the following is considered the primary etiologic factor for gingivitis? a. Pregnancy b. Aging c. Microbial plaque d. Medications
c. Microbial plaque
Which of the following is the term used to describe a reversible inflammatory change of soft tissues around implants without bone loss? a. Periodontitis b. Peri-implantitis c. Peri-implant mucositis d. Gingivitis
c. Peri-implant mucositis
Which of the following is a true statement? a. Gingivitis is always preceded by periodontitis, but not all periodontitis progresses to gingivitis. b. Periodontitis is always preceded by gingivitis, and all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis. c. Periodontitis is always preceded by gingivitis, but not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis. d. Gingivitis is always preceded by periodontitis, and all periodontitis progresses to gingivitis
c. Periodontitis is always preceded by gingivitis, but not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis.
Which of the following is considered a behavioral factor and eventually an environmental factor? a. Family history b. Exercise regime c. Smoking d. Viral infections
c. Smoking
Which type of plaque is found at or above the gingival margin? a. Subgingival plaque b. Supergingival plaque c. Supragingival plaque d. Soft gingival plaque
c. Supragingival plaque
Which of the following is not one of the phases of plaque formation? a. The formation of the pellicle on the on the tooth surface b. The initial adhesion/attachment of bacteria c. The spread of pathogens between teeth d. The colonization/plaque maturation
c. The spread of pathogens between teeth
Which of the following is the least effective method of smoking cessation? a. Self-help materials b. Brief intervention program c. Willpower d. Nicotine replacement therapy
c. Willpower
Excessive orthodontic forces and too-rapid tooth movement during orthodontic treatment increase the risk of which of the following? a. Buildup of dental plaque biofilm b. Root caries c. Apical root resorption d. Peri-implantitis
c. apical root resorption
A periodontal cyst is usually ___________. a. fatal b. related to gender c. asymptomatic d. indented
c. asymptomatic
What is the correct term for inflammation of the gums? a) Dental biofilm b) Oral cancer c) Periodontitis d) Gingivitis
d) Gingivitis
Which of the following is a direct correlation to how a deep a subgingival crown margin is located? a. The deeper a subgingival crown margin is located, the lower the likelihood of poorer marginal integrity with accompanying gingival inflammation. b. The shallower a subgingival crown margin is located, the higher the likelihood of poorer marginal integrity with accompanying gingival inflammation. c. The shallower a subgingival crown margin is located, the lower the likelihood of greater marginal integrity with accompanying gingival inflammation d. The deeper a subgingival crown margin is located, the higher the likelihood of poorer marginal integrity with accompanying gingival inflammation
d. The deeper a subgingival crown margin is located, the higher the likelihood of poorer marginal integrity with accompanying gingival inflammation
The factors involved in bone destruction in periodontal disease are _______ and host mediated. a. viral b. fungal c. parasitic d. bacterial
d. bacterial