Period 1 Quizlet Card Set

EUROPEAN EXPANSION and EUROPEAN NATIONS' EFFORTS TO EXPLORE AND CONQUER THE NEW WORLD, and EUROPEAN ENCROACHMENT Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. I. EUROPEAN EXPANSION into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies. A) EUROPEAN NATIONS' EFFORTS TO EXPLORE AND CONQUER THE NEW WORLD stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity. III. In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. B) As EUROPEAN ENCROACHMENT on Native Americans' lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from AMSCO- Supported by Spain, Christopher Columbus voyaged across the Atlantic in hopes of finding a new route to India. When he landed in North America, Europe was opened to exploration of the vast lands and resources and conquering of the natives for the land. However, this also spurred competition between the powerful European nations of the time to conquer the lands to bring glory and wealth to their home country. These included the English, Spanish, Dutch, and Portuguese. The competition prompted Europeans to consolidate holds of the new lands, which caused encroachment, or intrusion, of the Native American lands. (Source: Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 1998. Print.) Significance to U.S. History: The competition between the European nations caused the expansion and conquest of North America to be extremely rapid. Massive numbers of migrants came to the New World for riches, to make their home country wealthy and powerful, as well as to convert the existing natives to Christianity. As this exploration continued and Europeans encroached upon the Native lands, the natives began to resist and violence ensued. Comparative Contextualization: The pull factors for migrants in this time period- for new opportunities and economic chances of open land- is similar to the economic pull during the Pre-Civil War era. The Homestead Act provided cheap and open land in the West. Both groups of migrants moved their life for the opportunity of land.

EXTENDED CONTACT and DEBATE Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. III. In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. C) EXTENDED CONTACT with Native Americans and Africans fostered a DEBATE among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from AMSCO: As the Europeans continued to have contact with the Native Americans, debate arose between various groups on how to deal with the natives. Some such as Bartolome de las casas believed that the natives were people who deserved equal rights. He fought to end Indian slavery and labor. However, some Spaniards opposed this and argued to keep the encomienda system and Indian slavery intact. The English and the French were more tolerant and coexisted with the natives, the French who would popularly trade furs with the Native Americans. (Source: Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 1998. Print.) Significance to U.S. History: The fact that this debate remained unresolved on a large scale provided precedence for later generations. Throughout history there is no definite answer on how to deal with the native populations. Because of this, various methods were enacted that included brutal violence, peaceful negotiations, the reservation system, and more. Comparative Contextualization: After Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act during the Age of Jackson, sentiments arose that called for equal treatment of the American Indians. These sentiments were similar to the views of Bartolome de Las Casas of the Spanish empire.

MARITIME TECHNOLOGY, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, and JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. I. European Expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies. C) Improvements in MARITIME TECHNOLOGY and more organized methods for conducting INTERNATIONAL TRADE, such as JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from AMSCO: In the late 15th century new maritime technologies made sea travel more feasible and efficient. Inventions such as the caravel and sternpost rudder made long voyages, such as the one across the Atlantic, possible. With the Atlantic surmounted, international trade became possible, where commodities became available nearly world wide. With international trade came the development of joint-stock companies, in which multiple owners held shares of stock. This decreased the risk of investments. Significance to U.S. History: Maritime technology was the determining and final factor in exploration. Without these inventions, transatlantic travel would not have been possible. International trade tremendously impacted both Europe and North America. However, while Europe thrived due to the international trade from the new commodities available, North American populations suffered from the diseases brought over. Joint-stock companies paved the way for business in the new world and set a precedence for multiple shareholders. Comparative Contextualization: The development of maritime technology on ships was fundamental to the era and dramatically improved trade and exchanges in this era. Similarly, development of the steam engine helped maritime technology of the steamboat, which also fostered an increase in trade during the industrial era, as boats were now able to move upstream, such as up the Mississippi river.

NORTHWEST and CALIFORNIA Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.1: AS native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. I. Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. D) Societies in the NORTHWEST and present-day CALIFORNIA supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from AMSCO: Northwest settlements, which included present day California and Alaska, was characterized by people who lived in permanent longhouses or plank houses. They had rich diets based on hunting, fishing, and gathering. The mountainous landscape provided seclusion between many of the tribes but also hindered development spurred by contact. (Source: Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 1998. Print.) Significance to U.S. History: The mountains of the Northwest allowed for prolonged seclusion and survival of the indigenous people of the region. European settlers did not invade this area until much later due to the difficulty to permeate the barrier of mountains. Comparative Contextualization: The resources present in this area were a continuous pull factor. From the beginning, the pacific coastline provided resources such as fishing. In later periods, the rocky terrain proved to hold gold within its crust, which drew people to the region in the mid 19th century.

SLAVERY Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. II. The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes. C) European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced SLAVERY to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from AMSCO: Slavery is the practice of owning another human for the purpose of labor without pay. The slave is considered to be the property of the owner. In this time, chattel slavery was most common, which consisted of black African slaves brought from West and South Africa to labor in the New World. (Source: Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 1998. Print.) Significance to U.S. History: Slavery has been one of the most controversial and fiery debates of history. When the Europeans brought forth slavery, especially chattel slavery, into the New World, they created a precedence until the civil war for slavery to be permissible. Comparative Contextualization: Chattel slavery is similar to the sharecropping system during the age of reconstruction. Although slavery by definition was outlawed during reconstruction, sharecropping was very similar. African Americans would work the land of a Caucasian and would receive a share of the profits. However, shares were minimal, and rarely enough for the African American to leave the position. Therefore, the system was very much like slavery.

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. I. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies. B) The COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from AMSCO: The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time. Europeans learned about many new plants and foods, including beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco. They also contracted new diseases. (Source: Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 1998. Print.) Significance to U.S. History: The spread of new foods stimulated population in Europe as new healthy foods were introduced. In contrast, the population of the Native Americans in North America plummeted dramatically. The Europeans brought diseases such as smallpox along with them, which the Natives didn't have immunity to. Nearly 90% of the native population died due to this exchange. Comparative Contextualization: The dramatic rise in population in Europe from the Columbian Exchange was similar to the triangular trade that extended into period 2. Both of these were transatlantic trade routes that facilitated exchange of people among other things. However, the Columbian Exchange was centered on exchange of European immigrants, whereas the triangular trade focused on the trade of African slaves, mostly to North America.

GREAT BASIN and the GREAT PLAINS Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.1: AS native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. I. Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. B) Societies responded to the aridity of the GREAT BASIN and the grasslands of the western GREAT PLAINS by developing largely mobile lifestyles. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from AMSCO: The Great Plains were an area of North America characterized by aridity and flat land. Because of this, the majority of those living on this land were either nomadic hunters or sedentary people who farmed and traded. Natives of the land depended on buffalo and lived in either lodges or teepees. The Great Basin, in present day Nevada, had a similar climate to that of the Great Plains. (Source: Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 1998. Print.) Significance to U.S. History: The natives who settled this land had developed methods of adaptation to survive and prosper in these arid regions. However, Europeans, who were largely a sedentary society at the time, were not accustomed to their customs. These differences often created conflict between the groups. Furthermore, Europeans of the time often did not have the means to prosper in these dry regions, which is why they remained largely along the Eastern coast when settling at the end of this period. Comparative Contextualization: Amidst the massive changes over time, the aridity of the Great Plains and Great Basin remained constant. During the Age of Jackson, characterized by massive expansion westward, these settlers too had to adapt to the dry climate. Whereas natives of the Pre-Columbian era adapted largely through mobility, settlers of the Jackson Age responded with innovation and irrigation techniques to supply their crops with water as to prevail in the dry land.

NORTHEAST, MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY, and the ATLANTIC SEABOARD Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.1: AS native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. I. Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. C) In the NORTHEAST, the MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY, and along the ATLANTIC SEABOARD some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from AMSCO: The Northeast was characterized by descendants of the Adena-Hopewell culture as well as the Iroquois Confederation. The culture included hunting and farming, and life in longhouses was common. The Atlantic Seaboard was similarly characterized by permanent settlements and resources from the coast were significant to the development and survival of communities. Along the Mississippi River valley communities survived off of the resources of the river. (Source: Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 1998. Print.) Significance to U.S. History: The development of communities around water sources such as the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Coast describes the universal trend and pattern towards settlement near water sources. These areas describe how water is fundamental to farming and survival. Furthermore, water provided transportation for trading, as commodities could be traded along rivers and coastlines. Comparative Contextualization: The trend to settle and thrive in these areas near water was different to the settlement trends in later eras such as during President Polk's age of Manifest Destiny, it was not as vital to settle immediately adjacent to water sources due to the presence of technologies that made water access available such as irrigation techniques for agriculture.

MUTUAL MISUNDERSTANDING and INTERACTION AND TRADE Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. III. In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted DIVERGENT WORLDVIEWS regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. A) MUTUAL MISUNDERSTANDINGS between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of INTERACTION AND TRADE as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from AMSCO: The colliding cultures of the Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans made their differences drastically apparent. The different groups varied in practices and beliefs of religion, family placement, power and gender roles. Although these groups still interacted and traded their different commodities such as furs, they often did not understand the customs of the other. (Source: Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 1998. Print.) Significance to U.S. History: These differences created much tension between the groups. The Europeans saw the Native American customs as primitive and uncultured because of the differences. This belief is what led to the beliefs of white superiority, as well as enslavement of the natives and Africans. However, despite the tensions built over the misunderstandings, the groups interacted and traded, to where both adopted some aspects of the other's culture. Comparative Contextualization: Cultural differences caused conflict and social differences throughout history. Religion especially cause conflict. Just as the religious beliefs of the Indians aided in their inferiority to the Europeans, during the Industrial age, Irish immigrants were often treated as subordinates due to their unpopular Catholic beliefs.

SPANISH EMPIRE and SPANISH EXPLORATION Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. II. The Columbian Exchange and development of the SPANISH EMPIRE in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes. A) SPANISH EXPLORATION and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from AMSCO: The primary purpose of Spanish exploration was to bring wealth back to Spain and to convert the natives to Christianity. Spain, one of the most powerful European powers of the time, sent conquistadors (conquerors) to the New World so that it may expand its power. The gold and silver that was sent back to Spain, primarily from Mexico and South America, made Spain one of the richest empires of the time. The Spanish also focused on converting the Native Americans to Christianity and would force many into camps so that they may convert. (Source: Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 1998. Print.) Significance to U.S. History: The Spanish power brought on competition from England and France to consolidate lands in the New World. This competition is one of the reasons that the New World was settled so rapidly, and as the Europeans fled to the New World, they brought with them the deadly diseases that wiped out native populations. Furthermore, the immense numbers of Europeans created a lasting effect on North and South America, whose cultures today still reflect those of Europe. Comparative Contextualization: The wave of immigration during this period was very different from the second major wave of immigrants. This first wave was characterized by mostly French, Spanish, and English coming to start a new life and take advantage of the economic opportunities available. The second wave of immigration however was mostly made up of Germans and Irish who were fleeing political and economic turmoil in their home countries.

EUROPEANS, NATIVE AMERICANS, and AFRICANS Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.2: Contact among EUROPEANS, NATIVE AMERICANS, and AFRICANS resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from AMSCO: This period initiated global contact among people. Europeans, seeking a new route to India, as well as power, glory, and conversions to Christianity, came in contact with North America. Here they interacted with the indigenous inhabitants of the land, the Native Americas. They also initiated contact with Africans which later developed into slavery. (Source: Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 1998. Print.) Significance to U.S. History: The drastically different cultures of the Europeans and Native Americans created much conflict that started in this era. The language barriers and European ideas of white superiority helped contribute to the violence of both groups: Native Americans often attacked the European settlements who were encroaching on their land, and Europeans inversely attacked the Natives to obtain desired lands. White superiority also impacted the Africans who were brought to North America as slaves. Comparative Contextualization: Native relations remained predominately bitter throughout the ages. Though the Europeans were the newcomers to the land, they had a sense of entitlement to the land. This trend continued into the Age of Jackson. President Andrew Jackson brutally forced many natives onto reservation land, commonly known as the Trail of Tears. This showed how the Europeans, and their descendants commonly believed that the land belonged to them.

MAIZE CULTIVATION in MEXICO and the AMERICAN SOUTHWEST Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.1: AS native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. I. Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. A)The spread of MAIZE CULTIVATION from present-day MEXICO northward into the present-day AMERICAN SOUTHWEST and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from Wikipedia.org: MAIZE, known in some English-speaking countries as corn, is a large grain plant domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica in prehistoric times and was CULTIVATED, or farmed and taken care of for production. The prominent areas of cultivation included present-day MEXICO, a country in southern North America, and into the present-day AMERICAN SOUTHWEST which would include states like Arizona. The warm climate of these regions made CULTIVATION of this crop possible. Significance to U.S. History: Maize was a substantial crop whose content of grain and sugar was a viable source of food for indigenous populations. This crop, which originated in present-day Mexico and the American Southwest also began to spread North which initiated some of the first interconnected societies and trade. European Explorers of the 15th and 16th century also brought maize back to Europe, so that it was one of the first global commodity. Comparative Contextualization: During the Civil War era and prior, cotton became an important crop to the societies of the area, just as maize was of its time. Cotton was economically significant, and grown in the Southwest of America. It was also traded to Europe, who used the cotton for textile production, as well as to northern America. Both of these crops supported exchange and economical support for Southwest societies.

CASTE SYSTEM Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. II. The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes. D) The Spanish developed a CASTE SYSTEM that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from Wikipedia.org: The caste system is a rigid social-class structure in which members are divided into groups of varying status based on their lineage. In North America, the highest status belonged to the native born first generation immigrants from Europe. Under them were those born in the New World, but only had European descent. Next were the mestizos and zambos who were of partial European descent, followed by the mulattos, Africans, and Native Americans. Significance to U.S. History: The caste system established white superiority that lasted throughout centuries both culturally and politically. Ill treatment of Native Americans and African Americans became commonplace, to where these groups did not have the rights entitled to the Europeans. Discontent with these policies created conflict in the form of violence with the natives, as well as occurrences such as slave revolts. Comparative Contextualization: The social system of the caste system was similar to the social system during the pre-civil war era, especially in the South of America. Slaves in this time period similarly had almost no rights. They could not vote, own property, or have any sort of political power due to their lineage of being African. This principle was established during period 1.

ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM Period 1, 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. II. The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes. B) In the ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from wikipedia.org: This system was a dependency relation system that was used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. The Spanish monarch would assign a Spaniard with the task of "protecting" a specific group of Native Americans. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructure. Significance to U.S. History: The encomienda system was more or less a form a slavery to the natives. Although they received protection, the Europeans controlled this system. This further helped establish the sentiments of white superiority. Systems such as this contributed to the belief that the Europeans were entitled to the land, which created conflicts with the Indians that lasted throughout centuries. Comparative Contextualization: The subordinance of the Native Americans controlled by European powers is similar to the reservation system of the 19th century. Here, the natives were forced onto lands predetermined by the American government. In both cases, Native American rights were violated and pushed aside so that the Europeans and Americans could use the land as they pleased.