period 4 apwh

Carrack

A carrack was a three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe. The type of ship used in the exploration along West Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The ships were useful in defensive attacks as the high sides made it hard for small ships to attack and there was room to mount cannons. Carracks were first used by Vasco de Gama in the first trip to India. The size and speed were important to the travel and the shape led towards maritime expansion with the first discovery of India by the Portuguese. This is important because the ship founded the Eastern expansion of the globe.

Little Ice Age

A change in global weather in the 14th century that led to a shorter growing season and heavy storms. Resulted in a widespread famine due to the reduction in the harvest and food shortages. Led to a mass starvation in China in the 16th century and more peasant rebellions.

Joint-Stock Companies

A joint-stock company is a business entity in which different numbers of shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares. Two of the most profitable companies were the Dutch East India Company, which established a monopoly over the spice trade by securing trade routes to Indonesia, and the English East India Company. These companies were a significant part of mercantilism because they brought raw materials and resources back to another country.

Monopolies

A monopoly is the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

Atlantic System

A new network of trade emerged by Western European trading companies and nations. The system brought together Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas and involved the exchange of goods and the movement of free and unfree laborers. The plantation system in the Americas drove the demand for slave labor.

Laborers

A person doing unskilled manual work for wages.

Merchants

A person or company involved in wholesale trade, especially one dealing with foreign countries or supplying merchandise to a particular trade.

Taj Mahal

A tomb built by the Mughal empire Shah Jahan in the memory of his wife who died giving birth. Mughal architecture that blended Persian design and Mughal architecture with a large dome, minarets, and the use of symmetry. It is one of the seven wonders of the world.

African Slaves: Rice Okra

African slaves brought over crops with them on the middle passage of slave trade to feed themselves and later cultivate in America. Rice and okra were probably brought over to be cultivated as a cheap foodstuff to feed the burgeoning slave population. Okra may have been introduced to southeastern North America in the early 18th century.

Amerindian Population

Amerindians turned European animals to their own advantage by becoming muleteers, cowboys, and sheepherders. The population in Mexico and Central America had more than half of the population die during the first wave of smallpox. Their death rates were very high in the early colonial period.

Cash Crops: Maize, Potatoes, Masoic, Tobacco, Sugar

Cash crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit, were grown in the New World and sent back to Europe in the Triangle Trade. The crop production increased with the need for Europeans that facilitated the demand for slaves in the 17th century, a key feature of the Atlantic system. Sugar as important in Portuguese colony Brazil. Exploitation of labor from the Columbian exchange. Maize and Tobacco were grown in America.

Plantation Economy: Chattel Slavery Indentured Servitude Encomienda and Hacienda systems Inca Mit'a

Chattel Slavery: ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought as sold like property. Indentured Servitude: A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination-the New World. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. Developed by the Virginia company to help the growth of new colonial colonies. People looked for cheaper labor in African slaves. Encomienda: A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. Hacienda: Large cultural estates in colonial Latin America that cultivated crops and livestock. The estates were self-sufficient and not focused on profit. Peasants working on the estates were known as peons, similar to serfdom in Europe because they were both dependent on landowners. Inca Mit'a: Peru Inca labor system that required mandatory public service to the empire. The system forced native Indians to work several months a year, generally on Spanish-owned plantations, in mines, or on public works projects. Natives were poorly compensated for the work. The harsh system was later replaced with incentives for working- wage and improved conditions.

Transoceanic

Crossing an ocean. Transoceanic travel was made possible by new innovations with maritime technology.

Smallpox Measles Influenza

Diseases transferred from Europe to the Americas. European colonization led to the spread of diseases smallpox, measles, and influenza that were epidemic in the eastern hemisphere and took the majority populations of native Americans.

Nobility

Group of people forming the noble class in a country or state. Refers to the noblemen within a society- the daily citizens who are nieither poor or rich.

Imperial expansion with gunpowder + cannons

In the 18th century, Europeans had standardized gunpowder, cannons, and handguns, and made them more efficient- fought wars using huge standing armies. Europeans used their gunpowder weapons to intimidate, kill, and conquer New World empires, which could not stand up to these powerful weapons. Hernán Cortés was able to conquer the vast Aztec empire (1519) with a small Spanish force in part because the Spanish fought to kill with their steel swords and gunpowder, while the Aztecs fought to capture with more primitive weapons. Francisco Pizarro's Spanish campaign in the Incan empire (1532) was successful in part because the Incans were awed by Spanish horses and guns, and did not understand how to protect themselves against Spanish weapons.

Elites: Manchus Creoles European Gentry Urban commercial entrepreneurs Zamindars in the Mughal Empire

Manchus: A member of a people originally living in Manchuria who formed the last imperial dynasty of China (1644-1912). The Manchu are an ethnic minority in China established in the Jin dynasty. Creoles: A person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean. In colonial Spanish America, the term was used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. European Gentry: Those who are not members of the nobility but are entitled to a coat of arms, especially those owning large tracts of land. European gentries often heavily influenced governments and cultural trends by holding political positions and patronizing the arts. Urban commercial entrepreneurs: Merchants amassed great wealth by buying and selling in port cities. Goods such as spices came from the east and were transported to the West. Some empires experience a fluctuation in power of existing elites. These traditional political and economic elite are used to being able to influence the political leaders of their empire but not found it increasingly difficult to do so. Zamindars in the Mughal Empire: An aristocrat who ruled in the Mughal Empire. The position was hereditary and gave its holder great power over peasants. They often owned large tracts of land.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism was a type of national economic policy designed to maximize the trade of a nation and especially to maximize the accumulation of gold and silver. When a country export more than it imports. This encouraged competition among European states to establish more colonies because colonies gave raw materials and viewed as markets for finished goods. The theory was rejected in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. Heavily regulated economy so the state has a positive income. Led to 7 years war.

Domesticated Animals: Pigs, Cattle, Horses

Moved to the New World through the Columbian Exchange. Used as food and horses aided in food production.

Trade Route/Imperial Competition: Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean Caribbean Piracy Food riots, Samurai uprising, and peasant/slave revolts

Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean: Europeans and Arabs struggled for dominance over the Indian ocean trade, which led to several wars. The regions both wanted to have exclusive rights to supply the West with Eastern goods and move Western goods to the East. Caribbean Piracy: Piracy in the Caribbean Caribbean piracy revolved around stealing goods and money from Spanish ships. Some pirates acted independently, while others were privateers, contracted by governments to perform secret attacks. Food riots: occur during times of famine or draught, when an empire cannot supply enough food for its peoples. These riots destabilize the nations in which they occur, by crippling the image of the government. Samurai revolts: Samurais revolted for a variety of reasons, including wages and ideology. When they did, they were often able to decimate infrastructure. Peasant uprisings: Peasants often rose up in times of strife and famine, enacting coups or refusing to work. Over history, there have been many of these uprisings and rebellions.

Military Elites: Ottoman Devshirme Chinese Examination system Samurai

Ottoman Devshirme: Devshirme (also known as the blood tax or tribute in blood) was chiefly the practice whereby the Ottoman Empire sent military officers to take boys, ages 8 to 18, from their families in Eastern and Southeastern Europe in order that they be raised to serve the state. This tax of sons was imposed only on the Christian subjects of the empire. Chinese Examination system: The Chinese imperial examinations were a civil service examination system in Imperial China to select candidates for the state bureaucracy. Started in the Sui, fully adopted in the Quing. The civil service examination system was squarely based upon the Confucian classics and upon recognized commentaries on those classics. Samurai: a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy; leaders of the military emperor; the warriors of premodern Japan that later made up the ruling military class, weapons included bows and arrows, spears and guns, but their main weapon and symbol was the sword.

Art and visual as power: Ottoman miniature painting Qing Imperial portraits Imperial Palace at Versailles Mughal Mosques

Ottoman miniature painting: Ottoman miniature was an art form in the Ottoman Empire, which can be linked to the Persian miniature tradition. The miniatures were usually not signed, perhaps because of the rejection of individualism, but also because the works were not created entirely by one person. The Ottoman artists hinted at an infinite and transcendent reality with their paintings, resulting in stylized and abstracted depictions Quing Imperial portrait: Portraits depicted with a head-on, flattened perspective, with emphasis on the elaborate robes and carpets, but the women are generally depicted adorned with dazzling jewelry made of gold and pearls. The art showed the effects of the Golden age of art and the wealth China had at that time (late 17th century). Imperial Palace at Versailles: Versailles was the seat of political power in the Kingdom of France from 1682 when King Louis XIV moved the royal court from Paris. Versailles is famous not only as a building but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Regime. Mughal Mosques: Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation. Their position and architecture have been carefully considered so as to produce a pleasing effect and feeling of spacious elegance and well-balanced proportion of parts.

Christian Reformation

Protestant Reformation: a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. Martin Luther in 1505 questioned the church. 2 denominations were formed: Lutheran, reformed. John Calvin continued Luther's work, revolted against church indulgences that let people buy their forgiveness and believed in predestination. This led to a counter-reformation with the power of the church in decline. The church attempted to regain power by not selling false indulgences and saying the German translation of the Bible from Luther is wrong.

Peasant Labor: Russian Siberia Chinese Silk Indian Cotton

Russian Siberia: During the reign of Ivan the Terrible (1533-84), Siberia began to be inhabited and settled by the lower classes of Russia. It wasn't until the 1590s that peasant settlement began to dominate the region as Russia pushed settlements east and intensified the peasant labor system already in place within the empire. This shift in agricultural strategy represents the gradual intensification of peasant labor in response to outside forces, including the rising demand for raw materials and population increases across the globe. Chinese silk: The little ice age changed the food supply of China and peasants made more silk in order to trade for food. Indian Cotton: As the British economy grew, they demanded more cotton which led to an increase in peasant labor to fill the wants of Europeans.

Religion as power: Shiism Atzec and Mexica sacrifice Songhay and Islam Confucianism in China

Shiism: Shiism was adopted by the Safavids as the state religion. The current ruler of the empire adopted it, and it soon spread and grew to become the region's primary religion. Aztec and Mexica sacrifice: Human sacrifices of captured enemies or citizens was often intended to please the gods. They were often killed in elaborate ceremonies with specially made and adorned knives. Songhay and Islam: Islam spread into Africa, where it was adopted by a number of prominent empires. The Songhay encouraged the spread of Islam by building temples and enforcing Islamic laws. However, people were nor forced to convert. Confucianism in China: Chinese rulers performed Confucian rituals to legitimize themselves and show their connection to the system of Confucianism.

Racial classifications: Spanish Republica de Indios Ottoman treatment of non-muslims Mestizo, Mullato

Spanish Republica de Indios: The Spanish created the Republica in order to try to make natives "People of reason" and shield them from the "bad examples" provided by other tribes. Ottoman treatment of non-muslims: Non-Muslims were taxed more heavily and were deprived of certain political and legal rights afforded to Muslims. Mestizo, Mullato: Mestizo- A person of mixed heritage. Mestizos were in the middle of Spain's colonial hierarchies, below creoles and above indigenous peoples. Mulatto- A person with one white and one black parent. They were below Mestizos in Spain's colonial hierarchy.

Maritime Empires

Spanish empire: exploit gold and provide population outlet; conquistadors established this empire; predominantly located in the Americas Portuguese empire: throughout the Indian Ocean. Extended control after defeating Muslim fleet and captured Goa which was made the capital of their trading empire. After they seized the Strait of Malacca which gave them control of the Moluccas also known as the Spice Islands. England: had colonies in North America, India, and the West Indies. Most land was owned by the gentry class and worked by slaves and tenants. Very patriarchal. North American colonies practiced self-government. Directed by joint-stock companies. Mainly traded tea, sugar, tobacco and later, cotton. Manipulated the markets rather than outright attacking them. Natives were wiped out by diseases. Rivalry with France. Competition with other empires. High literacy rates. Mixed religions in colonies. Dutch: Colonies on spice islands. Calvinism was dominant. Trading companies received charters from the government. Main trade was in spices. Highly commercialized society. Brutalized native population. Worked with China for brief period of time. Profit over faith. Ottoman Empire: A Muslim empire, based in Istanbul that controlled southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and most of North Africa between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Mughal: Advancement in firearms, loosened and tightened restrictions on Hindus and women, centralized ruling. Russia: Religiously tolerant but preferred orthodoxy, powerful military kept order and aided expansion, supported westernization. Quing: Confucian, bureaucratic techniques, controlled terms of trade, military techniques.

Religious Reforms: Sufism Ottoman and Safavid division Vodun Sikhism

Sufism: Mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God. A variety of mystical paths that are designed to ascertain the nature of humanity and of God and to facilitate the experience of the presence of divine love and wisdom in the world. An aspect of Islam. Ottoman and Safavid division: Ottomans and Safavids faced constant conflict with the threat of an increasingly stronger Russian Empire to the north and the Mughal empire to the south that led to the decline of the Safavid empire. The Ottoman-Safavid War of 1623-1639 was the last of a series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia, then the two major powers of the Near East, over control of Mesopotamia. The Ottomans were able to recover Baghdad, taking heavy losses in the final siege, and the signing of the Treaty of Zuhab ended the war in an Ottoman victory. Vodun: African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti. Vodun cosmology centers around the vodun spirits and other elements of divine essence that govern the Earth. The vodun are the center of religious life and adherents also emphasize ancestor worship. Sikhism: A syncretic belief system founded in the 1500s in South Asia that blends Hinduism and Islam into a single faith. Appealing because it rejected the class system. The Mughal emperor Akbar attempted to address the tension between Hindus and Muslims during his reign that did not last beyond his lifetime.

Portuguese

The Portuguese started maritime exploration with Henry the Navigator in 1420 who traveled to the coast of Africa and the state later took control of all the spice trade from Muslims by force. The state sailed east and looked for gold, but found slaves that were used as a source of labor for future colonized areas in the Americas.

Royal Chartered

The Royal African Company was a trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. The company traded mainly for gold and slaves (the majority of whom were sent to English colonies in the Americas). The Royal African Company lost its monopoly in 1698, although it continued to engage in the slave trade until 1731.

Spanish

The Spanish sailed west with Columbus trying to reach Asia in 1492, but sailed to the coastline of Cuba and had 4 voyages to the indies. Herman Cortez conquered the Aztecs in 1529 with guns and disease and Fransisco Pizarro conquered the Incan empire in 1522.

Deforestation

The action of clearing a wide area of trees.

Caravel

The caravel was the ships used by the Portuguese in the 15th century and its sails allowed for the boats to sail into the wind. The ships were used in the exploration of the west coast of Africa and the Atlantic ocean and known for maneuverability. The ships were smaller than Carracks and were able to sail in rivers. The ships are the most important because of their accessibility and maneuverability that led them to be used in many travels. The caravel is famous for the travels of Christopher Columbus in 1492 in which two ships were used for their agility and speed.

Daimyo in Japan

The daimyo in Japan were powerful landlords who had large hereditary landholdings- they had their own militaries, courts, and schools. With the unification of Japan in the 1600s, the shogun sought to control the power of the daimyo by issuing policies such as the alternate attendance policy that required daimyo to get permission to repair their castles.

Fluyt

The fluyt was the Dutch ship used in the 16th century used for carrying cargo, usually materials for trading. It was first built in 1595, and the lightweight ships allowed the Dutch to dominate international maritime trade, first to the Baltic and then to India and the Far East. The fluyt was the favored vessel of the Dutch East India Company, which dominated the Far East trade for almost a century. 1600s Netherlands breaking from Spain exploration economic.

Columbian Exchange

The global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World. European colonization in Americas led to spread of diseases including smallpox, measles, and influenza. Led to a population increase globally. Maize and potatoes arrived in Europe, Africa, and Asia, goats, chickens, pigs, and wheat to the Americas. Africans were forced to migrate as slaves. As food from Americas became stable crops in Europe, Asia, and Africa, plantations grew cash crops using forced labor.

Divine Right

The idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God. The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right to rule directly from the will of God.

Imperial expansion

The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Commercialization

The process of managing or running something principally for financial gain; An economic system in which merchants trade and invest money in order to make a profit; prices are determined by supply and demand.

30 Years War

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia that allowed principalities and cities to choose their own religion, creating a patchwork of religious affiliations through England. Occurred from the attempts of the Holy Roman emperor wanting to force his subjects to return to the Roman Catholic faith. Sovereign states were given the power to govern themselves.